28.regional odontodysplasia
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Regional odontodysplasia is a developmental anomaly affecting the ectodermal and mesodermal components of tooth development, causing teeth to be small, mottled brown, and hypocalcified. It most commonly impacts the central and lateral incisors. Radiographically, affected teeth appear ghost-like with reduced density and large pulp chambers. While the etiology is uncertain, factors like trauma, infection, and vascular defects have been suggested. Clinical diagnosis is based on irregular tooth shape and brown discoloration, while radiographs reveal a shell-like appearance. Treatment typically involves early extraction and prosthetic replacement, though restorative procedures like root canals may attempt to save affected teeth.
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3. Symptoms, causes, histological features, radiographic features and treatments are described for each condition. Physical, chemical and microbial factors can all contribute to pulp and periapical diseases.
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This document describes vesiculo-bullous lesions, which present clinically as vesicles or bullae that often rupture early, appearing as ulcerated or erosive areas. Some key points:
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- Causes include trauma, infection, autoimmunity, and genetic factors.
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Amelogenesis Imperfecta
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- Examples described include herpes simplex infection, varicella zoster infection, and hand foot and mouth disease. Clinical features, pathogenesis, management are provided for each. Classification is discussed based on acute vs chronic presentation, clinical presentation, and histopathological location.
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• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
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Radicular cyst or Periapical cyst
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Pulpitis
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27.dentine dysplasia
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21.hypercementosis
Hypercementosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of cementum on tooth roots. It can be localized, affecting a single tooth due to conditions like periapical osteitis, or generalized, affecting many teeth as an age-related factor or due to diseases like Paget's disease of bone. Radiographically, it appears as thickening and blunting of roots with a bulbous or irregular apex. Diagnosis is clinical based on the bulbous root appearance. Treatment focuses on managing any underlying primary causes.
13.taurodontism
Taurodontism is a condition where the body of the tooth is enlarged at the expense of the root, resulting in an elongated tooth body and short roots. It is caused by a failure of the epithelial root sheath to invaginate properly during tooth development. Taurodontism can range from mild to severe and may affect deciduous or permanent molars either unilaterally or bilaterally. Radiographically, there is an extremely large pulp chamber that extends into the elongated tooth body and short, wide roots. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic rectangular tooth crown and large pulp chamber seen clinically or radiographically. No treatment is needed as taurodontism does not typically cause clinical problems.
Dentin Dysplasia
Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare hereditary disturbance is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
unknown etiology that affects approximately 1 :100,000.
In 1972, Witkop classified it into type I and type II which affect both dentitions.DD Type I
Radicular dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.Both dentitions are affected.
2.Normal appearing crowns
3.No or only rudimentary root development (rootless teeth)
4.Incomplete or total obliteration of the pulp chamber.
5.Teeth may exhibit extreme mobility and exfoliate prematurely.DD type II
coronal dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.partial pulpal obliteration.
2.Thistle-tube-or flame-shaped coronal pulp chambers
3. Thread-like root canals
4. Usually the absence of periapical radiolucencies.
5. In this type of anomaly, teeth roots are of normal shape and contour.The enamel and the immediately subjacent dentin appear normal.
Deeper layers of dentin show an atypical tubular pattern with an amorphous, atubular area, and irregular organization.
Normal dentinal tubule formation appears to have been blocked so that new dentine forms around obstacles and takes on the characteristic appearances described as “lava flowing around boulders”The radiograph revealed features of dentine dysplasia type I with normal appearance of crown but no root development Autosomal Dominant Disorder:
Manifested in heterozygous states
At least one parent of index case is usually affected
Both males and females are affected.
Clinical feature can be modified by variation in penetrance and expressivity. Some individual inherit the mutant gene but are phenotpically normal. This is reffered to as “incomplete penetrance”.
In many condition the age of onset is delayed.
Inheritance Pattern:
Typical pattern is a heterozygous affected parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.
Every child has one chance in two of having the disease
Both sexes are affected equally..Autosomal Recessive Disorder
Largest category of Mendelian disorder
Usually does not affect the parent of the affected individual, but sibling may show the disease.
Complete penetrance is common.
Onset is frequently early in life.
Usually affect enzymatic proteins.
Pattern Of Inheritance:
Typical pattern is two heterozygous unaffected (carrier) parent.
The triat does not usually affect the parent, but siblings may show the disease
Siblings have one chance in four of being affected
Both sexes affected equally.
"GINGIVAL-ENLARGEMENT"
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Pigmented lesions of oral cavity
This document discusses pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by explaining that pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous in origin, with the main endogenous pigments being melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin and carotene. It then discusses several specific conditions that can cause oral pigmentation, including physiologic pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, heavy metal exposure, Kaposi's sarcoma, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, vascular lesions, melanotic macules, pigmented nevi, blue nevi, melanoacanthoma, and oral melanoma. Differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions involves considering
Regressive alterations of teeth
This document discusses various dental conditions including attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, fractures, enamel hypoplasia, and discoloration. It provides details on the causes, clinical features, and characteristics of each condition. Attrition is defined as wear from tooth-to-tooth contact, while abrasion is caused by direct friction from external objects. Erosion involves chemical dissolution of tooth structure from acids. Abfraction results from biomechanical forces causing flexure and fatigue away from the point of loading. Enamel hypoplasia occurs when enamel formation is disrupted, resulting in pits or grooves in the enamel surface.
Non carious lesion
Non-carious cervical lesions are caused by erosion from dietary or gastric acids, abrasion from toothbrushing or other habits, and abfraction from biomechanical forces. They present as broad shallow lesions on the facial or lingual surfaces for erosion, notched lesions on the facial surface for abrasion, and wedge-shaped lesions often subgingivally for abfraction. Treatment involves dentin desensitization, restorations with composites or glass ionomers, endodontics if pulpal involvement, periodontal therapy for gingival recession, and prevention through dietary counseling, fluoride application, and correcting habits.
Developmental disturbances of teeth
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
Oral pathology - Disease of-jaw-bone
This document summarizes various diseases that can affect the jaw bone. It discusses inherited conditions like osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia. It also covers infections like osteomyelitis, inflammatory conditions like fibrous dysplasia, and tumors originating from bone or other tissues that can develop in the jaw. For each condition, it provides details on characteristics, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and other relevant information.
Hard Tooth Tissue Reduction
The document discusses 4 main causes of hard tooth tissue reduction: attrition from tooth contact during chewing, abrasion from external agents like toothbrushing, erosion from acidic foods/drinks, and abfraction from occlusal stresses that cause flexing and cracks in tooth structure away from the contact point. Each cause is defined and the clinical presentations are described, including locations commonly affected and distinguishing features like sharp edges for abrasions or wedge-shaped defects for abfraction. References are provided.
Developmental anomalies of teeth - by variyta
This presentation will surely help those scratching there nerves with developmental disturbances of teeth :)
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10.dens in dente
Dens in dente is a developmental variation where the outer surface of the tooth folds into its interior, creating an invagination. It is most commonly seen in permanent maxillary lateral incisors and can extend from the crown to the root apex. Radiographically, it appears as an inverted umbrella shape within the tooth. Treatment focuses on prevention of caries, pulp infection, and premature tooth loss by addressing the invagination prophylactically.
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This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the teeth, including size, number and eruption, shape/form, and enamel and dentin defects. For size, it describes microdontia and macrodontia, covering true generalized, relative generalized, and focal/localized variations. For number and eruption, it discusses supernumerary teeth, anodontia (complete, partial, and other types), and impaction. Shape/form disturbances include crown variations like fusion, gemination, taurodontism, talon's cusp, and dens invaginatus, as well as root anomalies. Finally, it covers defects of enamel and dentin, focusing on amelogenesis imperfecta.
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• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
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This document summarizes several developmental disturbances of the lip, palate, and oral mucosa. It describes congenital lip and commissural pits/fistulas, which can occur alone or with clefts. It also discusses Van der Woude syndrome, cleft lip and palate, cheilitis glandularis, cheilitis granulomatosa, hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome, labial and oral melanotic macules, Fordyce's granules, and focal epithelial hyperplasia. For each condition, it provides information on etiology, clinical features, histological features if applicable, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
Enamel hypoplasia ppt
This document provides an overview of enamel hypoplasia, including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical features, radiographic features, and management. Enamel hypoplasia is defined as an incomplete or defective formation of the enamel matrix of teeth. It can be hereditary or environmental in origin. Common causes include nutritional deficiencies, infections like syphilis, and dental fluorosis from excess fluoride intake. Clinical features range from mild pitting to severe absence of enamel. Treatment depends on severity and location, and may include desensitizing agents, composite restoration, crowns, or extractions for severely malformed teeth.
Radicular cyst or Periapical cyst
The document summarizes information about periapical cysts, also known as radicular cysts or apical cysts. It defines a periapical cyst as an odontogenic cyst derived from cell rests of Malassez that proliferate in response to inflammation from pulpal necrosis. Periapical cysts typically present as round radiolucencies associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Histologically, they contain a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue wall. Treatment involves extraction of the involved tooth along with cyst enucleation or marsupialization.
Pulpitis
definition of pulpitis,types,histopathology,symptoms & treatment of all types of pulpitis + internal resorption
27.dentine dysplasia
Dentine dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal dentin formation and pulp morphology. There are two main types - Shield Type I, which affects the roots and causes extremely small, translucent teeth with excessive mobility. Shield Type II affects both the roots and crowns, resulting in differences in tooth color and normal root size. Radiographs reveal short, conical roots with obliterated pulp chambers and canals for Shield Type I, and a "thistle tube" appearance with multiple pulp stones for Shield Type II. Proper oral hygiene and endodontic treatments are recommended for management.
21.hypercementosis
Hypercementosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of cementum on tooth roots. It can be localized, affecting a single tooth due to conditions like periapical osteitis, or generalized, affecting many teeth as an age-related factor or due to diseases like Paget's disease of bone. Radiographically, it appears as thickening and blunting of roots with a bulbous or irregular apex. Diagnosis is clinical based on the bulbous root appearance. Treatment focuses on managing any underlying primary causes.
13.taurodontism
Taurodontism is a condition where the body of the tooth is enlarged at the expense of the root, resulting in an elongated tooth body and short roots. It is caused by a failure of the epithelial root sheath to invaginate properly during tooth development. Taurodontism can range from mild to severe and may affect deciduous or permanent molars either unilaterally or bilaterally. Radiographically, there is an extremely large pulp chamber that extends into the elongated tooth body and short, wide roots. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic rectangular tooth crown and large pulp chamber seen clinically or radiographically. No treatment is needed as taurodontism does not typically cause clinical problems.
Dentin Dysplasia
Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare hereditary disturbance is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
unknown etiology that affects approximately 1 :100,000.
In 1972, Witkop classified it into type I and type II which affect both dentitions.DD Type I
Radicular dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.Both dentitions are affected.
2.Normal appearing crowns
3.No or only rudimentary root development (rootless teeth)
4.Incomplete or total obliteration of the pulp chamber.
5.Teeth may exhibit extreme mobility and exfoliate prematurely.DD type II
coronal dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.partial pulpal obliteration.
2.Thistle-tube-or flame-shaped coronal pulp chambers
3. Thread-like root canals
4. Usually the absence of periapical radiolucencies.
5. In this type of anomaly, teeth roots are of normal shape and contour.The enamel and the immediately subjacent dentin appear normal.
Deeper layers of dentin show an atypical tubular pattern with an amorphous, atubular area, and irregular organization.
Normal dentinal tubule formation appears to have been blocked so that new dentine forms around obstacles and takes on the characteristic appearances described as “lava flowing around boulders”The radiograph revealed features of dentine dysplasia type I with normal appearance of crown but no root development Autosomal Dominant Disorder:
Manifested in heterozygous states
At least one parent of index case is usually affected
Both males and females are affected.
Clinical feature can be modified by variation in penetrance and expressivity. Some individual inherit the mutant gene but are phenotpically normal. This is reffered to as “incomplete penetrance”.
In many condition the age of onset is delayed.
Inheritance Pattern:
Typical pattern is a heterozygous affected parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.
Every child has one chance in two of having the disease
Both sexes are affected equally..Autosomal Recessive Disorder
Largest category of Mendelian disorder
Usually does not affect the parent of the affected individual, but sibling may show the disease.
Complete penetrance is common.
Onset is frequently early in life.
Usually affect enzymatic proteins.
Pattern Of Inheritance:
Typical pattern is two heterozygous unaffected (carrier) parent.
The triat does not usually affect the parent, but siblings may show the disease
Siblings have one chance in four of being affected
Both sexes affected equally.
"GINGIVAL-ENLARGEMENT"
Gingival enlargement, also known as gingival overgrowth, has several potential causes including inflammatory, drug-induced, and systemic conditions. It is classified based on etiology and pathology. Inflammatory enlargement is caused by prolonged bacterial plaque exposure and poor oral hygiene. Drug-induced enlargement can be caused by medications like anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers. Systemic conditions like pregnancy, leukemia, and granulomatous diseases can also cause gingival enlargement. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include nonsurgical approaches like improved plaque control or surgical procedures like gingivectomy.
Pigmented lesions of oral cavity
This document discusses pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by explaining that pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous in origin, with the main endogenous pigments being melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin and carotene. It then discusses several specific conditions that can cause oral pigmentation, including physiologic pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, heavy metal exposure, Kaposi's sarcoma, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, vascular lesions, melanotic macules, pigmented nevi, blue nevi, melanoacanthoma, and oral melanoma. Differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions involves considering
Regressive alterations of teeth
This document discusses various dental conditions including attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, fractures, enamel hypoplasia, and discoloration. It provides details on the causes, clinical features, and characteristics of each condition. Attrition is defined as wear from tooth-to-tooth contact, while abrasion is caused by direct friction from external objects. Erosion involves chemical dissolution of tooth structure from acids. Abfraction results from biomechanical forces causing flexure and fatigue away from the point of loading. Enamel hypoplasia occurs when enamel formation is disrupted, resulting in pits or grooves in the enamel surface.
Non carious lesion
Non-carious cervical lesions are caused by erosion from dietary or gastric acids, abrasion from toothbrushing or other habits, and abfraction from biomechanical forces. They present as broad shallow lesions on the facial or lingual surfaces for erosion, notched lesions on the facial surface for abrasion, and wedge-shaped lesions often subgingivally for abfraction. Treatment involves dentin desensitization, restorations with composites or glass ionomers, endodontics if pulpal involvement, periodontal therapy for gingival recession, and prevention through dietary counseling, fluoride application, and correcting habits.
Developmental disturbances of teeth
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
Oral pathology - Disease of-jaw-bone
This document summarizes various diseases that can affect the jaw bone. It discusses inherited conditions like osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia. It also covers infections like osteomyelitis, inflammatory conditions like fibrous dysplasia, and tumors originating from bone or other tissues that can develop in the jaw. For each condition, it provides details on characteristics, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and other relevant information.
Hard Tooth Tissue Reduction
The document discusses 4 main causes of hard tooth tissue reduction: attrition from tooth contact during chewing, abrasion from external agents like toothbrushing, erosion from acidic foods/drinks, and abfraction from occlusal stresses that cause flexing and cracks in tooth structure away from the contact point. Each cause is defined and the clinical presentations are described, including locations commonly affected and distinguishing features like sharp edges for abrasions or wedge-shaped defects for abfraction. References are provided.
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10.dens in dente
Dens in dente is a developmental variation where the outer surface of the tooth folds into its interior, creating an invagination. It is most commonly seen in permanent maxillary lateral incisors and can extend from the crown to the root apex. Radiographically, it appears as an inverted umbrella shape within the tooth. Treatment focuses on prevention of caries, pulp infection, and premature tooth loss by addressing the invagination prophylactically.
Developmental disorders of tongue elvis chiramel david
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can occur in the tongue, including microglossia, macroglossia, ankyloglossia, cleft tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, benign migratory glossitis, hairy tongue, lingual varices, and lingual thyroid nodule. It provides details on the etiology, clinical features, classification where relevant, and treatment for each of these conditions. Various tongue abnormalities can result in difficulties with speech, swallowing, or irritation and infection if debris gets trapped. Treatment may involve surgery, antifungal medications, or reducing long term antibiotic use depending on the specific condition.
Opi 1-introduction-tooth abnormalities
This document outlines the course content for Oral Pathology I taught by Dr. Aiman A. Ali. The course covers abnormalities of teeth and oral tissues including alterations in size, shape, number, structure and color of teeth. Specific conditions discussed include microdontia, taurodontism, gemination, fusion, impaction, and amelogenesis imperfecta. Evaluation includes attendance, quizzes, exams and case presentations. The document provides the syllabus, lecture topics, and expectations for the laboratory component where students will examine abnormalities of teeth and oral tissues.
8.cleidocranial dysplasia
Cleidocranial dysplasia is a genetic condition characterized by incomplete penetrance that primarily affects the skull, clavicles, and dentition. Key features include a brachycephalic skull with sunken sutures and depressed nasal bridge, absence or malformation of clavicles causing shoulders to meet in the midline, retained primary teeth and delayed permanent tooth eruption, and supernumerary teeth. Radiographs show open skull sutures, absence or malformation of clavicles, and dental anomalies. Diagnosis is based on the shoulder meeting in the midline and dental and skeletal features. Management focuses on dental care including extraction of supernumerary teeth while skull and clavicle anomalies require no
Anomalies of tooth formation & eruption
The document discusses several anomalies and abnormalities that can occur in tooth formation and eruption. Supernumerary teeth are extra teeth that develop in addition to the normal number. Hypodontia is a congenital absence of one or more teeth. Abnormalities can also occur in tooth size, shape, structure and formation. Some examples provided include taurodontism, dens invaginatus, amelogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia. Many conditions are genetic or due to disruptions during tooth development and may require monitoring or treatments like extractions or root canals.
14.chondroectodermal dysplasia
Chondroectodermal dysplasia, also known as Ellis van Creveld syndrome, is a congenital disorder characterized by short limbs, polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and congenital heart defects. Key features include small, conical teeth that erupt early, sparse hair and absent nails, as well as bone deformities of the knees and chest wall abnormalities. Radiographs show short finger bones and distinctive tooth shapes. Treatment focuses on surgical correction of physical abnormalities like harelip.
39.erosion
Erosion is the chemical process of tooth substance loss without bacterial involvement. It occurs when tooth surfaces are exposed to acids from intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting, or extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages. Clinical features include smooth lesions on the front teeth surfaces that cause hypersensitivity. Radiographs may show radiolucent defects in the crown. Management involves diet control, fluoride use, changing brushing habits, and restorations or systemic treatment depending on the cause of erosion.
36.premature exfoliation
Premature exfoliation of teeth can be caused by genetic conditions like papillon Lèfevre's syndrome, nutritional disorders such as hypophosphatasia and cycling neutropenia, or other diseases including histiocytosis and acrodynia. Clinically, it results in bone loss around teeth and the loosening, migration, and spontaneous loss of teeth. The only management is to address the underlying etiological factors causing premature exfoliation when possible.
15.arhinencephaly
Arhinencephaly is a rare developmental abnormality where part of the brain called the olfactory portion is either absent or deficient, resulting in abnormalities of the skull and face. It can cause problems with smell, breathing, and feeding. Individuals with arhinencephaly may have a flat face, widely spaced eyes, and underdeveloped nasal cavities.
7.hemi maxillofacial dysplasia
Hemi-maxillofacial dysplasia is a condition characterized by painless unilateral enlargement of the maxillary bone and fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva. It most commonly affects younger patients and may be associated with other conditions like Becker's nevus. Radiographs show thickened, vertically oriented trabeculae in the maxilla giving it a granular appearance, along with a smaller maxillary sinus on the affected side. The diagnosis is based on clinical features of unilateral maxillary enlargement and gingival hyperplasia along with radiographic findings. Treatment involves orthodontic therapy and potentially orthognathic surgery.
Osteomyelitis
This document discusses osteomyelitis and alveolar osteitis. It defines osteomyelitis as an inflammatory process in the bone marrow or cortical surfaces that extends from the initial site of involvement. It then discusses predisposing factors, classifications, clinical features, radiographic features, and management of osteomyelitis. It also defines alveolar osteitis as localized inflammation of the bone following failure of a blood clot or socket, discusses its pathogenesis and clinical features, and outlines its treatment.
1.microdontia
Microdontia refers to teeth that are smaller than normal. There are three main types: true generalized microdontia where all teeth are smaller, related generalized where teeth are normally or slightly smaller, and localized where a single tooth is affected. Affected teeth are often the maxillary lateral incisors and third molars. Diagnosis can be made by clinical examination of tooth size, and radiographs can show size of erupted and unerupted teeth. Treatment may involve crown and bridge work for aesthetic rehabilitation when teeth are significantly smaller.
Odontoma
El odontoma es una formación tumoral benigna compuesta de tejido odontogénico que forma pequeños dientes u órganos dentarios de diferentes tamaños, conocidos como odontoma compuesto, o masas de tejido dentario sin organización, llamado odontoma complejo. Esta pieza quirúrgica contiene tanto odontoma compuesto como complejo, con dientes formados de diferentes tamaños y masas de tejido dentario sin constituir dientes completos.
3.micrognathia
Micrognathia is a condition where the jaw, most commonly the mandible, is severely deficient. There are two types - apparent micrognathia which is an illusion and true micrognathia where the jaw is actually small. True micrognathia can be congenital or acquired and is associated with other birth defects or injuries from forceps delivery or ankylosis. Clinical features include a retracted middle face, retruded chin, and steep mandibular angle with the jaw being too small to feed properly in infants. Management may involve orthognathic surgery.
9.dilaceration
Dilaceration is a bending or curvature of a tooth root caused by either trauma that displaces the calcified portion during development or a developmental defect. It most commonly occurs in maxillary incisors and is diagnosed radiographically by observing the curved root. Management can be difficult and involves restoring a dilacerated crown to improve function and prevent dental issues, while extraction may require special care due to the root curvature.
6.facial hemiatrophy
Facial hemiatrophy, also known as Parry Romberg syndrome, is characterized by slowly progressive wasting of the soft tissues on half of the face. Key features include a white line furrow on one side of the face near the midline, thinning of tissues under the skin including fat, cartilage, and bone, and a sharp line of demarcation between normal and affected skin resembling a scar. Radiographic imaging reveals reduction in the size of bones on the affected side of the face compared to the unaffected side. There is no known cause, and treatment involves surgical reconstruction and orthodontic management.
40.abfraction
Abfraction is the loss of tooth structure caused by flexure from occlusal stresses on the teeth. It typically affects the buccal or labial cervical areas, presenting as wedge-shaped lesions with sharp line angles. Abfraction results from eccentric forces during occlusion that weaken the tooth's ability to withstand stresses, especially when combined with erosion or abrasion, leading to tissue loss over time.
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Teeth abnormalities ii
This document provides an overview of oral pathology and abnormalities of teeth. It discusses various histological staining techniques used in oral pathology as well as abnormalities in tooth shape, number, enamel, dentin, pulp, and color. Some key points include descriptions of taurodontism, supernumerary teeth, amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, regional odontodysplasia, pulp calcification, internal and external resorption, and endogenous and exogenous staining. The document serves as a guide for oral pathology laboratory procedures and identifying various dental abnormalities.
Premature exfoliation of primary teeth
Premature exfoliation of primary teeth can be caused by toxicities, metabolic disorders, malignancies, dental causes, and miscellaneous conditions. Specific etiologies include acrodynia from mercury exposure, radiation-induced xerostomia, acatalasia, hypophosphatasia, leukemia-associated gingival enlargement, localized aggressive periodontitis, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, cherubism, aplastic anemia, and dentin dysplasia. Diagnostic testing may involve blood tests, imaging, biopsies, and microbial cultures to identify the underlying condition leading to premature tooth loss.
Non carious lesions of teeth
This document discusses various physiologic and pathologic processes that can affect teeth, including attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, pulp calcification, tooth resorption, hypercementosis, and cementicles. It defines each term and describes the clinical and radiographic presentation of each condition. It also discusses the etiology, histopathology, and characteristics of different types of resorption and cementum abnormalities like hypercementosis and cementicles.
Defects of tooth structure
1) Structural defects of teeth can range from minor issues like pitting or discoloration to more serious problems caused by genetic factors, metabolic diseases, or infections during development.
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3) Other defects include molar incisor hypomineralization from systemic factors during development; regional odontodysplasia, a localized disorder affecting a group of teeth; and rarer conditions like dentinal dysplasia. Treatment depends on the specific defect but aims to
Structural Alterations of tooth.pptx
This document summarizes several developmental alterations of teeth structures. It begins by describing Amelogenesis Imperfecta, which is a group of hereditary conditions that affect the quality and quantity of dental enamel. It classifies AI based on the stage of development affected and lists associated clinical features. It then discusses Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, Dentin Dysplasia, Regional Odontodysplasia, and Dentin Hypocalcification - each of which involve hereditary defects in dentin formation. For each condition, it provides details on classification, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, diagnosis, and management.
Developmental disturbances of tooth structure
This document discusses dental enamel and dentin development and defects. It provides details on:
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Tooth discoloration
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Developmental Disturbances.ppt
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Developmental Anomalies Of Teeth
This document discusses various developmental anomalies that can affect the teeth. It begins by introducing different types of developmental defects categorized by size, number, shape, form and structure of teeth. It then focuses on specific anomalies in each category. For size, it describes macrodontia and microdontia, including true/relative generalized and localized forms. For number, it discusses anodontia, supernumerary teeth and hypodontia/oligodontia. For shape and form, it examines fusion, gemination, taurodontism, talon cusp and other anomalies. The document provides clinical pictures and examples to illustrate each condition and discusses etiology, characteristics and management.
developmental anomalies of teeth
This document provides definitions and an overview of oral pathology. It defines key terms like pathology, oral pathology, disease, signs, symptoms, etiology, and pathogenesis. It then discusses variations that can affect teeth, including variations in number (increase or decrease), size (macrodontia or microdontia), shape (gemination, fusion, etc.), and structure (enamel hypoplasia, hypocalcification, etc.). For each variation, it provides examples and classifications. It discusses specific conditions like amelogenesis imperfecta and dental fluorosis in more depth. Overall, the document concisely covers a wide range of topics relating to anomalies and defects that can affect dental development and structure.
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH.pptx
Classification and explanation of congenital and developmental abnormalities of teeth.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
This document discusses several conditions related to abnormalities in dentin formation, including dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia. It describes the genetic basis, clinical and radiographic features, classifications, and histopathological characteristics of these inherited disorders. The key features include opalescent or discolored teeth, bulbous crowns, thin dentin, enlarged pulp chambers, shortened roots, and premature tooth loss. Classification systems include those proposed by Shields and Witkop. Treatment may involve extraction and dental prosthetics due to poor cosmetic outcomes and functional complications.
radiographic interpretations.pptx
This document discusses the radiographic interpretation of various dental anomalies and implants. It provides examples of different dental anomalies like supernumerary teeth, macrodontia, microdontia, fusion, gemination, concrescence, hypercementosis, taurodontism, and dilaceration among others. It also discusses radiographic interpretations related to systemic conditions, presurgical implant imaging, post-implant imaging, and the classification of peri-implant radiolucencies. The goal of radiographic interpretation is to identify disease, understand its nature and extent, and assist in differential diagnosis.
bleaching.pptx
This document discusses tooth discoloration and bleaching. It describes the various causes of tooth discoloration including intrinsic factors related to the tooth structure and extrinsic factors on the tooth surface. Intrinsic causes include conditions that affect tooth development like fluorosis, tetracycline staining, and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Extrinsic causes include foods, medications, occupations and dental materials. Bleaching techniques like intracoronal and extracoronal bleaching are also summarized along with their indications, complications and effects.
Radiographic Interpretation of Dental Anomalies
This document discusses various types of dental abnormalities including developmental, acquired, hyperdontia (extra teeth), hypodontia (missing teeth), macrodontia (large teeth), microdontia (small teeth), transposition (switched positions of teeth), fusion, and concrescence (root fusion). It provides details on the characteristics, causes, prevalence, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and management of each abnormality.
Developmental disturbances shape, size and number of the teeth
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the size, shape, number and structure of teeth. Regarding size, it describes microdontia where teeth are smaller than normal, and macrodontia where teeth are larger. For shape, it discusses anomalies such as gemination, fusion, concrescence and dilaceration. It also covers rare formations like talon cusps, dens in dente and dens evaginatus. The number of teeth can be affected by complete anodontia where no teeth form, or supernumerary teeth where extra teeth are present. Radiographic and clinical features of each condition are provided along with potential causes and treatments.
Oral Developmental anomalies
This document provides an overview of developmental disturbances that can affect the oral region. It begins with definitions of relevant terms and a classification system. It then discusses specific developmental disturbances affecting soft tissues like lip pits, double lips, and macroglossia/microglossia. Tooth-related disturbances covered include variations in size (microdontia, macrodontia), number (hypodontia, oligodontia, supernumerary teeth), form (taurodontism, gemination), and structure (amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta). Causes may be genetic, environmental, or due to systemic conditions. The level of detail provided on each topic aims to inform diagnosis and management of developmental oral disturbances.
Local / Dental causes of Malocclusion
The document discusses local and dental causes of malocclusion. It identifies abnormalities in tooth number, form, position and exfoliation/eruption as potential factors. Specific issues mentioned include supernumeraries, hypodontia, fusion, gemination, macrodontia, microdontia, dilaceration, transposition, early loss or prolonged retention of primary teeth, impaction and primary failure of eruption. Other factors discussed are frenums, habits like tongue thrusting and digit sucking, trauma, cleft lip and palate, pathologic lesions, third molars, late growth and late lower anterior crowding. The document emphasizes that local causes are generally visible and can be diagnosed early, allowing for interceptive
Etiology of malocclusion
This document discusses the etiology of malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The etiology can be classified as general factors, local factors, or skeletal and soft tissue factors. General factors include hereditary traits, congenital defects, environmental influences, and habits. Local factors relate to abnormalities in tooth number, size, shape, eruption, and dental caries. Understanding the etiology is important for developing an effective treatment plan and preventing future relapse.
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18.gardner's syndrome
Gardner's syndrome is a hereditary condition caused by a gene on chromosome 5 that results in multiple intestinal polyps and bone growths. Patients commonly experience colonic polyps that have a high risk of becoming cancerous, as well as benign bone tumors (osteomas) in the jaw, face and skull that can cause facial deformities and restricted mouth opening. Diagnosis involves detecting unerupted teeth and jaw osteomas on radiological exams. Treatment requires preventative removal of the colon due to the high cancer risk and surgery to remove jaw osteomas for cosmetic purposes.
17.ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of inherited diseases where two or more ectodermally derived structures are underdeveloped. It can be inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked patterns. Clinical features include sparse, fine hair and eyebrows, a saddle nose appearance, heat intolerance, and absence of sweat glands. Oral manifestations include missing teeth (oligodontia or anodontia), a high palate, and possible cleft palate. Radiographs show absence of teeth and a thin, less vertical alveolar process. Dentures and dental implants can be used to manage the condition for functional and cosmetic purposes.
10.mandibulofacial dysostosis
Mandibulofacial dysostosis is a genetic condition caused by the failure of neural crest cells to migrate properly during facial development. It is characterized by underdeveloped bones and tissues of the midface and jaw. Common features include a small lower jaw, high arched palate, cleft palate, unusually large mouth, downward slanted eyes, and varying degrees of vision problems and tooth abnormalities. Treatment focuses on cosmetic surgery to improve facial structure and hearing.
9.craniofacial dysostosis
Craniofacial dysostosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive skull and facial bone malformations that are present at birth or become evident in infancy. Key features include premature fusion of skull bone sutures leading to an abnormally shaped head, facial abnormalities like bulging eyes, and dental issues like a high arched palate and crowding. Diagnosis involves examining characteristic facial features and skull x-rays showing thin bone walls and indentations. Treatment may include surgeries to correct facial structure and relieve pressure on the brain.
1.definitions
This document defines several genetic terms: congenital means present at birth but not necessarily inherited; hereditary means apparent at birth but may not show for years; autosomal dominant inheritance affects every person with an affected parent and is transmitted to offspring; autosomal recessive only affects siblings and has a 1 in 4 chance in siblings; X-linked dominant exhibits higher in females due to twice as many X chromosomes and females transmit to half offspring; X-linked recessive is much higher in males than females.
5.facial hemihypertrophy
Facial hemihypertrophy is a condition where one side of the face and sometimes parts of the body are enlarged. It can be caused by endocrine dysfunction, genetic factors, vascular abnormalities, or neurogenic malformations. Clinically, it involves enlargement of structures on one side of the face like the eyelids, cheeks, lips, and bones. Radiographs show bone and tooth enlargement on the affected side. Diagnosis is made by noticing facial asymmetry clinically and seeing bone and tooth enlargement on imaging. Management focuses on cosmetic repair through procedures like soft tissue reduction, face lifts, and jaw surgery.
4.macrognathia
Macrognathia refers to an abnormally large jaw, which can be caused by conditions like pituitary gigantism, Paget's disease of bone, or acromegaly in adults. Clinical features of macrognathia include mandibular protrusion, an enlarged mandible, a gummy smile showing excessive gums, a prominent chin button, and a less steep angle between the ramus and body of the mandible. Treatment may involve osteotomy to decrease the length of the mandible followed by orthodontic treatment.
2.agnathia
Agnathia is a rare condition where one or both jaws are totally absent. It can cause the upper face to appear normal while the lower face skin continues into the neck area. The tongue may be rudimentary while ears can be deformed. Though difficult, surgical reconstruction should be carried out to reconstruct the jaws.
41.resorption of teeth
Tooth resorption is the chronic damage or loss of tooth structure caused by odontoclast cells. It can occur physiologically or pathologically. External resorption occurs when odontoclasts are in the periodontal ligament, while internal resorption happens when they are located in the dentine pulp.
38.abrasion
Abrasion is the pathological wearing away of tooth substance caused by external abrasive agents. It can be caused by abrasive dentifrices, horizontal tooth brushing with heavy pressure, occupational or ritual abrasion, or dental floss or toothpicks. Clinically, abrasion appears as V-shaped lesions on exposed tooth roots and causes sensitivity as dentin is exposed. Radiographically, abrasion shows as radiolucent defects at the cervical level of teeth with increasing density borders that are semi-lunar in shape. Management involves modifying teeth cleaning habits, removing the cause, and performing restorations.
37.attrition
Physiological attrition is the wearing away of teeth due to normal tooth contact during chewing. It helps maintain a proper crown-to-root ratio and allows for third molar eruption. Pathological attrition occurs due to abnormalities like abnormal chewing habits, coarse foods, or structural defects. Clinical features include polished facets on tooth surfaces and a gradual reduction in cusp height. Radiographs show shortened crowns and thickened secondary dentin. Management focuses on habit correction, treating malocclusions, and addressing sensitivity issues.
35.ectopic eruption
Ectopic eruption occurs when teeth erupt in abnormal locations, not their normal positions. Large teeth or a small jaw can cause this, as well as local developmental issues. Teeth may erupt lingually rather than normally, and can cause root resorption or premature loss if they become locked in place. Management involves using brass looped wires to guide teeth into proper positions.
34.eruption sequestrum
Eruption sequestrum occurs when small fragments of bone separate from the jaw as a molar tooth erupts. A tiny irregular spicule of non-viable bone overlies the crown of the erupting tooth within soft tissues. As the tooth continues erupting, the bone fragment completely separates and is lost through the mucosa. Radiographically, it appears as an irregular opacity overlying the central fossa but separated from the tooth. Removal of the spicule is only necessary if it causes issues during eruption.
33.transposition
A tooth transposition occurs when two teeth exchange their normal positions, most often involving the permanent canine and lateral incisor. Radiographs are useful for recognizing this condition by showing an unusual sequence of teeth. Impacted teeth in the wrong positions can be surgically exposed and prosthetically altered under local anesthesia to improve function.
32.ankylosis or submerged teeth
Submerged teeth are deciduous teeth that have undergone root resorption and become fused to the alveolar bone through ankylosis. Ankylosis can occur due to factors like trauma, infection, or abnormal tongue pressure and prevents the normal exfoliation and replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth. Clinically, ankylosed teeth lack mobility and have a solid sound upon percussion. Radiographically, there is a partial or complete absence of the periodontal ligament space seen normally around the tooth root. Surgical excision may be required if the ankylosed tooth does not exfoliate on its own.
31.embedded and impacted teeth
Embedded teeth are unerupted teeth due to a lack of eruptive forces, while impacted teeth are prevented from erupting by a physical barrier. Common causes include lack of space, tooth rotation, and systemic diseases. Third molars are most frequently affected, and complications can arise like dentigerous cysts, periodontal infections near impacted teeth, and resorption of adjacent tooth roots. Surgical exposure or removal may be required to address problems caused by impacted teeth, with potential short-term complications including sensory loss, trismus, and infection.
30.premature eruption
Premature eruption of teeth can occur before the normal eruption time due to familial patterns or endocrine disorders affecting the thyroid, adrenals, or gonads. Typically only one or two teeth, most commonly the mandibular central incisors, erupt early and may be mobile. Delayed eruption can be caused by systemic conditions like rickets or local factors such as dense gingival tissue that prevents eruption, resulting in partially impacted teeth, deviations in eruption path, or pseudo anodontia. Extraction of premature teeth followed by space maintenance is often used to allow for normal eruption of permanent teeth.
26.dentinogenesis imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the dentin and manifests in several subtypes. Shield type I is associated with osteogenesis imperfecta and causes fragile bones and blue sclera. Teeth appear blue, brown, or yellowish-brown. Shield type II is a more severe form of Shield type I but is not associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. Shield type III causes thin enamel and dentin, opalescent and bell-shaped teeth, and multiple pulp exposures. Radiographs show tooth attrition, constricted cervical portions, obliterated pulp chambers, and periapical radiolucencies without pulpal involvement. Diagnosis is based on rapid enamel loss and attrition
23.supernumerary teeth
Supernumerary teeth, also known as hyperdontia, are any teeth or tooth structure found in excess of the usual 20 deciduous or 32 permanent teeth. They can develop due to phylogenetic reversion, tooth bud splitting, or hyperactivity of the dental lamina. Supernumerary teeth are often inherited in an autosomal dominant trait and may be associated with genetic syndromes. They can be supplemental teeth that duplicate normal anatomy or rudimentary dysmorphic teeth. Supernumerary teeth frequently prevent normal teeth from erupting and can cause crowding, root resorption, and malformation of adjacent teeth. Radiographs are used to locate unerupted supernumerary teeth and check for cyst formation, while
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28.regional odontodysplasia
- 2. General information Also called ghost teeth It is an unusual development anomaly in which ectodermal and mesodermal tooth component are affected It is a localised arrest in tooth development In this condition all the elements of tooth are hypocalcified and hypoplastic
- 3. Aetiology It has uncertain aetiology Factors like trauma, infection, local ischaemia, local vascular defect, genetic transmission, local somatic mutation and activation of latent viruses are suggested as etiological agents
- 4. Clinical features Most frequently affected teeth are permanent Central incisors, lateral incisors and cuspids Affected teeth are small and mottled brown Teeth are susceptible to caries either delay or total failure of eruption gingival swelling adjacent to the tooth surface is common occurrence
- 5. Radiographic features Ghost teeth – marked reduction in density, so that the teeth assume ghost appearance. Ghost teeth that do not erupt are so hypomineralized and hypoplastic that they appear to be resorbing Shell teeth – sometimes only the shell of enamel remain on the tooth, this appearance is called as shell teeth Pulp and root – pulp chamber is very large with wide root canals
- 6. Diagnosis Clinical diagnosis – irregular shaped teeth with Brown discolouration Radiological diagnosis – shell teeth appearance seen radiographically
- 7. Management Many suggest to extract involved tooth at the earliest which is followed by prosthetic replacement Restorative procedures – root canal treatment should be carried out and tooth should be saved