Study in respect to origin distribution of species –wild relatives- and forms of breeding objectives –major breeding procedure for development of hybrids varieties in wheat

1. An Assignment
on
Plant Breeding and Genetics
(PBG-324)
submitted to Submitted By-
Dr.Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi Swayan sikha priyadarsini
Assistant Professor (06c/14)
Plant breeding and Genetics

2. Study in respect to origin-
Distribution of species –wild
relatives- and forms of breeding
objectives –major breeding
procedure for development of
hybrids/varieties in wheat

3. INDEX
ORIGIN
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES
WILD RELATIVES
OJECTIVE OF BREEDING
MAJOR BREEDING METHOD OF WHEAT

4. Structure of wheat

5. Origin:
-Wheat is evolved from wild grasses.
-The centre of origin is South Asia.
- Tegri- Euphatis drainage basin. Large genetic variability is observed in Iran,
Isreal, and Bordering countires.
- Wheat can be crossed with Aegilops and Agropyro species successfully.
-Man made hybrid, Triticale is the cross between wheat
(Triticum monococum) and Rye ( Cecale Cereals).
--There are 13 diploid, 12 tetraploid and hexaploid species of Triticum wheat genotype
De Candolle believed that Valley of Euphrates and Tigris was the origin of wheat. But
Vavilov
stated origin of Durum wheat is probably Abyssinia and soft wheat groups are in the
region of
Western Pakistan, South west Afghanistan, and Southern parts of mountainous
Babshara.

6. 2Botanical Name
Chromosome
NO Genome Wild/Cultivated
3Triticum= monococum 2n=14 AA Cultivated
4Aegilops speltoids 2n=14 DD Wild
5Triticum squrrosa 2n=14 EE Rye
6Triticum durum 2n= 28 AABB Earner Wheat
7Triticum aestivum 2n =- 42 AABBDD Common wheat
8Triticumcompactum 2n =- 42 AABBDD Club Wheat

7. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Wheat is widely cultivated cereal, spread from 57ºN to 47ºS latitude.
Hence, wheat is
cultivated and harvested throughout the year in one country or other.
China, India, Russian
federation, USA, France, Canada, Germany, Pakistan, Australia and
Turkey are most important
wheat growing countries. In India, UP, Punjab, Haryana, MP, Rajasthan,
Bihar, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Uttaranchal and West Bengal are the important wheat
cultivating states.

8. Taxonomy
classification of
bread wheat

9. Wheat evoluation

11. Hexa ploid
wheat
chromosome
doubling

13. Objective of breeding of wheat
 Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to
change the genetic
 architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Plant breeding
can be accomplished
 through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants
with desirable
 characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques
Plant breeding has been
 practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human
civilization. It is now
 practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, or by
professional plant
 breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions,
universities, crop-specific

14. 1. High yield
High yield depends on
a) The number of heads / unit area
b) The number of grains / head.
c) The average weight of grain
While breeding for high yielding varieties all the above three components
must be looked
into. Omitting any one of them may not yield results. Further while
breeding for high yield it is
necessary to combine into a variety a favourable combination of genes
influencing all yield process

15. 2. Breeding non- lodging varieties:
This is achieved after the identification of dwarfing gene in Japanese
variety Norin 10.
Most of our dwarf wheats are two gene dwarfs. E.g. Sonara 63, sonara 64,
kalyan sona.
Emphasis is now on triple gene dwarfs.
3. Breeding for disease resistance
Rust is the major disease. Both stem rust and leaf rust are important ones.
There are
different races of rust. So while breeding for rust resistance horizontal
resistance is to be looked
into. Back cross method of breeding and development of multi lines are
the methods.

16. 4. Breeding for insect resistance
Hessian fly is the major pest. Resistance in most varieties is thro’Antibiosis.
5. Breeding for quality.
Different wheat varieties vary greatly in their chemical composition which is
considerably influenced by environment. The varieties of hard wheat or bread
wheat which have
higher gluten content. The soft wheat contain lesser gluten content which is
suitable for cake
making, pastries etc. The durum wheats are unsuited for either cakes or bread but
they are
suitable for making macaroni.
So depending upon the use the quality breeding objective is to be fixed.

17. 6. VARIETY FOR NEW SEASON
The variety for new seasons have been developed by adjusting
the growth cycle of the variety to suit better to the available
growing season
7.MODIFICATION OF AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS
Modification of agronomic characterstics such as plant height,
tillering, branching, erect or trailing habit.
8. CHANGE IN MATURITY DURATION
It permits new crop rotation and often extend the crop area.

18. methods of breeding of wheat
 1. Introduction
 2. Selection
 a) Pure line selection
 b) Mass selection
 3. Hybridization and selection
 i) Inter varietal
 a) Pedigree Method
 b) Bulk Method.
 c) Single Seed Descent Method.
 d) Modified Bulk Method
 e) Mass - Pedigree Method.
 ii) Interspecific hybridization

19.  4. Back cross method
 5. Multiline varieties
 6. Population approach
 7. Hybrids.
 8. Mutation breeding
 9. Polyploidy breeding
 10. Innovative techniques

20. Breeding Method:
1) Introduction:
The green revolution is successful in the world due to introduction of Norin-10
variety (dwarfing gene) developed in Japan. The variety Norin-10 was never
important variety in Japan. The seed sample received in 1946 to Washington State
University and Crosses were made in 1948 worht Brevor – 14 and the genotype
become main source of two Norin-10 dwarfing gene. Then Dr. N.E. Borlaug (
Father of green revolution) who engineered development of semi dwarf wheat. Or
his work he was awarded a Nobel peace Prize in 1970. In India, the dwarf wheat
varieties were importance from Mexico, Sonoro-64, and Larma Rojo- 64 A in 1965-
66. Latter on made green revolution successful India.

21. 1. Primary Introduction
When the introduced crop or variety is well suited to the new environment, it is directly
grown or cultivated with out any alteration in the original genotype. This is known as primary
introduction. E.g. IR. 8, IR 20, IR 34, IR 50 rice varieties; oil palm varieties introduced from
Malaysia and Mashuri rice from Malaysia.
2. Secondary Introduction
The introduced variety may be subjected to selection to isolate a superior variety or it may be
used in hybridization programme to transfer some useful traits. This is known as secondary
Introduction.E.g. In soybean EC 39821 introduced from Taiwan is subjected to selection and
variety Co 1 was developed. In rice ASD 4 is crossed with IR 20 to get Co 44 which is suited
for late planting.
Objectives of Plant Introduction
 To introduce new plant species there by creating ways to build up new industries.E.g. Oil
palm
 To introduce high yielding varieties to increase food production. E.g. Rice and wheat.
 To enrich the germplasm collection. E.g. Sorghum, Groundnut.
 To get new sources of resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses.

22. 2) Pure Line Selection
 In this method individual progenies are evaluated and promising progenies
are finally selected old Indian tall varieties E.g. N-P-4, N-P-6, N-P-12, PB-
12, PB-11 were developed by pure line selection

24. Hybridization and selection

25. a) Inter varietal:
A number of successful derivatives were developed at IARI New Delhi and Punjab. NP
809 - New pusa multiple cross derivative.
However all these varieties were lodging and poor yielder when compared to other
countries. Hence the wheat hybridization programme was changed by
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan during 1963. Borloug was invited to our country and he suggested for
introduction of semi dwarf varieties from Mexico. As a result four commercial spring wheat
varieties viz., Sonara 63, Sonara 64 Mayo 64 and Lerma Roja 64 were introduced. However they
had red kernel hard wheats. These were utilised in our breeding programme and amber colour
wheat varieties like Kalyan Sona, Safed Lerma, Sharbati Sonara were released, these are double
gene dwarfs.
b) Inter specific crosses
To get Hessian fly resistance. So also for rust resistance.

26. Mass selection
 Here a large number of plants having similar
phenotype are selected and their seeds are
 mixed together to constitute a new variety. Thus the
population obtained-from selected plants
 will be more uniform than the original population.
However they are genotypically different

27. Pedigree Method:
The most common method used in self pollinated crops is pedigree method of
selection. The crosses are made between complimentary lines and records are
maintained of selections made over number of generations. The procedure
provide selection opportunities generation after generations. It allow breeder to
identify best combination with considerable uniformity. The hybrid bulk selection
method is relatively inexpensive, in which generations are advanced without
selection till F5 to F6 and much material can be handled, nut often difficulty is
isolation of superior recombination. To overcome, this difficulty single decent
method of selection is used in which population remain constant over
segregation generations.
Varieties: a) Tilmely sown: NIAW-34, NIAW-301, NIAW-2496, HD-2278, HD-2189.
b) Late Sown : HD-2501, Sonalika, HI-977, etc.

28. Back Cross Method:
This method is used when variety otherwise is good, high
yielding but deficient in simply inherited trait. The obvious
effect of this method the production potential of improved
variety is fixed at the level of recurrent variety. Recently
identified donors always are used in back cross breeding
programme.
Stem Rust: Resistance gene- Sr2 From variety Hope.
Leaf Rust: Resistance gene – Lr 13 from variety Sonalika

29. Multiline Breeding:
It is extension of back cross breeding and could be called Multilateral
backcrossing. It consist of spontaneous back cross programme to
produce isogenic lines for resistance to disease, in back ground of some
recurrent parent. Each isogenic line will be similar to recurrent parent but
they will differ for resistance to various physiological farms of diseases. A
mixture of these isogenic lines is called multiline variety. E.g. ML-KS-11
(PAU, Ludhiana) and Bithoor developed at CSAUAT, Kanpur.

30. Mutation Breeding:
This method is used in depleted gene pool situation. Chemical mutagenes EMS
provide broad spectrum genetic changes with lesser sterility effects, as compared
to X ray or particular mutation. Varieties developed are 1) NP836, Sarbati Sonora,
Pusa larma, etc. are examples of induced mutation and NP-11 is the examples of
spontaneous mutation.
Hybrid Wheat Breeding:
Hybrid wheat breeding is not commercially successful through cytoplasmic
genetic male sterile lines are available due to following problems.
1) Inadequate heterosis over wide range of environment.
2) Inadequate genetically controlled fertility restoration.
3) High cost of hybrid seed production.

31. Biotechnology
 In vitro production of haploids- Anther or pollen culture is
used to produce the haploid plants. The frequency of
obtaining haploids increase when anthers are treated with
cold socks and heat treatments. The haploids when treated
with colchicines, the homozygous diploid line can developed
in short period and can be used in hybrid breeding
programme. The plantlets can be tested in vitro for different
stresses drought, salt, disease etc. to evaluate before field
screening.