UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 9
Introduction – Transport Layer Protocols – Services – Port Numbers – User Datagram Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol – SCTP.
Module 6
Transport and Application Protocols Browsing E-commerce website, Remote access to server from workstation, Chat application. Process-to-process delivery, UDP, TCP, Mobile Transport Protocols, Congestion control, DNS, TELNET, HTTP.
UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 9
Introduction – Transport Layer Protocols – Services – Port Numbers – User Datagram Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol – SCTP.
Module 6
Transport and Application Protocols Browsing E-commerce website, Remote access to server from workstation, Chat application. Process-to-process delivery, UDP, TCP, Mobile Transport Protocols, Congestion control, DNS, TELNET, HTTP.
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
Motion Vector Recovery for Real-time H.264 Video StreamsIDES Editor
Among the various network protocols that can be
used to stream the video data, RTP over UDP is the best to do
with real time streaming in H.264 based video streams. Videos
transmitted over a communication channel are highly prone
to errors; it can become critical when UDP is used. In such
cases real time error concealment becomes an important
aspect. A subclass of the error concealment is the motion
vector recovery which is used to conceal errors at the decoder
side. Lagrange Interpolation is the fastest and a popular
technique for the motion vector recovery. This paper proposes
a new system architecture which enables the RTP-UDP based
real time video streaming as well as the Lagrange
interpolation based real time motion vector recovery in H.264
coded video streams. A completely open source H.264 video
codec called FFmpeg is chosen to implement the proposed
system. Proposed implementation was tested against the
different standard benchmark video sequences and the
quality of the recovered videos was measured at the decoder
side using various quality measurement metrics.
Experimental results show that the real time motion vector
recovery does not introduce any noticeable difference or
latency during display of the recovered video.
IBM Connect session
See also Call Speed Bandwidth Calculator spreadsheet
https://greenhouse.lotus.com/files/app#/file/a5817fad-b7b4-4fe5-94ce-00c11cf20ba4
TCP & UDP Streaming Comparison and a Study on DCCP & SCTP ProtocolsPeter SHIN
As a graduate student work, I have compared the performance between TCP and UDP media streaming with empirical results. Also, I have researched on different attempts on UDP to be more reliable, but why its progress has not been as fast as possible
The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a network protocol for delivering audio and video over IP networks. RTP is used in communication and entertainment systems that involve streaming media, such as telephony, video teleconference applications including WebRTC, television services and web-based push-to-talk features.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
6. 29.6
29-1 DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO29-1 DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO
Before audio or video signals can be sent on theBefore audio or video signals can be sent on the
Internet, they need to be digitized. We discuss audioInternet, they need to be digitized. We discuss audio
and video separately.and video separately.
Digitizing Audio
Digitizing Video
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
8. 29.8
29-2 AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION29-2 AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION
To send audio or video over the Internet requiresTo send audio or video over the Internet requires
compression. In this section, we discuss audiocompression. In this section, we discuss audio
compression first and then video compression.compression first and then video compression.
Audio Compression
Video Compression
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
17. 29.17
29-3 STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO29-3 STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO
Now that we have discussed digitizing andNow that we have discussed digitizing and
compressing audio/video, we turn our attention tocompressing audio/video, we turn our attention to
specific applications. The first is streaming storedspecific applications. The first is streaming stored
audio and video.audio and video.
First Approach: Using a Web Server
Second Approach: Using a Web Server with a Metafile
Third Approach: Using a Media Server
Fourth Approach: Using a Media Server and RTSP
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
22. 29.22
29-4 STREAMING LIVE AUDIO/VIDEO29-4 STREAMING LIVE AUDIO/VIDEO
Streaming live audio/video is similar to theStreaming live audio/video is similar to the
broadcasting of audio and video by radio and TVbroadcasting of audio and video by radio and TV
stations. Instead of broadcasting to the air, the stationsstations. Instead of broadcasting to the air, the stations
broadcast through the Internet. There are severalbroadcast through the Internet. There are several
similarities between streaming stored audio/video andsimilarities between streaming stored audio/video and
streaming live audio/video. They are both sensitive tostreaming live audio/video. They are both sensitive to
delay; neither can accept retransmission. However,delay; neither can accept retransmission. However,
there is a difference. In the first application, thethere is a difference. In the first application, the
communication is unicast and on-demand. In thecommunication is unicast and on-demand. In the
second, the communication is multicast and live.second, the communication is multicast and live.
23. 29.23
29-5 REAL-TIME INTERACTIVE29-5 REAL-TIME INTERACTIVE
AUDIO/VIDEOAUDIO/VIDEO
In real-time interactive audio/video, peopleIn real-time interactive audio/video, people
communicate with one another in real time. Thecommunicate with one another in real time. The
Internet phone or voice over IP is an example of thisInternet phone or voice over IP is an example of this
type of application. Video conferencing is anothertype of application. Video conferencing is another
example that allows people to communicate visuallyexample that allows people to communicate visually
and orally.and orally.
Characteristics
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
35. 29.35
TCP, with all its sophistication, is not
suitable for interactive multimedia
traffic because we cannot allow
retransmission of packets.
Note
36. 29.36
UDP is more suitable than TCP for
interactive traffic. However, we
need the services of RTP,
another transport layer
protocol, to make up
for the deficiencies
of UDP.
Note
37. 29.37
29-6 RTP29-6 RTP
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocolReal-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocol
designed to handle real-time traffic on the Internet.designed to handle real-time traffic on the Internet.
RTP does not have a delivery mechanism; it must beRTP does not have a delivery mechanism; it must be
used with UDP. RTP stands between UDP and theused with UDP. RTP stands between UDP and the
application program. The main contributions of RTPapplication program. The main contributions of RTP
are time-stamping, sequencing, and mixing facilities.are time-stamping, sequencing, and mixing facilities.
RTP Packet Format
UDP Port
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
42. 29.42
29-7 RTCP29-7 RTCP
RTP allows only one type of message, one that carriesRTP allows only one type of message, one that carries
data from the source to the destination. In many cases,data from the source to the destination. In many cases,
there is a need for other messages in a session. Thesethere is a need for other messages in a session. These
messages control the flow and quality of data andmessages control the flow and quality of data and
allow the recipient to send feedback to the sourceallow the recipient to send feedback to the source
or sources. Real-time Transport Control Protocolor sources. Real-time Transport Control Protocol
(RTCP) is a protocol designed for this purpose.(RTCP) is a protocol designed for this purpose.
Sender Report and Receiver Report
Messages
UDP Port
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
44. 29.44
RTCP uses an odd-numbered UDP port
number that follows the port number
selected for RTP.
Note
45. 29.45
29-8 VOICE OVER IP29-8 VOICE OVER IP
Let us concentrate on one real-time interactiveLet us concentrate on one real-time interactive
audio/video application: voice over IP, or Internetaudio/video application: voice over IP, or Internet
telephony. The idea is to use the Internet as atelephony. The idea is to use the Internet as a
telephone network with some additional capabilities.telephone network with some additional capabilities.
Two protocols have been designed to handle this typeTwo protocols have been designed to handle this type
of communication: SIP and H.323.of communication: SIP and H.323.
SIP
H.323
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section: