The document discusses various causes of tooth discoloration and abnormalities in tooth development and structure. It describes developmental disturbances that can result in discoloration, such as amelogenesis imperfecta or dental fluorosis. Intrinsic pigments from conditions like jaundice or blood disorders can also cause tooth discoloration. Abnormalities in tooth number, size, shape, structure, and enamel formation are discussed in relation to hereditary and environmental factors.

2.  Color
 Color is determined by translucency and thickness of the
enamel and by thickness and color of the underlying
dentin
 Discoloration may result from developmental
disturbances whereby the normal pattern of enamel
prisms and dental tubules is disturbed.

3. Discoloration due to Developmental Disturbances
 Amelogenesis Imperfecta
 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
 Brown hereditary teeth
 Dental fluorosis or mottling

4. Discoloration from intrinsic pigments
 Pigments arising from hemolysis or associated with
jaundice
o May be considerably green, yellow-brown, or black.
 Tooth Non-vitality
o May be Gray, yellow-brown, or orange-yellow
 Internal Resorption
o May be Pink or black

5. Discoloration from medicaments during
Endodontic therapy
 Staining
 From permeation of medicaments into dentinal
tubules during sterilization of cavity prep
 Metallic staining
 From ingestion or inhalation of metals or their salts
 Tobacco use
 Most frequent cause of staining

6.  Macrodontia
 microdontia

7.  Supernumerary teeth
 Complete or partial anodontia

8.  Developmental disturbances of form:
 Geminated teeth
 Fused teeth
 Concrescence
 Enamel pearls
 Dens in dente

9.  Developmental disturbances of form:
 Turner’s teeth
 Odontomas
 Hutchinson’s teeth
 Mulberry molar
 Accessory cusps
 Hypoplastic defects

10.  Hereditary disturbances of form:
 Enamel hypoplasia
 Dentinogenesis imperfecta
 Dentin dysplasia
 Amelogenesis imperfecta
 Extrinsic or environmental alterations
responsible for variations after teeth have
fully formed are manifested as erosion,
abrasion, caries or extensive attrition

12. - refers to the hypoplasia and hypomaturation
of the enamel.
- result of any disturbance in the formation of
enamel matrix.

13.  Hypomaturation- occurs from incomplete
crystallization of the enamel.
 Hypocalcification- result from any
disturbance that interferes with the
normal deposition of calcium.

15.  Local - Periapical inflamation, Truma,
Surgical procedure.
 Systemic - Nutritional deficiencies, endocrine
disturbances, and other systemic
disease.
 Hereditary disease – various hereditary
defects of the enamel are seen, such as
amelogenisis imperfecta, brown teeth,
and other hypoplasia of enamel.

16. Appears as a localized alteration of one or
several or may involve all the teeth.
Consist of the absence of enamel and dentin or
of enamel only.

18.  Depends on the stage of amelogenisis.
 Central incisors show well defined horizontal
lines of pits and grooves.
 Single or multiple chalky white opaque spots
may be present on the teeth.
- opaque may also be caused by faulty
matrix apposition which changes the
index of refraction

19. Hypocalcified Decalcified
 White and opaque
 Glazed
 Smooth
 White and opaque
 Granular
 Rough
 Soft surface

20.  Resulting from consumption of water containing an
excess of flourine.
 Maybe mild to severe in character.

22.  Cloudy opaque areas of yellow or brown
areas if extrinsic material has pigmented the
areas.

23.  Results from hypoplasia of the central
developmental lobe with a collapse of the
lateral developmental lobe.
 Screw driver shape appearance.

25.  Examiner attributes notching of the incisors teeth
of central developmental lobe rather than loss of
tooth structure from trauma.

26.  Mulberry molars are also sugestive of
congenital syphilis. They are characterized
by normal buccal and lingual surfaces but
have occlusal surfaces analogous to a
mulberry.
 Localized defects of the occlusal surface of
the molar teeth have at times been
incorrectly diagnosed as mulberry molars

28. Amelogenesis imperfecta in which the enamel
is apparently of normal thickness and surface
consistency is hereditary brown teeth.
In this condition it is not hard as normal and
tends to chip on the Incisal and occlusal
surfaces.
Extension of brown color throughout the
enamel and involvement of all the teeth.

30.  Opalescence
 Abnormal coloration
 Absence of pulp canals
 Poorly calcified dentin
 Constricted roots

32.  Clinically manifested by:
- wandering teeth
- malposed teeth
 Radiographically
- absence of pulp canals
- decreased density of dentin
- short narrow roots
- radiolucent apical area

34.  Refers to the increase in the normal number
of teeth present in dentition.
 Supernumerary teeth may interfere with
normal eruption.
 Can be seen radiograhically in person with
cleidocranial dysostosis.

35.  In addition to the dental defect, defective
ossification of the clavicles and bones of the
skull can be noted.

37.  Result from a chemical process, and the
defects are usually limited to the labial and
buccal surfaces of teeth.
 Vary in shape from suacerlike depression to
deep wedge-like groves

39.  May occur anywhere on the enamel surface
or the cervical area of root
 Mechanical wearing of the tooth structure by
physical agents such as toothbrushes,
abrasive powders, hairpins, nails, clay
pipestems, glass, toothpick, dental tape,
sand, and thread.

41.  Involves both the crown and the roots.
 Root fractures require radiographic
evaluation.

42. Two factors that must be determined in
evaluation of fractered tooth:
1. Fracture involves the pulp
2. Pulp has been secondarily involved by
injury at the apex.