The document discusses using SPICE simulations with averaged switch models to design a buck converter regulator. It provides steps for setting PWM controller parameters, selecting resistor values to set the output voltage, choosing an inductor and capacitor values, and using a type 2 compensator to stabilize the feedback loop. An example shows extracting compensator component values (R2, C1, C2) through simulation to achieve a phase margin of 46 degrees. Load transient response is then simulated by applying a step load change.
1) The document describes a concept kit for simulating a PWM buck converter using an averaged switch model. It discusses selecting component values for the inductor, capacitor, and compensation network to stabilize the converter loop.
2) An example is provided of extracting compensation network values from open-loop Bode plots to achieve a desired phase margin at the crossover frequency. Resistor R2 is calculated, then capacitors C1 and C2 are adjusted using a K factor to reach 46 degrees of phase margin at 10kHz crossover.
3) Load transient response simulation can then examine the stabilized converter's performance under changing load conditions.
This Analog Communication Lab Manual is prepared for JNTU, Hyderabad (in a general way to be utilized for the maximum institutions) for R18 regulation.
1. The document describes experiments involving amplitude modulation, single sideband modulation, frequency modulation, and demodulation.
2. It includes the theory, block diagrams, programs, procedures and observations for experiments on AM, DSB-SC, SSB, and FM modulation and demodulation.
3. The aims are to study the processes of various modulation and demodulation techniques and calculate modulation indices by varying modulating signal parameters.
1. The document describes a final project to build an analog PID control circuit using op-amps. It includes objectives, a list of components, and detailed instructions on assembling the circuit and testing it.
2. Key steps include deriving the transfer functions for the proportional, derivative, and integral controllers. Tests are done to observe input-output waveforms for each section alone and for the combined PID controller.
3. Optional tests include modifying the derivative and integral sections, testing with different input signals, closed-loop simulations, and integrating the PID controller into a double integrator plant model.
The document summarizes key characteristics and performance metrics of open-loop comparators, including:
- Comparators compare analog signals and output a binary signal. They act as 1-bit analog-to-digital converters.
- Comparator characteristics include voltage gain, input offset voltage, noise, propagation delay time, input common mode range, and slew rate.
- Open-loop comparators can have a dominant pole response determined by a single dominant pole, or a two-pole response for higher speed.
- Comparator examples include the single-stage and folded-cascode designs for dominant pole response, and a two-stage design for higher speed two-pole response. Performance metrics like voltage
Lab 9 D-Flip Flops: Shift Register and Sequence CounterKatrina Little
This document describes an experiment involving designing a 4-bit shift register and sequence counter using D-flip flops. It includes building the circuits in an FPGA tool, simulating their operation, and downloading them to a development board. A debouncing circuit is added to prevent erroneous output from noisy button inputs. The objectives of introducing sequential circuit design and implementing a shift register and sequence counter are met.
This document contains a list of typical questions and answers for an exam on analog and digital electronics. It includes 50 multiple choice questions about topics like op-amps, filters, logic gates, flip-flops, ADCs, RAM and other electronic components and circuits. The questions test knowledge of specifications, parameters, circuit analysis and applications of these electronic devices and systems.
This document discusses system compensation in control systems. It begins with an introduction to compensation design and the different types of compensators, including phase lead, phase lag, and phase lead-lag compensation. It describes how compensators are used to alter the frequency response of a system to meet performance requirements like steady-state error, bandwidth, and phase margin. Examples are provided of designing phase lead and phase lag compensators to compensate sample systems and satisfy given stability and performance criteria. The document provides guidance on determining appropriate compensator parameters.
1) The document describes a concept kit for simulating a PWM buck converter using an averaged switch model. It discusses selecting component values for the inductor, capacitor, and compensation network to stabilize the converter loop.
2) An example is provided of extracting compensation network values from open-loop Bode plots to achieve a desired phase margin at the crossover frequency. Resistor R2 is calculated, then capacitors C1 and C2 are adjusted using a K factor to reach 46 degrees of phase margin at 10kHz crossover.
3) Load transient response simulation can then examine the stabilized converter's performance under changing load conditions.
This Analog Communication Lab Manual is prepared for JNTU, Hyderabad (in a general way to be utilized for the maximum institutions) for R18 regulation.
1. The document describes experiments involving amplitude modulation, single sideband modulation, frequency modulation, and demodulation.
2. It includes the theory, block diagrams, programs, procedures and observations for experiments on AM, DSB-SC, SSB, and FM modulation and demodulation.
3. The aims are to study the processes of various modulation and demodulation techniques and calculate modulation indices by varying modulating signal parameters.
1. The document describes a final project to build an analog PID control circuit using op-amps. It includes objectives, a list of components, and detailed instructions on assembling the circuit and testing it.
2. Key steps include deriving the transfer functions for the proportional, derivative, and integral controllers. Tests are done to observe input-output waveforms for each section alone and for the combined PID controller.
3. Optional tests include modifying the derivative and integral sections, testing with different input signals, closed-loop simulations, and integrating the PID controller into a double integrator plant model.
The document summarizes key characteristics and performance metrics of open-loop comparators, including:
- Comparators compare analog signals and output a binary signal. They act as 1-bit analog-to-digital converters.
- Comparator characteristics include voltage gain, input offset voltage, noise, propagation delay time, input common mode range, and slew rate.
- Open-loop comparators can have a dominant pole response determined by a single dominant pole, or a two-pole response for higher speed.
- Comparator examples include the single-stage and folded-cascode designs for dominant pole response, and a two-stage design for higher speed two-pole response. Performance metrics like voltage
Lab 9 D-Flip Flops: Shift Register and Sequence CounterKatrina Little
This document describes an experiment involving designing a 4-bit shift register and sequence counter using D-flip flops. It includes building the circuits in an FPGA tool, simulating their operation, and downloading them to a development board. A debouncing circuit is added to prevent erroneous output from noisy button inputs. The objectives of introducing sequential circuit design and implementing a shift register and sequence counter are met.
This document contains a list of typical questions and answers for an exam on analog and digital electronics. It includes 50 multiple choice questions about topics like op-amps, filters, logic gates, flip-flops, ADCs, RAM and other electronic components and circuits. The questions test knowledge of specifications, parameters, circuit analysis and applications of these electronic devices and systems.
This document discusses system compensation in control systems. It begins with an introduction to compensation design and the different types of compensators, including phase lead, phase lag, and phase lead-lag compensation. It describes how compensators are used to alter the frequency response of a system to meet performance requirements like steady-state error, bandwidth, and phase margin. Examples are provided of designing phase lead and phase lag compensators to compensate sample systems and satisfy given stability and performance criteria. The document provides guidance on determining appropriate compensator parameters.
This document summarizes an adaptive output stage Class D audio amplifier designed for high efficiency over a wide range of output powers. The design uses multiple output stages selected by a finite state machine to optimize efficiency based on the output power level. At low output powers, switching losses dominate, so a low-power stage is selected. At medium powers, both switching and conduction losses are significant, selecting a medium-power stage. At high powers, conduction losses dominate, selecting a high-power stage. A feed-forward technique is used to enhance power supply rejection. Simulation results show over 90% efficiency across output powers and a power supply rejection ratio of 69dB.
This document discusses the design and operation of an all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL). It covers topics such as the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) core design, noise modeling in the ADPLL, tuning the ADPLL for GSM, impairments like capacitor mismatch and compensation techniques.
This document describes a technique for digitally calibrating the current of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to optimize its phase noise performance across process and temperature variations. The phase error (PHE) signal from a digital PLL is digitized and used to estimate the DCO's phase noise. By adjusting the DCO current digitally based on the estimated phase noise, the optimum operating point with minimum phase noise can be identified. Measurement results on a 90nm CMOS chip demonstrate good correlation between the estimated and measured DCO phase noise, validating the digital calibration approach.
This document describes the design of a digital phase locked loop (DPLL) circuit. It includes specifications for operating frequency ranges from 100MHz to 1GHz, block diagrams of the major components, schematics and test benches of the phase detector, charge pump, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), frequency dividers, and multiplexer. Simulation results show the DPLL locking at output frequencies of 1GHz, 900MHz and 800MHz for different control voltages and component values. The team contributions and challenges in designing and simulating the full DPLL are also noted.
This document summarizes high speed comparators. It discusses how the speed of comparators is limited by either linear response or slew rate. Techniques to maximize speed include increasing sourcing/sinking currents, optimizing the number of stages in cascaded amplifiers, and using a preamplifier followed by a latch. An example calculates the minimum propagation delay of a comparator consisting of an amplifier cascaded with a latch. The summary maximizes essential information while keeping within 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of output amplifiers, including their requirements, types, and circuit implementations. It discusses Class A amplifiers and their limitations in efficiency and distortion. Class A source followers are introduced as a way to reduce output resistance and attenuation. Push-pull amplifiers are also mentioned as being able to both sink and source current. Circuit analysis is provided for small-signal models, voltage gains, frequency responses, and output characteristics of these different amplifier configurations.
This document provides an overview of RF transceiver systems and related concepts. It begins with definitions of dB, phasors, and modulation techniques. It then discusses transmitter and receiver architectures, moving from basics to more advanced concepts. Key topics covered include I/Q modulation, linear modulation, transmitter architectures using either I/Q or polar modulation, and the use of phasors in various applications from circuit analysis to communications systems.
This document discusses various aspects of amplitude modulation (AM) including modulation, demodulation, and different types of AM modulators and demodulators. It describes how AM works by varying the amplitude of the carrier wave proportionally to the message signal. It also explains amplitude demodulation, the process of extracting the original message signal. Finally, it covers different AM systems like DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB and their corresponding modulators and demodulators like square law, balanced, and coherent detectors.
Lec4 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- CMOSHsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
1. The document describes CMOS inverters and how to construct CMOS networks for basic logic gates like NAND, NOR, and XOR from pull-up and pull-down networks.
2. It provides a systematic method for drawing the CMOS network from a Boolean equation by first constructing either the pull-up network or pull-down network based on the equation.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate how to apply the method to draw CMOS networks for equations with multiple variables like XOR, XNOR, and complex equations with nested terms.
This is presentation from WG.NET (May 2019), where I'm discussing different aspects of virtualization, mainly in the context of programming languages. We'll covering up what stack vs. register based virtual machines are, what is interpreter and compiler and how to build our own bytecode interpreter for a toy programming language.
EC 8395 - Communication Engineering - Unit 3 m - ary signalingKannanKrishnana
This document discusses M-ary digital modulation techniques. It begins by defining M-ary signaling as a technique where multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously using a single signal, instead of transmitting one bit at a time. It then provides the basic equation for calculating the number of possible conditions (M) based on the number of bits (N).
The document goes on to describe several common M-ary modulation techniques including M-ary PSK, M-ary QAM, and their basic principles and equations. It provides examples of 4-PSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK, 8-QAM and 16-QAM, explaining their modulation/demodulation, constellations, and minimum bandwidth requirements. Finally, it compares several
The document discusses the front-end electronics (FEE) developed for the timing RPCs used in the HADES experiment. The FEE consists of daughter boards (DBOs) connected to the RPC cells that amplify and digitize signals, and mother boards (MBOs) that interface between the DBOs and data acquisition system. The FEE achieves a time resolution of less than 17 ps using a charge-to-width algorithm to encode timing and charge information. Testing shows the FEE performs well and could be adapted for use in the TRASGO detector with some modifications to reduce power consumption.
This document discusses simulations of motor drive control using SPICE. It describes AC motor drive control simulation using a concept kit and simple model. It also describes DC and stepping motor drive control simulations using simple models. It provides an introduction to motor drive control device modeling services and includes a Q&A section. Simulation examples are presented for an AC motor model showing current, back-EMF voltage, speed, torque, output power and efficiency characteristics under different load conditions. Parameters for DC motor models are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs) including their history, applications, components, and design considerations. It discusses how PLLs work, beginning with the basic block diagram and signals. Key topics covered include loop stability, classifications, transfer functions, and synthesizing component values. Diagrams and equations illustrate PLL principles such as the relationship between phase and frequency in voltage-controlled oscillators and phase detectors. Examples show PLL behavior in both locked and acquisition states.
This chapter discusses modeling ideal data converters like ADCs and DACs using SPICE behavioral elements. This allows analyzing mixed-signal circuit performance through SPICE simulation more efficiently. Behavioral models are generated for ideal ADCs and DACs. Sampling a signal replicates its spectrum at intervals of the sampling frequency, which can cause aliasing. SPICE is used to analyze signals in the frequency domain to study the effects of conversion. Ideal anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters are discussed, which should have linear phase and a cutoff frequency of half the sampling rate.
This document describes a simplified SPICE behavioral model for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in LTspice. It includes descriptions of parameter settings, the implementation of functions for the motor model, how to connect terminals, and an example of vector control simulation with current and speed sensing. Simulation results are shown for different torque conditions applied to the motor model.
This document discusses using the Smith Chart tool in ADS (Advanced Design System) for impedance matching circuits at different frequency ranges. It covers defining the source and load impedances on the Smith Chart, using the Z-Chart and Y-Chart variations, examining the Q factor on the Smith Chart, and designing basic matching networks like L-sections and T-sections directly on the Smith Chart in ADS.
The document discusses the design of two single-stage RF amplifiers at a center frequency of 22 GHz with a gain greater than 9 dB and input/output return losses greater than 15 dB. One design uses lumped elements while the other uses distributed transmission lines. The design process involves input and output matching networks to maximize power transfer as well as bias circuits. Both designs are modeled and analyzed using circuit simulation software.
This document provides a design workflow for a step-down DC-DC converter using the NJM2309 PWM controller IC. The workflow includes: [1] setting the controller parameters; [2] selecting resistor values for the output voltage; [3] choosing the inductor and capacitor values; [4] adding compensation to stabilize the converter; and [5] simulating the load transient response. Appendices provide additional details on compensation calculation and feedback loop types.
This document summarizes an adaptive output stage Class D audio amplifier designed for high efficiency over a wide range of output powers. The design uses multiple output stages selected by a finite state machine to optimize efficiency based on the output power level. At low output powers, switching losses dominate, so a low-power stage is selected. At medium powers, both switching and conduction losses are significant, selecting a medium-power stage. At high powers, conduction losses dominate, selecting a high-power stage. A feed-forward technique is used to enhance power supply rejection. Simulation results show over 90% efficiency across output powers and a power supply rejection ratio of 69dB.
This document discusses the design and operation of an all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL). It covers topics such as the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) core design, noise modeling in the ADPLL, tuning the ADPLL for GSM, impairments like capacitor mismatch and compensation techniques.
This document describes a technique for digitally calibrating the current of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to optimize its phase noise performance across process and temperature variations. The phase error (PHE) signal from a digital PLL is digitized and used to estimate the DCO's phase noise. By adjusting the DCO current digitally based on the estimated phase noise, the optimum operating point with minimum phase noise can be identified. Measurement results on a 90nm CMOS chip demonstrate good correlation between the estimated and measured DCO phase noise, validating the digital calibration approach.
This document describes the design of a digital phase locked loop (DPLL) circuit. It includes specifications for operating frequency ranges from 100MHz to 1GHz, block diagrams of the major components, schematics and test benches of the phase detector, charge pump, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), frequency dividers, and multiplexer. Simulation results show the DPLL locking at output frequencies of 1GHz, 900MHz and 800MHz for different control voltages and component values. The team contributions and challenges in designing and simulating the full DPLL are also noted.
This document summarizes high speed comparators. It discusses how the speed of comparators is limited by either linear response or slew rate. Techniques to maximize speed include increasing sourcing/sinking currents, optimizing the number of stages in cascaded amplifiers, and using a preamplifier followed by a latch. An example calculates the minimum propagation delay of a comparator consisting of an amplifier cascaded with a latch. The summary maximizes essential information while keeping within 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of output amplifiers, including their requirements, types, and circuit implementations. It discusses Class A amplifiers and their limitations in efficiency and distortion. Class A source followers are introduced as a way to reduce output resistance and attenuation. Push-pull amplifiers are also mentioned as being able to both sink and source current. Circuit analysis is provided for small-signal models, voltage gains, frequency responses, and output characteristics of these different amplifier configurations.
This document provides an overview of RF transceiver systems and related concepts. It begins with definitions of dB, phasors, and modulation techniques. It then discusses transmitter and receiver architectures, moving from basics to more advanced concepts. Key topics covered include I/Q modulation, linear modulation, transmitter architectures using either I/Q or polar modulation, and the use of phasors in various applications from circuit analysis to communications systems.
This document discusses various aspects of amplitude modulation (AM) including modulation, demodulation, and different types of AM modulators and demodulators. It describes how AM works by varying the amplitude of the carrier wave proportionally to the message signal. It also explains amplitude demodulation, the process of extracting the original message signal. Finally, it covers different AM systems like DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB and their corresponding modulators and demodulators like square law, balanced, and coherent detectors.
Lec4 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- CMOSHsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
1. The document describes CMOS inverters and how to construct CMOS networks for basic logic gates like NAND, NOR, and XOR from pull-up and pull-down networks.
2. It provides a systematic method for drawing the CMOS network from a Boolean equation by first constructing either the pull-up network or pull-down network based on the equation.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate how to apply the method to draw CMOS networks for equations with multiple variables like XOR, XNOR, and complex equations with nested terms.
This is presentation from WG.NET (May 2019), where I'm discussing different aspects of virtualization, mainly in the context of programming languages. We'll covering up what stack vs. register based virtual machines are, what is interpreter and compiler and how to build our own bytecode interpreter for a toy programming language.
EC 8395 - Communication Engineering - Unit 3 m - ary signalingKannanKrishnana
This document discusses M-ary digital modulation techniques. It begins by defining M-ary signaling as a technique where multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously using a single signal, instead of transmitting one bit at a time. It then provides the basic equation for calculating the number of possible conditions (M) based on the number of bits (N).
The document goes on to describe several common M-ary modulation techniques including M-ary PSK, M-ary QAM, and their basic principles and equations. It provides examples of 4-PSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK, 8-QAM and 16-QAM, explaining their modulation/demodulation, constellations, and minimum bandwidth requirements. Finally, it compares several
The document discusses the front-end electronics (FEE) developed for the timing RPCs used in the HADES experiment. The FEE consists of daughter boards (DBOs) connected to the RPC cells that amplify and digitize signals, and mother boards (MBOs) that interface between the DBOs and data acquisition system. The FEE achieves a time resolution of less than 17 ps using a charge-to-width algorithm to encode timing and charge information. Testing shows the FEE performs well and could be adapted for use in the TRASGO detector with some modifications to reduce power consumption.
This document discusses simulations of motor drive control using SPICE. It describes AC motor drive control simulation using a concept kit and simple model. It also describes DC and stepping motor drive control simulations using simple models. It provides an introduction to motor drive control device modeling services and includes a Q&A section. Simulation examples are presented for an AC motor model showing current, back-EMF voltage, speed, torque, output power and efficiency characteristics under different load conditions. Parameters for DC motor models are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs) including their history, applications, components, and design considerations. It discusses how PLLs work, beginning with the basic block diagram and signals. Key topics covered include loop stability, classifications, transfer functions, and synthesizing component values. Diagrams and equations illustrate PLL principles such as the relationship between phase and frequency in voltage-controlled oscillators and phase detectors. Examples show PLL behavior in both locked and acquisition states.
This chapter discusses modeling ideal data converters like ADCs and DACs using SPICE behavioral elements. This allows analyzing mixed-signal circuit performance through SPICE simulation more efficiently. Behavioral models are generated for ideal ADCs and DACs. Sampling a signal replicates its spectrum at intervals of the sampling frequency, which can cause aliasing. SPICE is used to analyze signals in the frequency domain to study the effects of conversion. Ideal anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters are discussed, which should have linear phase and a cutoff frequency of half the sampling rate.
This document describes a simplified SPICE behavioral model for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in LTspice. It includes descriptions of parameter settings, the implementation of functions for the motor model, how to connect terminals, and an example of vector control simulation with current and speed sensing. Simulation results are shown for different torque conditions applied to the motor model.
This document discusses using the Smith Chart tool in ADS (Advanced Design System) for impedance matching circuits at different frequency ranges. It covers defining the source and load impedances on the Smith Chart, using the Z-Chart and Y-Chart variations, examining the Q factor on the Smith Chart, and designing basic matching networks like L-sections and T-sections directly on the Smith Chart in ADS.
The document discusses the design of two single-stage RF amplifiers at a center frequency of 22 GHz with a gain greater than 9 dB and input/output return losses greater than 15 dB. One design uses lumped elements while the other uses distributed transmission lines. The design process involves input and output matching networks to maximize power transfer as well as bias circuits. Both designs are modeled and analyzed using circuit simulation software.
This document provides a design workflow for a step-down DC-DC converter using the NJM2309 PWM controller IC. The workflow includes: [1] setting the controller parameters; [2] selecting resistor values for the output voltage; [3] choosing the inductor and capacitor values; [4] adding compensation to stabilize the converter; and [5] simulating the load transient response. Appendices provide additional details on compensation calculation and feedback loop types.
This document summarizes a seminar on SPICE simulation of power supply circuits. It discusses:
1. Using SPICE to evaluate circuit topologies including buck, boost, buck-boost, and PFC circuits. It also discusses average modeling for buck circuits.
2. Using SPICE for detailed circuit design including boost circuits using DC-DC converters and quasi-resonant switching power supplies.
3. A question and answer session.
The document describes experiments to simulate and analyze second order systems in time domain. It discusses designing a second order RLC circuit with different damping ratios ξ and applying a unit step input. The time domain specifications like percentage overshoot, peak time, rise time and settling time are calculated theoretically and also measured experimentally for different damping cases. Another experiment aims to design a passive RC lead compensator network for a specified phase lead and verify its performance using Bode plots. A third experiment analyzes steady state error of type-0, type-1 and type-2 digital control systems using MATLAB. A fourth experiment discusses simulating position control of an armature controlled DC motor in state space. The last experiment discusses designing a digital controller with
This document is a lab manual for analog and digital circuits experiments in the third semester of an electronics and communication engineering program. It contains 15 experiments, including experiments on common emitter, common collector, common source, Darlington, and differential amplifiers as well as various digital logic circuits like code converters, adders, multiplexers, and counters. For each analog experiment, the document provides the aim, apparatus required, circuit diagram, theoretical background, experimental procedure and expected results. It also contains an index listing the experiments and corresponding page numbers.
This document describes LTspice simulations of a 50W flyback converter circuit using different input voltages. It includes the circuit schematic, input and output waveforms, power output, and gate drive timing for input voltages of 85Vac, 110Vac and 265Vac. It also provides more detailed waveforms and analysis for an example simulation with 110Vac input, examining the transformer operation, MOSFET switching, and feedback circuit. Specifications and simulation settings are provided in appendices.
Time response of first order systems and second order systemsNANDHAKUMARA10
It is the time required for the response to reach half of its final value from the zero instant. It is denoted by tdtd. Consider the step response of the second order system for t ≥ 0, when 'δ' lies between zero and one. It is the time required for the response to rise from 0% to 100% of its final value.
This document describes the design of a DC/DC flyback converter project. It details the initial specifications of the converter including an input voltage of 10V DC and adjustable output voltage range of 5-15V DC. It outlines the preliminary calculations done to determine component values for the open-loop design. Simulation results are presented showing the converter can operate in buck and boost modes. The design of the closed-loop controller using a type 2K compensator is described and simulation waveforms are shown verifying stable voltage regulation. Hardware test plans are laid out to characterize the open-loop and closed-loop performance of the built converter.
The document provides design details for a critical conduction mode power factor correction (PFC) circuit using the TB6819AFG controller IC. It includes the application circuit, design specifications, equations for determining component values like the output inductor L1, input capacitor C1, and output capacitor C2. It also describes the use of time scaling to speed up transient simulations and modeling of the common mode choke coil. The steps outlined include selecting the output voltage and feedback circuit, output capacitor, inductance L1, input capacitor C4, auxiliary winding L2, and circuits for current detection and zero current detection.
The document provides design details for a critical conduction mode power factor correction (PFC) circuit. It includes:
1) An introduction describing the need for power factor correction to draw sinusoidal current in phase with input voltage for improved power factor.
2) An application circuit diagram for a 400V/200W PFC circuit using a TB6819AFG controller IC along with component values and simulation parameters.
3) Explanations of techniques used including time scaling to speed up simulations and modeling of a common mode choke coil.
4) An 8-step design process covering the output voltage feedback, output capacitor sizing, inductor, input capacitor, auxiliary winding, current/zero current detection
This document discusses small signal analysis based closed loop control of a buck converter. It first provides background on buck converters and their use. It then describes performing small signal analysis to linearize the system for control purposes. Different control design methods like bode plot analysis and Zeigler-Nichols tuning are examined. The proportional and integral gains of a PI controller are derived using these frequency domain techniques. Simulation results show the output voltage is regulated as desired with the PI controller despite input voltage and load disturbances.
The document discusses load flow analysis calculations and transformer parameters. It explains how to calculate the X/R ratio of a transformer using nameplate data like impedance and losses. It also describes how to size transformers based on standards by considering cooling type, altitude, temperature, load variation, and short-circuit requirements. The document shows the load flow calculation process using vector diagrams and equations, comparing hand calculations to results from the ETAP software.
Ece 523 project – fully differential two stage telescopic op ampKarthik Rathinavel
• Designed a two stage op-amp with first stage as a telescopic amplifier and second stage being a common source, in Cadence.
• Simulated the loop characteristics of the amplifier to have atleast 100 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth, 65 dB gain and 60º phase margin (both differential loop and Common Mode) for three temperature (27,-40,100) corners.
• Extracted the layout of the design in Virtuoso (after passing DRC an LVS) and simulated the differential loop performances of the extracted netlist.
• Designed a third order Butterworth filter with 100 KHz corner frequency using the op-amp.
The document provides design specifications and steps for a critical conduction mode power factor correction (PFC) circuit. It includes an application circuit diagram using a TB6819AFG controller IC along with component values and equations. Time scaling is used to speed up transient simulations in SPICE. Key steps explained are selecting the output voltage and feedback resistors, output capacitor, inductor, input capacitor, auxiliary winding, and circuits for current and zero current detection.
Design and implementation of cyclo converter for high frequency applicationscuashok07
This document presents a design and implementation of a 3-phase cyclo-converter for high frequency applications. It uses an H-bridge inverter to generate a constant voltage at an RLC load. MOSFETs are used as switching devices due to their high switching speed. The purpose is to convert low frequency AC to high frequency AC without switching losses. MATLAB Simulink and Keil software are used to simulate the power and control circuits respectively.
This chapter discusses controller design for power electronics. It begins by introducing negative feedback loops and their effects of reducing disturbances and making the output insensitive to variations in the forward path. Key terms like open-loop, closed-loop, loop gain, and transfer functions are defined. Stability is then analyzed using the phase margin test, which evaluates the phase of the loop gain at the crossover frequency to determine if the closed-loop system contains any right half-plane poles. The chapter covers designing compensators to shape the loop gain for stability and performance. It concludes with measuring loop gains using injection techniques.
Designed a Switched Capacitor Low Pass Filter with a sampling frequency of 60 Hz.
Simulated the filter to have a ripple within 0.2 dB under 3.6 MHz and a stopband attenuation of atleast -51 dB after 7.2 MHz.
Applied dynamic range optimization, Dynamic Range Scaling and Chip Area scaling to get maximum output swing while occupying minimum area on chip.
Tested the filter with non-idealities of the amplifier, such as finite gain, bandwidth, offset voltage, charge injection, etc.
This document discusses power amplifiers and provides information on several key topics:
- Power amplifiers are classified based on the percentage of time the collector current is non-zero, with classes including A, B, and C.
- Class A amplifiers have the lowest theoretical maximum efficiency of 25% since the collector current is always on.
- The document provides equations to calculate input power, output power, and efficiency for different amplifier classes and configurations.
- A transformer-coupled class A amplifier is described that uses a transformer to couple the output signal from the amplifier to the load.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for PULA)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. It involves determining the operating point (Q-point) on the DC and AC load lines, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output, and efficiency. The student is to perform steps such as calculating voltages/currents, drawing load lines, measuring gain, and adjusting the emitter resistance to center the Q-point on the AC load line. Objectives include analyzing the amplifier's DC and AC characteristics, measuring linearity and maximum output before clipping occurs.
The document provides instructions for 14 experiments in analog communications lab, including voltage feedback amplifier, amplitude modulation and demodulation, class A power amplifier, RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier, DSBSC modulation and demodulation, SSBSC modulation and demodulation, frequency modulation and demodulation, pre-emphasis - de-emphasis circuits, verification of sampling theorem, PAM and reconstruction, PWM and PPM generation and reconstruction, and the effect of noise on communication channels. The experiments are designed to help students learn important concepts in analog signal processing and analog communications systems.
Update 22 models(Schottky Rectifier ) in SPICE PARK(APR2024)Tsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides an inventory update of 6,747 parts at Spice Park as of April 2024. It lists the part numbers, manufacturers, and quantities of various semiconductor components, including 1,697 Schottky rectifier diodes from 29 different manufacturers. It also includes details on passive components, batteries, mechanical parts, motors, and lamps in the inventory.
The document provides an inventory update from April 2024 of the Spice Park collection which contains 6,747 electronic components. It includes tables listing the types of semiconductor components, passive parts, batteries, mechanical parts, motors, and lamps in the collection along with their manufacturer and quantities. One of the semiconductor components, the general purpose rectifier diode, is broken down into a more detailed table with 116 entries providing part numbers, manufacturers, thermal ratings, and remarks.
Update 31 models(Diode/General ) in SPICE PARK(MAR2024)Tsuyoshi Horigome
The document provides an inventory update from March 2024 of parts in the Spice Park warehouse. It lists 6,725 total parts across various categories including semiconductors, passive parts, batteries, mechanical parts, motors, and lamps. The semiconductor section lists 652 general purpose rectifier diodes from 18 different manufacturers with quantities ranging from 2 to 145 pieces.
This document provides an inventory list of parts at Spice Park as of March 2024. It contains 3 sections - Semiconductor parts (diodes, transistors, ICs etc.), Passive parts (capacitors, resistors etc.), and Battery parts. For Semiconductor parts, it lists 36 different part types and provides the quantity of each part. It then provides further details of Diode/General Purpose Rectifiers, listing the manufacturer and quantity of 652 individual part numbers.
Update 29 models(Solar cell) in SPICE PARK(FEB2024)Tsuyoshi Horigome
The document provides an inventory update from February 2024 of Spice Park, which contains 6,694 total pieces of electronic components and parts. It lists 36 categories of semiconductor devices, 11 categories of passive parts, 10 types of batteries, 5 mechanical parts, DC motors, lamps, and power supplies. It provides the most detailed listing for solar cells, with 1,003 total pieces from 51 manufacturers listed with part numbers.
The document provides an inventory update from February 2024 of Spice Park, which contains 6,694 electronic components. It lists the components by type (e.g. semiconductor), part number, manufacturer, thermal rating, and quantity on hand. For example, it shows that there are 621 general purpose rectifier diodes from manufacturers such as Fairchild, Fuji, Intersil, Rohm, Shindengen, and Toshiba. The detailed four-page section provides further information on the first item, general purpose rectifier diodes, including 152 individual part numbers and specifications.
This document discusses circuit simulations using LTspice. It describes driving a circuit simulation by inserting a 250 ohm resistor between the output terminals. It also describes simulating a 1 channel bridge circuit where the DUT1 and DUT2 resistors are both set to 100 ohms and the input voltage is set to either 1V or 5V.
This document discusses parametric sweeps of external and internal resistance values Rg for circuit simulation in LTspice. It also references outputting a waveform similar to a report on fall time characteristics for a device modeling report with customer Samsung.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
12. Buck Converter Circuit Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 8 Power Switches Filter & Load PWM Controller
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16. Step2: Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, (always keep the default value) and R2= calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values.
17. Step3: Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4). Then complete the table.
18. Step4: Read the Gain and Phase value at the crossover frequency (10kHz) from the Bode plot, Then put the values to the table
19. Step5: Select the phase margin at the fc ( > 45 ). Then change the K value until it gives the satisfied phase margin, for this example K=6 is chosen for Phase margin = 46.
20. Remark: If K-factor fail to gives the satisfied phase margin, Increase the output capacitor C then try Step1 to Step5 again.5 Load Transient Response Simulation 6
26. Error Amp. Gain is 100 (approximated) where VP is the sawtooth peak voltage. vFBH is maximum FB voltage where d = 0 vFBL is minimum FB voltage where d =1(100%) dMAX is maximum duty cycle, e.g. d = 0(0%) dMIN is minimum duty cycle, e.g. d =1(100%) Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 12 1 The PWM block is used to transfer the error voltage (between FB and REF) to be the duty cycle. If vFBH and vFBLare not provided, the default value, VP=2.5 could be used.
27. Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 13 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters (Example) 1 If the VP ( sawtooth signal amplitude ) does not informed by the datasheet, It can be approximated from the characteristics below. from VP= (Error Amp. Gain vFB )/d Error Amp. Gain = 100 (approximated) from the graph on the left, vFB= 25mV (15m - (-10m)) d = 1 – 0 = 1 VP ≈ ( 100 25mV )/1 ≈ 2.5V vFBH vFB = 25mV vFBL d = 1 (100%) dMIN dMAX LM2575: Feedback Voltage vs. Duty Cycle If vFBH and vFBLare not provided, the default value, VP=2.5 could be used.
33. Inductor Selection: L (Example) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 16 Inductor Value from Given: VI,max = 40V, VOUT = 5V IOUT,min = 0.2A RL,min = (VOUT /IOUT,min ) = 25 fosc = 52kHz Then: LCCM 210(uH), L = 330(uH) is selected 3
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35. Capacitor Selection: C, ESR (Example) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 18 Capacitor Value From and Given: VI, max = 40 V VOUT = 5 V L (H) = 330 Then: C 188 (F) In addition: ESR 100m 4
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38. Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 21 Stabilizing the Converter (Example) 5 The element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 ), that stabilize the converter, can be extracted by using Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet) and open-loop simulation with the Average Switch Models (ac models). Step2 Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, and R2=calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values. Step1 Open the loop with LoL=1kH and CoL=1kF then inject an AC signal to generate Bode plot. C1=1kF is AC shorted, and C2 1fF is AC opened (or Error-Amp without compensator).
39. Stabilizing the Converter (Example) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 22 5 Step3 Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4 ), for this example, 10kHz is selected. Then complete the table. values from 2 Calculated value of the Rupper//Rlower values from 1
40. Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 23 Stabilizing the Converter (Example) 5 Gain: T(s) = H(s)GPWM Step4 Read the Gain and Phase value at the crossover frequency(10kHz) from the Bode plot, Then put the values to the table. Phase atfc Tip: To bring cursor to the fc = 10kHz type “ sfxv(10k) ” in Search Command. Cursor Search
41. Stabilizing the Converter (Example) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 24 5 Step5 Select the phase margin at fc (> 45 ). Then change the K value (start from K=2) until it gives the satisfied phase margin, for this example K=6 is chosen for Phase margin = 46. As the result; R2, C1, and C2 are calculated. Remark: If K-factor fail to gives the satisfied phase margin, Increase the output capacitor C then try Step1 to Step5 again. K Factor enable the circuit designer to choose a loop cross-over frequency and phase margin, and then determine the necessary component values to achieve these results. A very big K value (e.g. K > 100) acts like no compensator (C1 is shorted and C2 is opened).
42. Stabilizing the Converter (Example) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 25 5 The element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 ) extraction can be completed by Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet) with the converter average models (ac models) and open-loop simulation. The calculated values of the type 2 elements are, R2=122.780k, C1=0.778nF, and C2=21.6pF. *Analysis directives: .AC DEC 100 0.1 10MEG
43. Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 26 Stabilizing the Converter (Example) 5 Gain and Phase responses after stabilizing Gain: T(s) = H(s) G(s)GPWM Phase atfc Phase margin = 45.930 at the cross-over frequency - fc = 9.778kHz. Tip: To bring cursor to the cross-over point (gain = 0dB) type “ sfle(0) ” in Search Command. Cursor Search
44. Load Transient Response Simulation (Example) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 27 The converter, that have been stabilized, are connected with step-load to perform load transient response simulation. 5V/2.5 = 0.2A step to 0.2+0.8=1.0A load *Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 20ms 0 1u
54. 2.Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 35 Signal generator Hysteresis Based Current Controller Switches Supply Voltage Unipolar Stepping Motor
55. 3.Unipolar Stepping Motor Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 36 The electrical equivalent circuit of each phase consists of an inductance of the phase winding series with resistance. The inductance is ideal (without saturation characteristics and the mutual inductance between phases) The motor back EMF is set as zero to simplified the model parameters extraction. Input the inductance and resistance values (parameter: L, R) of the stepping motor, that are usually provided by the manufacturer datasheet, to generally model the phase winding.
56. 4.Switches Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 37 A near-ideal DIODE can be modeled by using spice primitive model (D), which parameter: N=0.01 RS=0. A near-ideal MOSFET can be modeled by using PSpice VSWITCH that is voltage controlled switch. The parameter RON represents Rds(on) characteristics of MOSFET, that are usually provide by the manufacturer datasheet. The value could be about 10m to 10 ohm.
62. 5.2 Two-Phase Sequence Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 40 Clock Phase A ON Phase /A ON Phase B ON Phase /B ON ON 1 Sequence
63. 5.3 Half-Step Sequence Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 41 Clock Phase A ON Phase /A ON Phase B ON Phase /B ON 1 Sequence
64. 6.Hysteresis-Based Current Controller Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 42 Controlled by the signal from the microcontroller. Generate the switch (MOSFET) drive signal by comparing the measured phase current with their references. Input the reference value at the I_SET (e.g. I_SET=0.5A) to set the regulated current level. The hysteresis current value is set at the VHYS (e.g. VHYS=0.1A).
66. 7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 44 Clock Phase A Current I_HYS=0.1A I_SET=0.5A Phase /A Current Phase B Current Phase /B Current
68. 7.2 Two-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 46 Clock Phase A Current I_HYS=0.1A I_SET=0.5A Phase /A Current Phase B Current Phase /B Current
70. 7.3 Half-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 48 Clock Phase A Current I_HYS=0.1A I_SET=0.5A Phase /A Current Phase B Current Phase /B Current
72. 8.Drive Circuit Efficiency (%) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 50 at switches Ron = 10m, (99.6%) at switches Ron = 100m, (99.3%) at switches Ron = 1,(95.9%) Note: Add trace 100*AVG(W(U1))/(-AVG(W(Vcc))) for the Efficiency.
73. Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 51 Bipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
74. Bipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit Contents Concept of Simulation Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit Unipolar Stepping Motor Switches Signal Generator Hysteresis-Based Current Controller Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit (Example) 7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A 7.2 Two-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A 7.3 Half-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A Drive Circuit Efficiency Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 52
80. Signal generator Hysteresis Based Current Controller 2.Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 54 Bipolar Stepping Motor H-Bridge Switches (Driver) Supply Voltage
81. 3.Bipolar Stepping Motor Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 55 The electrical equivalent circuit of each phase consists of an inductance of the phase winding series with resistance. The inductance is ideal (without saturation characteristics and the mutual inductance between phases) The motor back EMF is set as zero to simplified the model parameters extraction. Input the inductance and resistance values (parameter: L, R) of the stepping motor, that are usually provided by the manufacturer datasheet, to generally model the phase winding.
82. 4.Switches Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 56 A near-ideal DIODE can be modeled by using spice primitive model (D), which parameter: N=0.01 RS=0. A near-ideal MOSFET can be modeled by using PSpice VSWITCH that is voltage controlled switch. MOSFETs are used as a H-Bridge. The parameter RON represents Rds(on) characteristics of MOSFET, that are usually provide by the manufacturer datasheet. The value could be about 10m to 10 ohm.
88. 5.2 Two-Phase Sequence Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 59 Clock Phase A ON Phase /A ON Phase B ON Phase /B ON ON 1 Sequence
89. 5.3 Half-Step Sequence Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 60 Clock Phase A ON Phase /A ON Phase B ON Phase /B ON 1 Sequence
90. 6.Hysteresis-Based Current Controller Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 61 Controlled by the signal from the microcontroller. Generate the switch (MOSFET) drive signal by comparing the measured phase current with their references. Input the reference value at the I_SET (e.g. I_SET=0.5A) to set the regulated current level. The hysteresis current value is set at the VHYS (e.g. VHYS=0.1A).
92. 7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 63 Clock Phase A Current I_HYS=0.1A I_SET=0.5A Phase /A Current Phase B Current Phase /B Current
94. 7.2 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 65 Clock Phase A Current I_HYS=0.1A I_SET=0.5A Phase /A Current Phase B Current Phase /B Current
96. 7.3 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 67 Clock Phase A Current I_HYS=0.1A I_SET=0.5A Phase /A Current Phase B Current Phase /B Current
98. 8.Drive Circuit Efficiency (%) Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 69 at switches Ron = 10m, (99.7%) at switches Ron = 100m, (99.8%) at switches Ron = 1, (86%) Note: Add trace 100*AVG(W(U1))/(-AVG(W(Vcc))) for the Efficiency.