34.eruption sequestrum
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Eruption sequestrum occurs when small fragments of bone separate from the jaw as a molar tooth erupts. A tiny irregular spicule of non-viable bone overlies the crown of the erupting tooth within soft tissues. As the tooth continues erupting, the bone fragment completely separates and is lost through the mucosa. Radiographically, it appears as an irregular opacity overlying the central fossa but separated from the tooth. Removal of the spicule is only necessary if it causes issues during eruption.
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13.taurodontism
Taurodontism is a condition where the body of the tooth is enlarged at the expense of the root, resulting in an elongated tooth body and short roots. It is caused by a failure of the epithelial root sheath to invaginate properly during tooth development. Taurodontism can range from mild to severe and may affect deciduous or permanent molars either unilaterally or bilaterally. Radiographically, there is an extremely large pulp chamber that extends into the elongated tooth body and short, wide roots. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic rectangular tooth crown and large pulp chamber seen clinically or radiographically. No treatment is needed as taurodontism does not typically cause clinical problems.
Cysts in orofacial region
Cysts in orofacial regions were discussed. Key points include:
1. Cysts are pathological cavities lined by epithelium and filled with fluid/semi-solid material. Common types are odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and keratocysts.
2. Dentigerous cysts form between reduced enamel epithelium and tooth crown, associated with unerupted teeth. Keratocysts have high recurrence rates due to thin fragile lining.
3. Treatment options are marsupialization to shrink large cysts, and enucleation to remove the cyst lining along with the associated tooth/teeth.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the formation of dentin in both primary and permanent teeth. It is classified into two main types - dentinogenesis imperfecta type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is caused by mutations in the DSPP gene and affects only the teeth. Type 2 may be caused by mutations in two tightly linked genes and is characterized by multiple pulp exposures and shell-like teeth. Treatment aims to prevent wear of enamel and dentin through full coverage restorations.
Dry socket
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
Temporomandibular joint disorder
The document discusses temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, including TMJ dysfunction syndrome (TMD) and myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). It covers the anatomy of the TMJ, functional movements, classification of disorders, signs and symptoms, examination techniques, treatment options including reversible therapies like splint therapy and irreversible surgical treatment, and prevention strategies.
Osteomyelitis of jaw--department of oral medicine and radiology
Osteomyelitis of jaw--department of oral medicine and radiologyGovernment Dental College and Hospital, Shimla
The document discusses osteomyelitis, which is an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the periosteum. It can be acute or chronic, and is caused by bacteria or fungi entering via trauma or a blood-borne route. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and pus drainage. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, debridement of infected tissue, and sometimes surgery. Chronic osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat and may require repeated surgeries. Risk factors include reduced blood supply to bone from conditions like diabetes.periapical radiopacities
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7.talon's cusp
Talon's cusp is an anomalous supernumerary cusp that projects lingually from the cingulum area of maxillary and mandibular incisors. It resembles an eagle's talon and is composed of normal enamel, dentin, and pulp tissue. Talon cusps are commonly seen on maxillary lateral and central incisors. They can cause aesthetic problems for patients and require prophylactic restoration or removal to prevent cavities, with exposed dentin treated with desensitizing agents.
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13.taurodontism
Taurodontism is a condition where the body of the tooth is enlarged at the expense of the root, resulting in an elongated tooth body and short roots. It is caused by a failure of the epithelial root sheath to invaginate properly during tooth development. Taurodontism can range from mild to severe and may affect deciduous or permanent molars either unilaterally or bilaterally. Radiographically, there is an extremely large pulp chamber that extends into the elongated tooth body and short, wide roots. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic rectangular tooth crown and large pulp chamber seen clinically or radiographically. No treatment is needed as taurodontism does not typically cause clinical problems.
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Cysts in orofacial regions were discussed. Key points include:
1. Cysts are pathological cavities lined by epithelium and filled with fluid/semi-solid material. Common types are odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and keratocysts.
2. Dentigerous cysts form between reduced enamel epithelium and tooth crown, associated with unerupted teeth. Keratocysts have high recurrence rates due to thin fragile lining.
3. Treatment options are marsupialization to shrink large cysts, and enucleation to remove the cyst lining along with the associated tooth/teeth.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the formation of dentin in both primary and permanent teeth. It is classified into two main types - dentinogenesis imperfecta type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is caused by mutations in the DSPP gene and affects only the teeth. Type 2 may be caused by mutations in two tightly linked genes and is characterized by multiple pulp exposures and shell-like teeth. Treatment aims to prevent wear of enamel and dentin through full coverage restorations.
Dry socket
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
Temporomandibular joint disorder
The document discusses temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, including TMJ dysfunction syndrome (TMD) and myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). It covers the anatomy of the TMJ, functional movements, classification of disorders, signs and symptoms, examination techniques, treatment options including reversible therapies like splint therapy and irreversible surgical treatment, and prevention strategies.
Osteomyelitis of jaw--department of oral medicine and radiology
Osteomyelitis of jaw--department of oral medicine and radiologyGovernment Dental College and Hospital, Shimla
The document discusses osteomyelitis, which is an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the periosteum. It can be acute or chronic, and is caused by bacteria or fungi entering via trauma or a blood-borne route. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and pus drainage. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, debridement of infected tissue, and sometimes surgery. Chronic osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat and may require repeated surgeries. Risk factors include reduced blood supply to bone from conditions like diabetes.periapical radiopacities
This document summarizes various radiopaque lesions seen in dental radiographs. It describes normal anatomical radiopacities such as those seen in the maxilla and mandible. It then discusses pathological radiopacities associated with teeth including condensing osteitis, idiopathic osteosclerosis, Garre's osteomyelitis, and hypercementosis. Non-tooth associated radiopacities like tori, exostoses, osteomas, and foreign bodies are also mentioned. The document provides details on the clinical features, radiographic appearance, differential diagnosis, and management of conditions like condensing osteitis, idiopathic osteosclerosis, periapical cemental dysplasia, and Garre
7.talon's cusp
Talon's cusp is an anomalous supernumerary cusp that projects lingually from the cingulum area of maxillary and mandibular incisors. It resembles an eagle's talon and is composed of normal enamel, dentin, and pulp tissue. Talon cusps are commonly seen on maxillary lateral and central incisors. They can cause aesthetic problems for patients and require prophylactic restoration or removal to prevent cavities, with exposed dentin treated with desensitizing agents.
Pagets
1. A 45-year-old female presented with pain and swelling in the right side of the upper jaw and bad breath. Examination found diffuse swelling in the right maxillary region with exposed and inflamed bone.
2. Imaging showed radiolucent and radiopaque areas in the maxilla. Bone scan found increased activity in the maxilla and mandible.
3. Histopathology showed increased bone formation lines, large osteoclasts, and blood vessels. Paget's disease was diagnosed based on these findings.
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10.dens in dente
Dens in dente is a developmental variation where the outer surface of the tooth folds into its interior, creating an invagination. It is most commonly seen in permanent maxillary lateral incisors and can extend from the crown to the root apex. Radiographically, it appears as an inverted umbrella shape within the tooth. Treatment focuses on prevention of caries, pulp infection, and premature tooth loss by addressing the invagination prophylactically.
28.regional odontodysplasia
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serial extraction
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Space maintainers
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Furcation ppt
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Peripheral and central giant cell granuloma
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Odontogenic tumor
The document discusses several types of odontogenic tumors that can occur in the jaws. It focuses on describing ameloblastoma, adenomatoid tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium. It commonly presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and radiographs show multilocular radiolucency. Histologically there are follicular or plexiform patterns. Adenomatoid tumor is a rare benign tumor associated with impacted teeth. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is a rare, locally aggressive tumor that can be mistaken for carcinoma, presenting with calcified masses visible on radiographs.
Traumatic injuries
The document summarizes traumatic dental injuries and their management. It discusses the classification, clinical features, treatment, and stabilization periods for various types of dentoalveolar injuries including enamel fractures, crown fractures, root fractures, luxations, and avulsions. Splinting is described as the best method for immobilizing mobile teeth or displaced teeth, with different splinting techniques and materials discussed. Prompt treatment of dental trauma is emphasized to save injured teeth.
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Amelogenesis Imperfecta
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Pericoronitis
Pericoronitis refers to inflammation around the crown of an unerupted tooth. It most commonly occurs with the mandibular third molar and can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Acute pericoronitis presents as a red, swollen, painful lesion that may cause fever and lymphadenitis. Treatment involves antibiotics and flushing the area for mild cases or flap removal for persistent symptoms to prevent recurrence. The decision to retain or extract the tooth depends on its stage of eruption, position, and likelihood of further eruption without complications.
18.gardner's syndrome
Gardner's syndrome is a hereditary condition caused by a gene on chromosome 5 that results in multiple intestinal polyps and bone growths. Patients commonly experience colonic polyps that have a high risk of becoming cancerous, as well as benign bone tumors (osteomas) in the jaw, face and skull that can cause facial deformities and restricted mouth opening. Diagnosis involves detecting unerupted teeth and jaw osteomas on radiological exams. Treatment requires preventative removal of the colon due to the high cancer risk and surgery to remove jaw osteomas for cosmetic purposes.
17.ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of inherited diseases where two or more ectodermally derived structures are underdeveloped. It can be inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked patterns. Clinical features include sparse, fine hair and eyebrows, a saddle nose appearance, heat intolerance, and absence of sweat glands. Oral manifestations include missing teeth (oligodontia or anodontia), a high palate, and possible cleft palate. Radiographs show absence of teeth and a thin, less vertical alveolar process. Dentures and dental implants can be used to manage the condition for functional and cosmetic purposes.
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Pagets
1. A 45-year-old female presented with pain and swelling in the right side of the upper jaw and bad breath. Examination found diffuse swelling in the right maxillary region with exposed and inflamed bone.
2. Imaging showed radiolucent and radiopaque areas in the maxilla. Bone scan found increased activity in the maxilla and mandible.
3. Histopathology showed increased bone formation lines, large osteoclasts, and blood vessels. Paget's disease was diagnosed based on these findings.
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Common, Inflammatory hyperplasia. Non-neoplastic.
painless. Tumorlike.Nodular growth in the oral cavity.
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The document summarizes early signs and symptoms of AIDS, oral manifestations of HIV, and concludes with the importance of early testing. Early signs may include brief flu-like symptoms appearing 2-4 weeks after infection. As the virus destroys immune cells over years, mild infections and chronic symptoms develop, including swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss and fever. Late-stage AIDS is marked by opportunistic infections causing symptoms like night sweats, cough, diarrhea and oral lesions. Oral manifestations include fungal, viral and bacterial lesions as well as neoplastic lesions like Kaposi's sarcoma. Early testing is key to stopping the spread of HIV and improving survival.
10.dens in dente
Dens in dente is a developmental variation where the outer surface of the tooth folds into its interior, creating an invagination. It is most commonly seen in permanent maxillary lateral incisors and can extend from the crown to the root apex. Radiographically, it appears as an inverted umbrella shape within the tooth. Treatment focuses on prevention of caries, pulp infection, and premature tooth loss by addressing the invagination prophylactically.
28.regional odontodysplasia
Regional odontodysplasia is a developmental anomaly affecting the ectodermal and mesodermal components of tooth development, causing teeth to be small, mottled brown, and hypocalcified. It most commonly impacts the central and lateral incisors. Radiographically, affected teeth appear ghost-like with reduced density and large pulp chambers. While the etiology is uncertain, factors like trauma, infection, and vascular defects have been suggested. Clinical diagnosis is based on irregular tooth shape and brown discoloration, while radiographs reveal a shell-like appearance. Treatment typically involves early extraction and prosthetic replacement, though restorative procedures like root canals may attempt to save affected teeth.
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Serial extraction is an interceptive orthodontic procedure that involves the planned extraction of certain primary and permanent teeth in a sequence to guide the erupting permanent teeth into a favorable position. It was first described in 1929 as a way to address arch length deficiencies. The most common methods are Dewel's method, Tweed's method, and Nance method, all of which extract primary teeth first, followed by premolars and canines. Potential problems include anterior crossbites from residual spacing or skeletal discrepancies.
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The document discusses the dental sequelae of pulpitis, including defensive, bone, soft tissue, and blood reactions. It describes the acute and chronic pathways of pulpitis and various conditions that may arise such as periapical abscesses, osteomyelitis, cellulitis, periapical granulomas, and periapical cysts. Methods for managing apical lesions include nonsurgical approaches like root canal treatment and surgical treatment when nonsurgical methods are unsuccessful. Factors to consider in treatment planning include the diagnosis, proximity to other teeth, patient cooperation, and obstructions within the root canal.
Space maintainers
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to maintain space for permanent teeth after premature loss of primary teeth. It describes different types of space maintainers including removable, fixed, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances. Key factors in planning space maintenance like dental age and sequence of eruption are outlined. The document summarizes indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of various space maintainer designs. Space maintainers aim to guide proper eruption of permanent teeth into ideal alignment and occlusion.
Furcation ppt
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Peripheral and central giant cell granuloma
This document discusses two types of non-epithelial tumours of the oral cavity: peripheral giant cell granuloma and central giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma originates from the periodontal membrane or alveolar bone and presents as a soft tissue nodule composed of multinucleated giant cells. Central giant cell granuloma is a rare, benign, intraosseous lesion most commonly found in the mandible of young people that causes expansion of the bone and resorption of tooth roots. Both lesions contain proliferation of multinucleated giant cells and other cells and may require surgical excision, with central giant cell granuloma having a higher rate of recurrence.
Developmental disturbances shape, size and number of the teeth
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the size, shape, number and structure of teeth. Regarding size, it describes microdontia where teeth are smaller than normal, and macrodontia where teeth are larger. For shape, it discusses anomalies such as gemination, fusion, concrescence and dilaceration. It also covers rare formations like talon cusps, dens in dente and dens evaginatus. The number of teeth can be affected by complete anodontia where no teeth form, or supernumerary teeth where extra teeth are present. Radiographic and clinical features of each condition are provided along with potential causes and treatments.
Odontogenic tumor
The document discusses several types of odontogenic tumors that can occur in the jaws. It focuses on describing ameloblastoma, adenomatoid tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium. It commonly presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and radiographs show multilocular radiolucency. Histologically there are follicular or plexiform patterns. Adenomatoid tumor is a rare benign tumor associated with impacted teeth. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is a rare, locally aggressive tumor that can be mistaken for carcinoma, presenting with calcified masses visible on radiographs.
Traumatic injuries
The document summarizes traumatic dental injuries and their management. It discusses the classification, clinical features, treatment, and stabilization periods for various types of dentoalveolar injuries including enamel fractures, crown fractures, root fractures, luxations, and avulsions. Splinting is described as the best method for immobilizing mobile teeth or displaced teeth, with different splinting techniques and materials discussed. Prompt treatment of dental trauma is emphasized to save injured teeth.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ORTHODONTICS
A SEMINAR ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, VARIOUS CONCEPTS ASSOSIATED WITH GROWTH, VARIOUS THEORIES ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH.
Surgery in orthodontics
Orthognathic surgery and minor procedures like extractions are used in orthodontics to correct dental abnormalities. Major orthognathic surgeries like LeFort I osteotomies and sagittal split osteotomies reposition the jaws to correct dental malocclusions. Minor procedures include extractions of teeth like premolars, as well as surgical exposures of impacted teeth. The decision to use orthodontic camouflage versus surgery must be made early. Adjunctive facial procedures like rhinoplasty and genioplasty are also used to improve aesthetics beyond dental repositioning.
Principles and concepts of cavity preparation
This document discusses various classifications and principles of cavity preparation in dentistry. It describes Black's classification which categorizes cavities into classes I-V based on their location. It also discusses modifications to Black's classification by Charbeneau and Sturdevant. The document outlines principles of cavity preparation for different classes of cavities, including the goals of preserving tooth structure and maintaining proper cavity design and margins. It compares cavity preparation techniques for primary and permanent teeth. In summary, the document provides an overview of common cavity classification systems and guidelines for preparing cavities based on their location and extent in the tooth structure.
dry socket
This document summarizes a critical review on contemporary views of dry socket (alveolar osteitis). It discusses standardization of definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Dry socket is defined as postoperative pain in the extraction site 1-3 days after extraction accompanied by a partially or totally disintegrated blood clot. It occurs most frequently after mandibular third molar extraction. Etiology is multifactorial and may include oral microorganisms, surgical trauma, root/bone fragments, excessive irrigation, clot dislodgement, local anesthesia, oral contraceptives, and smoking. Management includes identification and elimination of risk factors as well as preventive and symptomatic treatments.
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the development of dental enamel. There are three main types - hypoplastic, hypocalcified, and hypomaturation. The enamel is either not fully formed, not properly mineralized, or does not mature correctly. Treatment depends on the specific type but can include preventative care with sealants, bonding, crowns, veneers, and in severe cases, full coverage restorations. Managing the condition over many years using various techniques can lead to excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Pericoronitis
Pericoronitis refers to inflammation around the crown of an unerupted tooth. It most commonly occurs with the mandibular third molar and can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Acute pericoronitis presents as a red, swollen, painful lesion that may cause fever and lymphadenitis. Treatment involves antibiotics and flushing the area for mild cases or flap removal for persistent symptoms to prevent recurrence. The decision to retain or extract the tooth depends on its stage of eruption, position, and likelihood of further eruption without complications.
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More from Nehal Vithlani
18.gardner's syndrome
Gardner's syndrome is a hereditary condition caused by a gene on chromosome 5 that results in multiple intestinal polyps and bone growths. Patients commonly experience colonic polyps that have a high risk of becoming cancerous, as well as benign bone tumors (osteomas) in the jaw, face and skull that can cause facial deformities and restricted mouth opening. Diagnosis involves detecting unerupted teeth and jaw osteomas on radiological exams. Treatment requires preventative removal of the colon due to the high cancer risk and surgery to remove jaw osteomas for cosmetic purposes.
17.ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of inherited diseases where two or more ectodermally derived structures are underdeveloped. It can be inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked patterns. Clinical features include sparse, fine hair and eyebrows, a saddle nose appearance, heat intolerance, and absence of sweat glands. Oral manifestations include missing teeth (oligodontia or anodontia), a high palate, and possible cleft palate. Radiographs show absence of teeth and a thin, less vertical alveolar process. Dentures and dental implants can be used to manage the condition for functional and cosmetic purposes.
15.arhinencephaly
Arhinencephaly is a rare developmental abnormality where part of the brain called the olfactory portion is either absent or deficient, resulting in abnormalities of the skull and face. It can cause problems with smell, breathing, and feeding. Individuals with arhinencephaly may have a flat face, widely spaced eyes, and underdeveloped nasal cavities.
14.chondroectodermal dysplasia
Chondroectodermal dysplasia, also known as Ellis van Creveld syndrome, is a congenital disorder characterized by short limbs, polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and congenital heart defects. Key features include small, conical teeth that erupt early, sparse hair and absent nails, as well as bone deformities of the knees and chest wall abnormalities. Radiographs show short finger bones and distinctive tooth shapes. Treatment focuses on surgical correction of physical abnormalities like harelip.
10.mandibulofacial dysostosis
Mandibulofacial dysostosis is a genetic condition caused by the failure of neural crest cells to migrate properly during facial development. It is characterized by underdeveloped bones and tissues of the midface and jaw. Common features include a small lower jaw, high arched palate, cleft palate, unusually large mouth, downward slanted eyes, and varying degrees of vision problems and tooth abnormalities. Treatment focuses on cosmetic surgery to improve facial structure and hearing.
9.craniofacial dysostosis
Craniofacial dysostosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive skull and facial bone malformations that are present at birth or become evident in infancy. Key features include premature fusion of skull bone sutures leading to an abnormally shaped head, facial abnormalities like bulging eyes, and dental issues like a high arched palate and crowding. Diagnosis involves examining characteristic facial features and skull x-rays showing thin bone walls and indentations. Treatment may include surgeries to correct facial structure and relieve pressure on the brain.
8.cleidocranial dysplasia
Cleidocranial dysplasia is a genetic condition characterized by incomplete penetrance that primarily affects the skull, clavicles, and dentition. Key features include a brachycephalic skull with sunken sutures and depressed nasal bridge, absence or malformation of clavicles causing shoulders to meet in the midline, retained primary teeth and delayed permanent tooth eruption, and supernumerary teeth. Radiographs show open skull sutures, absence or malformation of clavicles, and dental anomalies. Diagnosis is based on the shoulder meeting in the midline and dental and skeletal features. Management focuses on dental care including extraction of supernumerary teeth while skull and clavicle anomalies require no
7.hemi maxillofacial dysplasia
Hemi-maxillofacial dysplasia is a condition characterized by painless unilateral enlargement of the maxillary bone and fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva. It most commonly affects younger patients and may be associated with other conditions like Becker's nevus. Radiographs show thickened, vertically oriented trabeculae in the maxilla giving it a granular appearance, along with a smaller maxillary sinus on the affected side. The diagnosis is based on clinical features of unilateral maxillary enlargement and gingival hyperplasia along with radiographic findings. Treatment involves orthodontic therapy and potentially orthognathic surgery.
1.definitions
This document defines several genetic terms: congenital means present at birth but not necessarily inherited; hereditary means apparent at birth but may not show for years; autosomal dominant inheritance affects every person with an affected parent and is transmitted to offspring; autosomal recessive only affects siblings and has a 1 in 4 chance in siblings; X-linked dominant exhibits higher in females due to twice as many X chromosomes and females transmit to half offspring; X-linked recessive is much higher in males than females.
5.facial hemihypertrophy
Facial hemihypertrophy is a condition where one side of the face and sometimes parts of the body are enlarged. It can be caused by endocrine dysfunction, genetic factors, vascular abnormalities, or neurogenic malformations. Clinically, it involves enlargement of structures on one side of the face like the eyelids, cheeks, lips, and bones. Radiographs show bone and tooth enlargement on the affected side. Diagnosis is made by noticing facial asymmetry clinically and seeing bone and tooth enlargement on imaging. Management focuses on cosmetic repair through procedures like soft tissue reduction, face lifts, and jaw surgery.
3.micrognathia
Micrognathia is a condition where the jaw, most commonly the mandible, is severely deficient. There are two types - apparent micrognathia which is an illusion and true micrognathia where the jaw is actually small. True micrognathia can be congenital or acquired and is associated with other birth defects or injuries from forceps delivery or ankylosis. Clinical features include a retracted middle face, retruded chin, and steep mandibular angle with the jaw being too small to feed properly in infants. Management may involve orthognathic surgery.
4.macrognathia
Macrognathia refers to an abnormally large jaw, which can be caused by conditions like pituitary gigantism, Paget's disease of bone, or acromegaly in adults. Clinical features of macrognathia include mandibular protrusion, an enlarged mandible, a gummy smile showing excessive gums, a prominent chin button, and a less steep angle between the ramus and body of the mandible. Treatment may involve osteotomy to decrease the length of the mandible followed by orthodontic treatment.
2.agnathia
Agnathia is a rare condition where one or both jaws are totally absent. It can cause the upper face to appear normal while the lower face skin continues into the neck area. The tongue may be rudimentary while ears can be deformed. Though difficult, surgical reconstruction should be carried out to reconstruct the jaws.
6.facial hemiatrophy
Facial hemiatrophy, also known as Parry Romberg syndrome, is characterized by slowly progressive wasting of the soft tissues on half of the face. Key features include a white line furrow on one side of the face near the midline, thinning of tissues under the skin including fat, cartilage, and bone, and a sharp line of demarcation between normal and affected skin resembling a scar. Radiographic imaging reveals reduction in the size of bones on the affected side of the face compared to the unaffected side. There is no known cause, and treatment involves surgical reconstruction and orthodontic management.
41.resorption of teeth
Tooth resorption is the chronic damage or loss of tooth structure caused by odontoclast cells. It can occur physiologically or pathologically. External resorption occurs when odontoclasts are in the periodontal ligament, while internal resorption happens when they are located in the dentine pulp.
40.abfraction
Abfraction is the loss of tooth structure caused by flexure from occlusal stresses on the teeth. It typically affects the buccal or labial cervical areas, presenting as wedge-shaped lesions with sharp line angles. Abfraction results from eccentric forces during occlusion that weaken the tooth's ability to withstand stresses, especially when combined with erosion or abrasion, leading to tissue loss over time.
39.erosion
Erosion is the chemical process of tooth substance loss without bacterial involvement. It occurs when tooth surfaces are exposed to acids from intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting, or extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages. Clinical features include smooth lesions on the front teeth surfaces that cause hypersensitivity. Radiographs may show radiolucent defects in the crown. Management involves diet control, fluoride use, changing brushing habits, and restorations or systemic treatment depending on the cause of erosion.
38.abrasion
Abrasion is the pathological wearing away of tooth substance caused by external abrasive agents. It can be caused by abrasive dentifrices, horizontal tooth brushing with heavy pressure, occupational or ritual abrasion, or dental floss or toothpicks. Clinically, abrasion appears as V-shaped lesions on exposed tooth roots and causes sensitivity as dentin is exposed. Radiographically, abrasion shows as radiolucent defects at the cervical level of teeth with increasing density borders that are semi-lunar in shape. Management involves modifying teeth cleaning habits, removing the cause, and performing restorations.
37.attrition
Physiological attrition is the wearing away of teeth due to normal tooth contact during chewing. It helps maintain a proper crown-to-root ratio and allows for third molar eruption. Pathological attrition occurs due to abnormalities like abnormal chewing habits, coarse foods, or structural defects. Clinical features include polished facets on tooth surfaces and a gradual reduction in cusp height. Radiographs show shortened crowns and thickened secondary dentin. Management focuses on habit correction, treating malocclusions, and addressing sensitivity issues.
36.premature exfoliation
Premature exfoliation of teeth can be caused by genetic conditions like papillon Lèfevre's syndrome, nutritional disorders such as hypophosphatasia and cycling neutropenia, or other diseases including histiocytosis and acrodynia. Clinically, it results in bone loss around teeth and the loosening, migration, and spontaneous loss of teeth. The only management is to address the underlying etiological factors causing premature exfoliation when possible.
More from Nehal Vithlani (20)
34.eruption sequestrum
- 2. General information As the molar teeth erupt through bone they will occasionally separate small osseous fragments of bone like corkscrew If bony spicule is large or eruption is fast, complete resorption of bone cannot occur
- 3. Clinical features Tiny irregular spicule of non-viable bone overlying the Crown of an erupting permanent molar spicule directly overlies the Central occlusal fossa, but is contained within the soft tissues tooth continues to erupt, the cusps emerge and the fragments of bone completely sequestrate through mucosa and are then lost
- 4. Radiographic features It appears as tiny irregular opacity overlying the Central occlusal fossa but separated from the tooth itself
- 5. Management Removal of spicule, if necessary