This document discusses address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting in networking fundamentals. It explains that address mapping requires mapping a logical address to a physical address and vice versa, which can be done statically or dynamically. It also discusses that the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) were designed to provide error reporting and manage group membership for multicasting, as deficiencies in the IP protocol.

1. Address Mapping, Error
Reporting and Multicasting
Networking Fundamentals

2. 21.2
ADDRESS MAPPINGADDRESS MAPPING
• The delivery of a packet to a host or a routerThe delivery of a packet to a host or a router
requires two levels of addressing:requires two levels of addressing: logicallogical andand
physicalphysical..
• We need to be able to map a logical address to itsWe need to be able to map a logical address to its
corresponding physical address and vice versa.corresponding physical address and vice versa.
• This can be done by using either static or dynamicThis can be done by using either static or dynamic
mapping.mapping.

3. 21.3
ARP operation

4. 21.4
C:>arp -a

5. 21.5
ARP packet

6. 21.6

7. 21.7
Encapsulation of ARP packet
What is the Destination address?

8. 21.8
Four cases using ARP

9. 21.9
An ARP request is broadcast;
an ARP reply is unicast.
Note

10. 21.10
A host with IP address 130.23.43.20 and physical address
B2:34:55:10:22:10 has a packet to send to another host
with IP address 130.23.43.25 and physical address
A4:6E:F4:59:83:AB. The two hosts are on the same
Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply
packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames.
Solution
Figure shows the ARP request and reply packets. Note
that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes, and that
the individual addresses do not fit in the 4-byte boundary.
That is why we do not show the regular 4-byte boundaries
for these addresses.
Example 1

11. 21.11
Example 1, an ARP request and reply

12. 21.12
Proxy ARP

13. 21.13

14. 21.14

15. 21.15
BOOTP (an app layer protocol) client and server on the same and different networks

16. 21.16
BOOTP is not a dynamic configuration
protocol.
DHCP provides static and dynamic
address allocation that can be
manual or automatic, respectively.
The dynamic address allocation is from
a pool of temporary addresses for a
limited time.
Note

17. 21.17
ICMPICMP
• The IP protocol provides unreliable andThe IP protocol provides unreliable and
connectionless datagram delivery. It has no error-connectionless datagram delivery. It has no error-
reporting or error-correcting mechanism.reporting or error-correcting mechanism.
• The IP protocol also lacks a mechanism for hostThe IP protocol also lacks a mechanism for host
and management queries.and management queries.
• TheThe Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) hashas
been designed to compensate for the above twobeen designed to compensate for the above two
deficiencies. It is a companion to the IP protocol.deficiencies. It is a companion to the IP protocol.

18. 21.18
IGMPIGMP
• The IP protocol can be involved in two types ofThe IP protocol can be involved in two types of
communication: unicasting and multicasting.communication: unicasting and multicasting.
• The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
is one of the necessary, but not sufficient, protocolsis one of the necessary, but not sufficient, protocols
that is involved in multicasting. IGMP is athat is involved in multicasting. IGMP is a
companion to the IP protocol.companion to the IP protocol.
• It is not a multicasting routing protocol; it is aIt is not a multicasting routing protocol; it is a
protocol that manages group membership.protocol that manages group membership.