Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Are you working on exempt VOC formulations for your coating or industrial finished goods? Learn here how the application of Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) could give a competitive edge to your formulation. DMC received VOC Exempt status from Environment Canada last July.
The Effect of Temperature on Aromatic Yield of Treated Heavy Naphthene From B...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of temperature on aromatic yield content of heavy treated Naphtha from Nigerian crude during catalytic reforming. The catalytic reformer was simulated using Aspen Hysys catalytic reformer template configured as four beds while treated heavy Napthene from Bonga Crudewas used as feed stock. The outlet concentrations of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics volume (Vol.% ) at different temperature of the reformer were recorded. It was observed that an increase in temperature leads to an increase in the concentration of aromatics as the volume of aromatic yield at 430oC was 23.46 % volume while at 540oC it was 51.38% volume showing a significant increase in the aromatic yield level.
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Are you working on exempt VOC formulations for your coating or industrial finished goods? Learn here how the application of Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) could give a competitive edge to your formulation. DMC received VOC Exempt status from Environment Canada last July.
The Effect of Temperature on Aromatic Yield of Treated Heavy Naphthene From B...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of temperature on aromatic yield content of heavy treated Naphtha from Nigerian crude during catalytic reforming. The catalytic reformer was simulated using Aspen Hysys catalytic reformer template configured as four beds while treated heavy Napthene from Bonga Crudewas used as feed stock. The outlet concentrations of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics volume (Vol.% ) at different temperature of the reformer were recorded. It was observed that an increase in temperature leads to an increase in the concentration of aromatics as the volume of aromatic yield at 430oC was 23.46 % volume while at 540oC it was 51.38% volume showing a significant increase in the aromatic yield level.
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...DanesBlake
Abstract
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make biorefinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG), and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the biorefinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by a compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The glycerol conversion and product distribution results were found to correlate with the acidity and textural properties of the catalyst. 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 was revealed to be a promising catalyst for glycerol acetylation with 99% glycerol conversion and with respective yield towards MAG, DAG, TGA and DGTA of 23%, 59%, 15%, and 2%. Moreover, 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst
was found to maintain the stable catalytic activity for three reaction cycles. However, the partial catalyst deactivation was observed after third reaction cycle, partly due to deposition of coke and loss of active sites during the reaction. https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
Ever wondered what are the chemical properties of a number of VOC Exempt Solvents – Dimethyl Carbonate, Acetone, PCBTF, TBAc, vs. other common solvents such as MEK, MIBK, IP Acetate and n-Butyl Acetate (not VOC Exempt solvents)? The case of Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC).
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...crimsonpublisherspps
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make bio refinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG) and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the bio refinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2physisorption, temperature programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Prime research material
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Doped wi...IJERA Editor
The polyaniline were prepared by using different inorganic and organic acids via oxidative polymerization
method. The prepared samples were characterized by FTIR, the peaks are found to be at 507 cm˗1, 592 cm˗1, 798
cm˗1, 1138 cm˗1, 1244 cm˗1, 1302 cm˗1, 1471 cm˗1 and 1556 cm˗1. These predominant peaks may be
confirming the formation of polyaniline. The structural analysis was studied by employing XRD; found that
polyaniline is amorphous in nature. The SEM studies reveal that they are agglomerated, irregular and size of
these grain increases with increasing amount of polyaniline with different organic and inorganic acids. The dc
conductivity (dc) as a function of temperature (T) for polyaniline is studied in the temperature range from 30 to
1600C. At higher temperature it is found that conductivity increases because of hopping of polarons from one
localized states to another localized states. The ac conductivity of polyaniline was prepared by oxalic acid show
high conductivity at 106 Hz. This is due to the space charge polarization and electrode polarizations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Studies on some economic and effective Ion exchange Resin used as catalyst in...IOSR Journals
Terrenes are the abundant group of natural compounds that can be transformed into products of higher commercial value by organic reaction under the influence of suitable catalyst. Isolongifoline ketone was synthesized by Isolongifoline with the application of ion exchange catalyst viz. Tulsion T-421, Tulsion T-521, Indion 225, Indion 770.It is evident that Tulsion T-421 & T-521 shows higher yield of Isolongifoline ketone due to its characteristics. Characterization of resin was done by determine the elemental analysis, ion exchange capacity, FTIR analysis, TGA and SEM analysis. The significance of the ion exchange resin is revealed by the conversion of Isolongifoline to Isolongifoline ketone.Thermax T-421was finding to possess the higher selectivity for isolongifoline ketone and high thermal stability.
Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and EthanolDr. Amarjeet Singh
Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to
obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one
of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil
derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast
pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel
it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading
bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces
viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was
to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst
used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst
was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty
acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after
esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it
worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical
change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH,
and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg
of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt
@40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20oC, pH values
2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The
concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification
process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according
to standards and its high activity.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...DanesBlake
Abstract
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make biorefinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG), and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the biorefinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by a compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The glycerol conversion and product distribution results were found to correlate with the acidity and textural properties of the catalyst. 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 was revealed to be a promising catalyst for glycerol acetylation with 99% glycerol conversion and with respective yield towards MAG, DAG, TGA and DGTA of 23%, 59%, 15%, and 2%. Moreover, 20% (w/w) SO4/K10 catalyst
was found to maintain the stable catalytic activity for three reaction cycles. However, the partial catalyst deactivation was observed after third reaction cycle, partly due to deposition of coke and loss of active sites during the reaction. https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
Ever wondered what are the chemical properties of a number of VOC Exempt Solvents – Dimethyl Carbonate, Acetone, PCBTF, TBAc, vs. other common solvents such as MEK, MIBK, IP Acetate and n-Butyl Acetate (not VOC Exempt solvents)? The case of Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC).
Synthesis of Oxygenated Fuel Additives via Acetylation of Bio-Glycerol over H...crimsonpublisherspps
Growing global biodiesel production demands valorization of bio-glycerol derived from biodiesel, which is crucial to make bio refinery process economical. Hence, a series of H2SO4 modified sulfonated Montmorillonite K10 catalysts were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for acetylation of bio- glycerol with acetic acid to produce mono acetin (MAG), di acetin (DAG), tri acetin (TAG) and di-glycerol tri-acetate (DGTA), which are the oxygenated fuel additives and facilitate the economic viability of biodiesel production so the bio refinery. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by compressive suite of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), low temperature N2physisorption, temperature programmed ammonia desorption (TPAD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000501.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Prime research material
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Doped wi...IJERA Editor
The polyaniline were prepared by using different inorganic and organic acids via oxidative polymerization
method. The prepared samples were characterized by FTIR, the peaks are found to be at 507 cm˗1, 592 cm˗1, 798
cm˗1, 1138 cm˗1, 1244 cm˗1, 1302 cm˗1, 1471 cm˗1 and 1556 cm˗1. These predominant peaks may be
confirming the formation of polyaniline. The structural analysis was studied by employing XRD; found that
polyaniline is amorphous in nature. The SEM studies reveal that they are agglomerated, irregular and size of
these grain increases with increasing amount of polyaniline with different organic and inorganic acids. The dc
conductivity (dc) as a function of temperature (T) for polyaniline is studied in the temperature range from 30 to
1600C. At higher temperature it is found that conductivity increases because of hopping of polarons from one
localized states to another localized states. The ac conductivity of polyaniline was prepared by oxalic acid show
high conductivity at 106 Hz. This is due to the space charge polarization and electrode polarizations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Studies on some economic and effective Ion exchange Resin used as catalyst in...IOSR Journals
Terrenes are the abundant group of natural compounds that can be transformed into products of higher commercial value by organic reaction under the influence of suitable catalyst. Isolongifoline ketone was synthesized by Isolongifoline with the application of ion exchange catalyst viz. Tulsion T-421, Tulsion T-521, Indion 225, Indion 770.It is evident that Tulsion T-421 & T-521 shows higher yield of Isolongifoline ketone due to its characteristics. Characterization of resin was done by determine the elemental analysis, ion exchange capacity, FTIR analysis, TGA and SEM analysis. The significance of the ion exchange resin is revealed by the conversion of Isolongifoline to Isolongifoline ketone.Thermax T-421was finding to possess the higher selectivity for isolongifoline ketone and high thermal stability.
Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and EthanolDr. Amarjeet Singh
Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to
obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one
of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil
derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast
pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel
it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading
bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces
viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was
to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst
used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst
was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty
acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after
esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it
worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical
change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH,
and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg
of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt
@40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20oC, pH values
2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The
concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification
process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according
to standards and its high activity.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Project is from the chapter Electrochemistry . Project is based on the rusting of iron when coupled with different metals . One of the easiest projects in chemistry.
Please do like , share and comment if my work helped you ;)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
1. Process Overview: Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The absence of oxygen prevents combustion and allows the organic material to break down without being fully burned.
2. Temperature: Pyrolysis typically occurs at elevated temperatures, often ranging from 300 to 900 degrees Celsius, depending on the specific feedstock and desired products.
3. Feedstock: Pyrolysis can be applied to a wide range of organic materials, including biomass (wood, crop residues), plastics, rubber, and organic waste (such as municipal solid waste).
4. **Products**:
- **Gases**: Pyrolysis produces gases like hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which can be used as fuel or chemical feedstocks.
- **Liquids**: Liquid products, often called bio-oil when derived from biomass, can be used as a source of biofuels or for chemical synthesis.
- **Char**: The solid residue left behind is known as char. Depending on the feedstock, this char can have various applications, such as as a soil conditioner or for carbon sequestration.
5. **Applications**:
- **Biofuels**: Pyrolysis of biomass can yield biofuels like bio-oil or biochar, which can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels.
- **Waste Management**: Pyrolysis can be used to treat organic waste and reduce its volume while recovering energy or valuable products.
- **Plastic Recycling**: Plastic pyrolysis is used to convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals or fuel.
6. **Types of Pyrolysis**:
- **Fast Pyrolysis**: This process involves very high heating rates and produces a higher proportion of liquid products.
- **Slow Pyrolysis**: Slow pyrolysis takes place at lower temperatures and longer residence times, resulting in a higher proportion of solid char.
- **Intermediate Pyrolysis**: As the name suggests, it falls between fast and slow pyrolysis in terms of temperature and product distribution.
7. **Challenges**: The efficiency and selectivity of pyrolysis can vary depending on the feedstock and process conditions. Controlling the reaction parameters is crucial to obtaining the desired products.
In summary, pyrolysis is a versatile and important process for converting organic materials into valuable products, including biofuels, chemicals, and char, while also addressing waste management and environmental concerns. It plays a significant role in sustainable energy and resource management.
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
257 sayan
1. Optimization of biodiesel productions from Indian
mustard oil by biological tri-calcium phosphate
catalyst derived from turkey bone ash
by
1
2. INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel, a biodegradable fuel, can be developed from
renewable resources, emits low emission of carbon
monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons.
Influence of carbon dioxide generated on the climate
change, is low.
an attractive substitute to petroleum based fuel.
2
3. MOTIVATION OF THE WORK
Development of eco-friendly costeffective heterogeneous solid
catalysts.
Utilisation of municipal bio-waste
and waste valorisation
Minimize
the
production
and
separation cost of biodiesel by
developing effective solid catalyst
Waste management ( to alleviate
the solid waste disposal )
3
4. Literature Review
SL NO:-
TITLE OF THE
PAPER:-
JOURNAL:-
1.
Application
of
calcined waste fish
scale as low cost
heterogeneous
catalyst for biodiesel
synthesis.
2.
Transesterification of Bioresource
soybean oil using Technology
combusted
oyster 2009
shell waste as a
catalyst.
Bioresource
Technology
30th
october,2010
AUTHORS:-
R. Chakraborty,
S. Bepari, A.
Banerjee
N. Nakatani, H.
Takamori, K.
Takeda, H.
Sakugawa
4
5. Advantages of heterogeneous catalyst over
homogeneous
Product separation is easier and cheaper
No corrosion and contamination problem
Avoids formation of inorganic salts
Tolerates a wide range of Temperature and Pressure
Easy and safe disposal
5
6. Aims and Objective
Preparation and characterization of Biological Tri-calcium phosphate
catalyst(BTCP)
Efficacy evaluation of the novel catalyst in methanolysis reaction of
Mustard oil (MO)
Process optimization, maximization of yield of biodiesel
Assessment of the product biodiesel(B20 biodiesel)
6
10. Design Of Experiment
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was formulated using face centered
central composite design (FCCD) with three factors to evalute the
performance of the developed catalyst(BTCP).
These three process factors are:1. Catalyst Concentration (XC )
2. Methanol to oil molar ratio (XMR )
3. Calcination Temperature (XCT )
9
11. Experimental Ranges and levels of the
Independent Variables Factors Used in
RSM
Factors
Name
Units
-1
level
0
level
+1
level
XC
Catalyst
Concentration
(Wt.%)
1
3
5
XMR
Methanol to
oil molar ratio
-
6
8
10
XCT
Calcination
Temperature
( C)
800
900
1000
1
0
12. Optimal process conditions
The maximum yield (Φ)fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) 91.22% is
determined through RSM where the optimal process conditions are
maintained i.e. methanol to mustard oil (MO) molar ratio of 9.90:1,
calcination temperature of 909.4 C and catalyst concentration of 4.97
wt% of MO.
In order to assess the optimal process conditions experimentally,
methanolysis reaction was conducted at the predicted optimum
conditions in triplicate and checked with the predictive ability of the
developed model i.e. Eq. (1). A difference of only 0.5 % was calculated
between the predicted and experimental results.
2
2
87 .39 0.76 xMR 1.29 xC 3.10 xCT 1.78 xMR 6.32 xCT ....Eq. (1)
11
13. Individual parametric effects on FAME
Yield
The individual effects of the process factors on the response, FAME
yield (φ) are shown by the following three plots:
(a) methanol to oil molar ratio (XMR )
(b) Catalyst Concentration (wt.%) (XC )
(c) Calcination temperature ( C) (XCT )
1
2
14. FAME Yield, wt%
(a) Effect of Methanol to oil ratio on
FAME Yield
Methanol to oil molar ratio
Fig-(a)
1
3
15. FAME Yield, wt%
(b) Effect of catalyst concentration on
FAME Yield
Catalyst Concentration
Fig-(b)
1
4
16. FAME Yield, wt%
(c)Effect of Calcination Temperature on
FAME Yield
Calcination Temperature
Fig-(c)
1
5
17. Catalyst Preparation
Collected from the local market.
Boiled in deionized water for 4h.
Wet ground in a ball mill
Calcined in air in a muffle furnace for 4 h.
1
6
19. Intensity (cps)
XRD analysis of catalyst
Fig.1 (a, b, c). XRD configurations of BTCP catalyst obtained at
different calcination temperatures viz. 800 C, 900 C and 1000 C.
[Characteristic peaks of Hdroxyapetite ( ), Ca3(PO4)2 ( ), CaCO3
( ), CaO ( ) ] ;
18
23. Catalyst Reusability
The developed BTCP catalyst could exhibit retention of catalytic activity
over five reaction cycles.
Afterwards, the catalyst was regenerated through methanol washing to
remove the adsorbed stains followed by air drying at 105 C for 1h. and did
the same performance for two more reaction cycles.
However, subsequently, the catalyst was found to have relatively inferior
performance (4% reduction in FAME yield for next 3 h methanolysis).
2
2
24. Quality evaluation of product biodiesel
The FAME content of biodiesel (ΨFAME) synthesized from
MO was measured using GC apparatus (Perichrom
Instrumentation, PR-2100) fitted with a flame ionization
detector (FID) using a capillary column (SGE E10, 25 m x
0.53 mm i.d. x1.0 µm).
wb
Overall FAME yield,
(
) FAME
wMO
The ASTM and EN standard methods were applied to
determine the key fuel properties of B20 biodiesel (80%
petro- diesel with 20% prepared biodiesel
23
25. Properties of B20 Biodiesel
Properties
Specification
Result
ASTM or
European
Testing Method
Density (15 C)
860-900
880
EN ISO 3675
Viscosity
(40 C,mm²/sec)
1.9-6.0
3.43
ASTM D445
Flash Point ( C)
93 min
128
ASTM D93
Cetane number
( C)
47 min
51
ASTM D613
Cloud Point ( C) Report
1
ASTM D2500
Pour Point ( C)
Report
-10
ASTM D7647
Sulfur (ppm)
15.0 max
10
ASTM D3120
0.10
ASTM D664
Acid
0.5 max
number(mgKOH
/g)
2
4
26. CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion
The efficacy of the novel BTCP catalyst has been
demonstrated through methanolysis of Indian mustard oil to
yield biodiesel B20 conforming to ASTMEN specifications.
The optimal FAME yield, at moderately low values of the
process factors.
A novel avenue for generation of green fuel towards
sustainable development through proper waste management.
2
5
27. References
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in rotating packed beds with blade packings. Chemical Engineering Journal 168, 190–200.
January, T., Engineering, C., 2011. Bioprocess Intensification A Study of Rotating Packed
:
Bed Porous Mesh Impellers for Enhancement of Aerobic Fermentation Processes Craig D
Cartwright BSc ( Hons ).
Yang, K., Chu, G., Zou, H., Sun, B., Shao, L., Chen, J., 2011. Determination of the effective
interfacial area in rotating packed bed. Chemical Engineering Journal 168, 1377–1382.
Gudena, K., Rangaiah, G.P., Lakshminarayanan, S., 2012. Modeling and analysis of solid
catalyzed reactive HiGee stripping. Chemical Engineering Science 80, 242–252.
Larachi, F., Lacroix, O., Grandjean, B.P. a., 2012. CO2 hydration by immobilized carbonic
anhydrase in Robinson–Mahoney and packed-bed scrubbers—Role of mass transfer and
inhibitor removal. Chemical Engineering Science 73, 99–115.
Luo, Y., Chu, G.-W., Zou, H.-K., Xiang, Y., Shao, L., Chen, J.-F., 2012. Characteristics of a twostage counter-current rotating packed bed for continuous distillation. Chemical Engineering
and Processing: Process Intensification 52, 55–62.
Zhang, X., Cheng, Y., Nie, S., Ji, H., Liu, L., 2013. Simulation of Multiphase Flow of the OilWater Separation in a Rotating Packed Bed for Oil Purification. Mathematical Problems in
Engineering 2013, 1–9.
Chu, G.-W., Gao, X., Luo, Y., Zou, H.-K., Shao, L., Chen, J.-F., 2013. Distillation studies in a
two-stage counter-current rotating packed bed. Separation and Purification Technology
102, 62–66.