This document discusses research into using cardanol and its derivatives as reactive diluents in alkyd coatings. Cardanol acetate, cardanyl methyl ether, and neat cardanol were synthesized from cardanol extracted from cashew nut shell liquid. These compounds were evaluated as partial replacements for solvent in long oil alkyd coatings. The coatings containing these reactive diluents had lower VOCs, shorter drying times, and better properties than conventional coatings. Using these cardanol derivatives allowed for around a 39% reduction in VOCs compared to commercial products.
Investigation &Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Adsorbent Synthesized fr...IJERA Editor
Waste disposal is becoming a cause of concern &alot of research is being carried out for removal of pollutants. Adsorption is viewed as one of the effective methods & new adsorbents having low cost, bio-degradability& effectiveness are being developed. Bark, leaves, seeds, drumsticks&shells can be synthesized into adsorbents.Present work addresses to the development of adsorbent from waste materials such as ‘Tectona grandis’ seeds. Thermal and boiling water treatment have been adopted in synthesis of three types of adsorbents namely ‘Thermally treated whole seed’, ‘Thermally treated particulateseed’ & ‘Raw boiled whole seed’. In preliminary investigation ‘Raw boiled whole seed’ is found to be effective in 12% adsorption of Victoria blue from synthetically prepared aqueous solution. Similarly these adsorbents are useful in removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution to the extent of 12 to 52 % depending upon the type of adsorbent and initial feed solution. ‘Thermally treated particulate seed’ is observed to be the best amongst three adsorbents synthesized. It can concluded that there is need to tap the potential in adsorbentssynthesized from ‘Tectona grandis seed’ by conducting more experiments involving different types of adsorbents.
TNO intends to set up a shared research program in self-healing additives for organic coatings. The coatings can be applied in a myriad of applications, such as automotive and wind turbine blades. 8 companies have expressed their interest to participate the program. TNO is looking for more potential participants. Interested? Please contact us!
Disintegration Properties and Drug Release Profiles of Sodium Alginate Films ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Disintegration Properties and Drug Release Profiles of Sodium Alginate Films Modified with Additives in Yoshifumi Murata* in Crimson Publishers: Journal of Materials Science & Technology
Honeywell offer a wide range of Research Chemicals under their own brands Burdick & Jackson™, Fluka™, Honeywell™,Riedel-de-Haën™, Chromasolv™, Hydranal™, LabReady™ Blends, TraceSLECT™. Covering all applications, including, Bioanalysis, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Karl Fischer Titration, Octane Determination, Spectroscopy, Titration, Trace Analysis and Wet Chemistry.
Investigation &Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Adsorbent Synthesized fr...IJERA Editor
Waste disposal is becoming a cause of concern &alot of research is being carried out for removal of pollutants. Adsorption is viewed as one of the effective methods & new adsorbents having low cost, bio-degradability& effectiveness are being developed. Bark, leaves, seeds, drumsticks&shells can be synthesized into adsorbents.Present work addresses to the development of adsorbent from waste materials such as ‘Tectona grandis’ seeds. Thermal and boiling water treatment have been adopted in synthesis of three types of adsorbents namely ‘Thermally treated whole seed’, ‘Thermally treated particulateseed’ & ‘Raw boiled whole seed’. In preliminary investigation ‘Raw boiled whole seed’ is found to be effective in 12% adsorption of Victoria blue from synthetically prepared aqueous solution. Similarly these adsorbents are useful in removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution to the extent of 12 to 52 % depending upon the type of adsorbent and initial feed solution. ‘Thermally treated particulate seed’ is observed to be the best amongst three adsorbents synthesized. It can concluded that there is need to tap the potential in adsorbentssynthesized from ‘Tectona grandis seed’ by conducting more experiments involving different types of adsorbents.
TNO intends to set up a shared research program in self-healing additives for organic coatings. The coatings can be applied in a myriad of applications, such as automotive and wind turbine blades. 8 companies have expressed their interest to participate the program. TNO is looking for more potential participants. Interested? Please contact us!
Disintegration Properties and Drug Release Profiles of Sodium Alginate Films ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Disintegration Properties and Drug Release Profiles of Sodium Alginate Films Modified with Additives in Yoshifumi Murata* in Crimson Publishers: Journal of Materials Science & Technology
Honeywell offer a wide range of Research Chemicals under their own brands Burdick & Jackson™, Fluka™, Honeywell™,Riedel-de-Haën™, Chromasolv™, Hydranal™, LabReady™ Blends, TraceSLECT™. Covering all applications, including, Bioanalysis, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Karl Fischer Titration, Octane Determination, Spectroscopy, Titration, Trace Analysis and Wet Chemistry.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Processing of Lignin and the Removal of Detrimentals with Deep Eutectic SolventsEuropeanPaper
By Laura Kollau, Dannie van Osch & Panos Kourios, PhD Students from TU Eindhoven. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
Valorization of an industrial waste (sludge) as an artificial pozzolan in cem...IJERA Editor
The present study fits within the framework of sustainable management of sludge generated from wastewater treatment in industrial network. The studied sludge comes from an industry manufacturing sanitary ceramic products. Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization was carried out in order to give an identity card to the sludge. We noted the absence of metal pollution. In order to evaluate its pozzolanic character, the industrial sludge has been subjected to thermal activation at various temperatures (from 650°C to 1000°C). The pozzolanic activity was evaluated by physico-chemical and mechanical methods. Pozzolanicity measurement by conductivity, Frattini and Chapelle Test revealed the existence of pozzolanic properties of calcined samples. The best pozzolanic reactivity was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C. We noticed a decrease in the reactivity of the samples calcined from 850°C. In addition, analysis by means of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that sludge recrystallization begins at a temperature of 850°C. Pozzolanicity index of the thermally treated samples was determined by measuring the mechanical resistance of mortar specimens previously kept in a saturated lime solution for 28 days. The best pozzolanic activity index was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C (109.1%). The study of mechanical performances and resistance to chemical attacks of mortars incorporating sludge (calcined at 800°C) with different percentages and at various ages showed an improvement of mechanical and chemical resistance compared to the control mortar (100% cement) . This work is a contribution to the research for new supplying sources of raw materials and additives in the field of construction. It presents a proposition of a promising solution for the valorization of waste material as an additive instead of being discharged into open air dumps causing a major environmental problem.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of hardness of water on fixation and total wash off percentage of reac...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Dye-house water quality is the most important parameter to be confirmed before dyeing; precisely the presence of metal content i.e. Hardness. This research will investigate & analyses the impact of separate hardness (i.e. Calcium, Magnesium & Iron) on particular „Turquoise‟ (C.I. Reactive Blue 21) & a „High Exhaustion‟ class (C.I. HE Red 120, C.I. HE Yellow 84) of Reactive dye on cotton knitted-fabric. From evaluation of dyed fabric the range of metal content is sorted out where the quality starts to fluctuate as distinctive visible & spectral change of shade & fixation rate of the dye molecules has been found. The result of the work will help for further projection about water quality degradation in upcoming years & its effect on dyeing behavior, also the sustainability of present dyeing process to cope with the ever degrading quality of water.
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
Synthesis and characterization of atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing have been carried out. The catalyst was synthesized by loading of small amount of Ni and Mo metals onto the Indonesian natural zeolite from Klaten (ZA sample). The natural zeolite was treated with 3M HCl solution to produce the ZAA sample. The Ni and Mo metal was impregnated onto the ZAA sample using (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O followed by Ni(NO3)2.6H2O precursor solution, then calcined at 450ºC for 5 h and reduced at 400ºC for 3 h produced the NiMo/ZAA catalyst. The zeolite samples were characterized by means of total acid amount determined by pyridine vapour adsorption, the TO4 site (T = Si or Al) analyzed by Infra Red Spectrometer (IR), Crystallinity by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and surface performance by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and metal content measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The catalyst activity was tested in hydrodemetalization process using nickel porphyrin, tiophene or pyridine as petroleum residue model compounds carried out at 360, 370, 380 and 390ºC, LHSV 0.2 h-1. The HCl treatment to the ZA sample caused dealumination, did not defect the crystalline matter and increased total acid amount. Loading of Ni and Mo metal onto the ZAA sample increased acidity, did not defect the crystalline of mordenite and also did not block the zeolite pore. Nickel removal from nickel porphyrin (Np) was easier than N remofal from pyridine; on the other hand, nickel removal from nickel porphyrin was more difficult than S removal from pyridine. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition and it can be regenerated and reused
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
DC conductivity of PVA-CuO nano-composite films have been studied in the present work. The composites were prepared by solution-casting technique. The prepared PVA-CuO composites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS); which confirmed the presence of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol and the formation of the composite. DC conductivity studies show thermally activated behavior of all the composites. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase in temperature indicating the semiconducting behavior of all the compositions. The activation energy increases as the content of CuO nanoparticles increases from 1 to 4 in wt% in the PVA- CuO nano-composites. Maximum conductivity was observed in 4 wt% of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol.
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Processing of Lignin and the Removal of Detrimentals with Deep Eutectic SolventsEuropeanPaper
By Laura Kollau, Dannie van Osch & Panos Kourios, PhD Students from TU Eindhoven. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
Valorization of an industrial waste (sludge) as an artificial pozzolan in cem...IJERA Editor
The present study fits within the framework of sustainable management of sludge generated from wastewater treatment in industrial network. The studied sludge comes from an industry manufacturing sanitary ceramic products. Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization was carried out in order to give an identity card to the sludge. We noted the absence of metal pollution. In order to evaluate its pozzolanic character, the industrial sludge has been subjected to thermal activation at various temperatures (from 650°C to 1000°C). The pozzolanic activity was evaluated by physico-chemical and mechanical methods. Pozzolanicity measurement by conductivity, Frattini and Chapelle Test revealed the existence of pozzolanic properties of calcined samples. The best pozzolanic reactivity was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C. We noticed a decrease in the reactivity of the samples calcined from 850°C. In addition, analysis by means of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that sludge recrystallization begins at a temperature of 850°C. Pozzolanicity index of the thermally treated samples was determined by measuring the mechanical resistance of mortar specimens previously kept in a saturated lime solution for 28 days. The best pozzolanic activity index was obtained for the sample calcined at 800°C (109.1%). The study of mechanical performances and resistance to chemical attacks of mortars incorporating sludge (calcined at 800°C) with different percentages and at various ages showed an improvement of mechanical and chemical resistance compared to the control mortar (100% cement) . This work is a contribution to the research for new supplying sources of raw materials and additives in the field of construction. It presents a proposition of a promising solution for the valorization of waste material as an additive instead of being discharged into open air dumps causing a major environmental problem.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of hardness of water on fixation and total wash off percentage of reac...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Dye-house water quality is the most important parameter to be confirmed before dyeing; precisely the presence of metal content i.e. Hardness. This research will investigate & analyses the impact of separate hardness (i.e. Calcium, Magnesium & Iron) on particular „Turquoise‟ (C.I. Reactive Blue 21) & a „High Exhaustion‟ class (C.I. HE Red 120, C.I. HE Yellow 84) of Reactive dye on cotton knitted-fabric. From evaluation of dyed fabric the range of metal content is sorted out where the quality starts to fluctuate as distinctive visible & spectral change of shade & fixation rate of the dye molecules has been found. The result of the work will help for further projection about water quality degradation in upcoming years & its effect on dyeing behavior, also the sustainability of present dyeing process to cope with the ever degrading quality of water.
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
Synthesis and characterization of atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing have been carried out. The catalyst was synthesized by loading of small amount of Ni and Mo metals onto the Indonesian natural zeolite from Klaten (ZA sample). The natural zeolite was treated with 3M HCl solution to produce the ZAA sample. The Ni and Mo metal was impregnated onto the ZAA sample using (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O followed by Ni(NO3)2.6H2O precursor solution, then calcined at 450ºC for 5 h and reduced at 400ºC for 3 h produced the NiMo/ZAA catalyst. The zeolite samples were characterized by means of total acid amount determined by pyridine vapour adsorption, the TO4 site (T = Si or Al) analyzed by Infra Red Spectrometer (IR), Crystallinity by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and surface performance by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and metal content measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The catalyst activity was tested in hydrodemetalization process using nickel porphyrin, tiophene or pyridine as petroleum residue model compounds carried out at 360, 370, 380 and 390ºC, LHSV 0.2 h-1. The HCl treatment to the ZA sample caused dealumination, did not defect the crystalline matter and increased total acid amount. Loading of Ni and Mo metal onto the ZAA sample increased acidity, did not defect the crystalline of mordenite and also did not block the zeolite pore. Nickel removal from nickel porphyrin (Np) was easier than N remofal from pyridine; on the other hand, nickel removal from nickel porphyrin was more difficult than S removal from pyridine. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition and it can be regenerated and reused
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
DC conductivity of PVA-CuO nano-composite films have been studied in the present work. The composites were prepared by solution-casting technique. The prepared PVA-CuO composites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS); which confirmed the presence of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol and the formation of the composite. DC conductivity studies show thermally activated behavior of all the composites. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase in temperature indicating the semiconducting behavior of all the compositions. The activation energy increases as the content of CuO nanoparticles increases from 1 to 4 in wt% in the PVA- CuO nano-composites. Maximum conductivity was observed in 4 wt% of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol.
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
A PecLab possui sistema completo de componentes protéticos para próteses cimentadas, aparafusadas, próteses fixas e removíveis para implantes de hexágono externo, interno, implante expansor ósseo Wedge e implante provisório imediato IPI. São usinados com altíssima precisão o que garante um excepcional desempenho macânico-funcional.
Este PowerPoint apresenta um breve histórico da Base de dados, bem como dicas de pesquisa. A ASTM é uma base da área de Engenharia que oferece normas técnicas em texto completo. [PowerPoint retirado do site do Portal de Periódicos da CAPES - link Treinamentos].
Robust Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalyst for N2O abatement – Valid...CarmenMoncada10
Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalysts were developed, optimizing washcoating procedure, active phase loading, and its deposition method via impregnation and solution combustion synthesis (SCS). The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, μRS, SEM/EDS, and BET, revealing that the catalyst layer deposited over cordierite carrier, consists of a washcoated micrometric α-Al2O3 (0.1–0.3 µm grains), where spinel nanocrystals (30–50 nm) were uniformly dispersed. It was found out that the SCS method to synthesize and finely disperse spinel nanoparticles results in significant better catalytic performance in low-temperature N2O decomposition than the classic impregnation method. The effectiveness factor evaluated, based on catalyst morphological features and deN2O catalytic results, was found to be ≈1. The determined mass transfer coefficients and type of the catalyst working regime (purely kinetic in the whole temperature range) provide the useful platform for rational design of a real deN2O catalyst.
The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidiz...ijtsrd
Epoxidized vegetable oil have drawn much attention in recent yearrs, especially in the polymer industry as they are economical, available, environmentally friendly, non noxious and renewable. Cashew nut shell liquid CNSL , an agricultural by product abundantly available in tropical countries such as Vietnam, India, is one of the major and economical resources of naturally occurring phenols. Cardanol a byproduct of CNSL could be epoxidized by reacting carbon carbon double bonds of long unsaturated chain with peracids via the Prileshajev epoxidation process or the conventional process. This paper deals with the epoxidized reaction of cardanol take place in formic acid and hydrogen peroxyde. The results shown that the conversion efficiency of the epoxidized reaction reacheres 80 at 600C, stirring rates 1800 rpm, 2 p toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and rate of double bonds DB HCOOH AF H2O2 = 1.0 0.5 1.5. The product of epoxidized cardanol is also characterized by FT IR, 1H NMR and13C NMR. Bach Trong Phuc | Nguyen Thanh Liem "The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidized Reaction of Cardanol Extracted from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid of Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/49624/the-effect-of-formic-acid-hydrogen-peroxyde-and-other-conditions-on-epoxidized-reaction-of-cardanol-extracted-from-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-of-vietnam/bach-trong-phuc
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...journal ijrtem
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Photocatalytic Degradation of a Real Textile Wastewater using Titanium Dioxid...theijes
In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of textile wastewater from Gul Ahmad textile industry in Karachi, Pakistan, using TiO2 , ZnO, and H2O2as photocatalyst was investigated. The experiments were carried out at 38 oC in astirrerbath reactor by using Ultra-Violet photo oxidation process. The degradation of wastewater using TiO2 and ZnO under various pH and using TiO2 and H2O2 were examined. Titanium dioxideand zinc oxide proved to be very effective catalysts in photocatlytic degradation of real textile industrial water. The maximum decolorization achieved was 95.29% by using TiO2 and 64.41% by using ZnO at 37 oC and pH of 9, within 150minutes of irradiations. At pH of 7.3 the maximum decolorization was 90.48%. When TiO2 was combined with H2O2 the maximum decolorization was about 86% but surprisingly within 50 minutes of the irradiation time. A higher reaction rate was found for Titanium dioxide. The results indicate that for real textile wastewater, TiO2 is comparatively more effective than ZnO. This study proves that real textile wastewater reacts differently to catalysts than aqueous solution of azo-dyes, which is associated with surface steps and sensitization of the reaction rate by presence of other contaminants in real textile wastewater.
Study the Effect of the Untreated and Treated Fly Ash on the Mechanical Prope...YogeshIJTSRD
Ordinary fly ash type C is modified the surface by the agents KOH 3M, Silane Silquest in acidic condition pH = 4 and Stearic acid 2 , respectively. Mixture of bisphenol A epoxy resin GELR 128 resin A and Bisphenol F epoxy resin EPOTEC 170LV F resin is prepared by agitating well in a glass with a agitating speed of 200 rpm at a temperature of 50°C and a time of 30 minutes. Modified fly ash was dispersed into mixture of epoxy resin and then solidified with Kingcure K11 hardener. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the polymer composites based on mixture of bisphenol A and bisphenol F with treated fly ash 10 , 20 , 30 by weight cured by Kingcure K11 hardener were higher than that of untreated fly ash composites. Bach Trong Phuc | Pham Duc Trinh | Nguyen Thanh Liem "Study the Effect of the Untreated and Treated Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of the Polymer Composites Based on a Mixture of Bisphenol a and Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin Cured by Kingcure K11 Hardener" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39950.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/39950/study-the-effect-of-the-untreated-and-treated-fly-ash-on-the-mechanical-properties-of-the-polymer-composites-based-on-a-mixture-of-bisphenol-a-and-bisphenol-f-epoxy-resin-cured-by-kingcure-k11-hardener/bach-trong-phuc
Treatment of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewater by wet ai...Muhammad Moiz
Wet air oxidation (WAO) is one of the most economical and environmentally-friendly
advanced oxidation processes. It makes a promising technology for the treatment of refractory
organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters. In wet air oxidation aqueous waste is oxidized in
the liquid phase at high temperatures (125–320 C) and pressures (0.5–20 MPa) in the presence
of an oxygen-containing gas (usually air). The advantages of the process include low operating costs
and minimal air pollution discharges.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
A comparison of cardanol and its derivatives as reactive
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A Comparison of Cardanol and its Derivatives as Reactive
Diluents in Alkyd Coatings
Njuku, F.W.1*
, Mwangi, P.M1
and Thiong’o, G. T1
1
Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,
P.O. Box 62,000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
Telephone +254-713559697.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: njukufrancis@ymail.com
Abstract
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) have aroused concern in many parts of the world especially in large cities
due to their negative impact to the environment. In the presence of sunlight, VOC react with NOx gases to
produce tropospheric ozone, a powerful oxidant and pollutant to the atmosphere. Although most of the VOC’s
originate from petroleum products and internal engine exhausts, and plants, a significant amount is derived from
solvent based coatings. Cardanyl methyl ether, cardanol acetate synthesized from cardanol and neat cardanol,
which was isolated from cashew nut shell liquid, recovered from cashew nut shell and neat cardanol were
studied for their characteristics and evaluated for their suitability as reactive diluents in alkyd coatings. These
products were found to be compatible with long alkyd coatings. The reactive diluents helped to lower volatile
organic compounds (VOC), drying time and application viscosity of alkyd based coatings. Coatings formed had
excellent adhesion, better drying time, and pencil hardness and are cheaper since CNSL is a renewable raw
material. VOC reduction to the extent of about 39 % compared to conventional commercial products was
realized. Use of the reactive diluents developed would not only reduce direct pollution through VOC’s from
coatings, but also pollution generated from burning cashew nut shells, which is currently widely practiced
among cashew nut processors.
Keywords: Cardanyl methyl ether, Cardanol acetate, cardanol, reactive diluent, Alkyd Coatings
1.0 Introduction
Environmental concern has become one of the most important topics in the coatings industry which has led
researchers to continually attempt to develop coatings system with less solvent. VOCs are regulated because of
their potential to generate ozone when emitted in polluted urban environments (Daniel and Scott, 2004). For this
reason, a suitable reactive diluent for air-drying alkyd paints should be developed with suitable reactive sites for
efficient oxidative curing. The functional groups within the reactive diluent have major effects on its reactivity.
In addition, successful reactive diluents should maintain low viscosity. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is an
agricultural renewable resource and a by-product of the cashew industry (Risfaheria et al., 2009). It is the source
of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon phenols, an excellent monomer for thermosetting polymers production
and therefore holds a considerable promise in the different applications such as in the coating industry. Vacuum
distillation of raw CNSL or chemical isolation yields pure cardanol. Cardanol is n-pentadecadienylphenol; the
aliphatic side chain usually consists of mixture of one, two and three double bonds in a linear chain together with
a saturated side chain. CNSL and cardanol are used in the manufacture of special phenol resins for coatings,
lamination and as friction materials. These polymers are synthesized from CNSL or cardanol either by
polycondensation with electrophylic compounds such as formaldehyde, furfuraldehyde or by chain
polymerization through unsaturation presented in the side chain using an acid and base catalyst (Ranjana et al.,
2008). Alkyd resins are polyesters produced by condensation polymerization of three types of monomers that is
polyols, polybasic acids and fatty acids or triacylglycerol (Ursula et al., 2010). Characterization included Gas-
chromatography Mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR).The resulting
reactive diluent was evaluated in long oil alkyds. Formulations included incorporation into the resin of reactive
diluents as a substitute for some of the solvent, metal driers. Coatings formed were studied to determine the
influence of reactive diluent on the alkyd resin system in terms of viscosity, dry time, and film properties.
Properties were compared to those of controls formulated alkyd resin without reactive diluent. In this study, we
looked at the effect of Cardanol acetate, cardanyl methyl ether and neat cardanol as partial replacements for
mineral spirits in long oil alkyds. Due to the high presence of double bonds in cardanol acetate, cardanyl methyl
ether and neat cardanol, we expected an improvement in drying time and hardness development.
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2.0 Material and Methods
2.1 Analytical Equipment
Analytical GC-MS was performed on a Finnigan GC 8000 series with a voyager EI- mass selective detector and
a RTX-5MS column. FTIR spectra were recorded using a Shimadzu model 8400 spectrometer on KBr plates.
The viscosity was measured using a capillary viscometer number 3 viscometer (Kusako Scientific Instrument,
Japan) and NDJ-5S digital viscometer at 60 rpm. The drying time was measured using a Quadracycle electronic
drying time recorder DT 5040 from Gardco Company of USA.
2.2 General
Raw CNSL was obtained by extraction of ground shells of cashew nut by batch simulation of counter current
method using n-hexane. Cardanol was isolated from decarboxylated CNSL using methanol and ammonia
solution and purified to obtain pure product. Methyl Iodide was obtained from the Lobachemie PVT limited
Mumbai, India and acetic anhydride from Sigma Aldrich Laborchemikalien, Germany. Wijs solution (Sigma-
Aldrich) and n-Hexane (Sigma-Aldrich) were used without further purification. Long oil alkyd resins (70 %) and
metal driers (32 % Lead Naphthenate and 10 % cobalt octoate) were used for formulation with reactive diluents.
2.3 Synthesis of Cardanol Acetate
The method described by Saeid and Somayeh, 2010 was adopted. Cardanol (31.6 g), acetic anhydride (15.8 g),
concentrated sulphuric acid (0.4 g) and acetonitrile (10 ml) mixed together. The reaction mixture was refluxed at
80 o
C in a water bath for 4.5 hrs. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was filtered off. The product was
extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate to obtain
pure product
2.4 Synthesis of Cardanyl Methyl Ether
Cardanol (23.5 g), methyl iodide (30.3 g), anhydrous potassium carbonates (34.6 g) and 100 ml of acetone were
mixed together. The mixture was refluxed on a hot plate for 8 hours. After completion of the reaction, the
mixture was poured into 500 ml of water in a beaker. The organic layer was separated and extracted with (3 × 20
ml) diethyl ether. The combined organic layer and diethyl ether extract was washed with 2 M sodium hydroxide
solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The diethyl ether was removed in a rotary evaporator under
reduced pressure to obtain pure product (Brian, 1989).
2.5 Alkyds’ Formulation
The alkyds resin was diluted with reactive diluent at weight percentages of 5 %, 10 %, 15 % 20 %, and 25 %.
Metal driers were added at levels 1.0 % and 0.6 % for lead naphthenate and cobalt octoate respectively. A typical
commercial coating was also used as a standard.
2.6 Tests for Volatile Organic Compounds
Testing of volatile organic compounds was done in a dry oven model advantec KL-420 electric muffle furnace
from Toyo Seisakusho Company limited. It was operated by adopting the ASTM D 2369 (5). The oven was
preheated to 100 + 5 °C for approximately 30 min. A crucible was weighed using a Denver instrument XL-1810
scale. This weight was recorded. While the crucible was still on the scale, the scale was tared and
approximately 1 g of the sample swirled onto the crucible. After the samples had been prepared, they were
placed into the preheated oven for 60 min. At the conclusion of 60 min, the samples were immediately removed
from the oven and weighed. The percent volatile was calculated according to the formula below. An average
value of the samples was taken as the result for the samples.
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Where, w1 = weight of crucible, g
w2 = weight of crucible + sample, g
w3 = weight of crucible + sample, after heating, g
2.7 Viscosity Test for the Formulations
The viscosity was measured by NDJ-5S digital viscosity viscometer at room temperature (23 o
C). Rotor number
one was used at 60 rotations per minute rotating speed (shear rate of 100 mPa.s). Approximately 100-200 g of
samples was prepared in a 200 ml beaker and mixed on roll mill for 30 min.
2.8 Tests for Adhesion of Coating Film to the Metal Surface
Adhesion test study was evaluated by adopting ASTM standard (D 3359-09e2) method. Cross-cut tape test was
undertaken to assess the adhesion of coatings on the metal panel. After curing the coating by air-drying for 10
days, panel were held firmly and then six cross-cuts, 1 mm apart, were made manually on the coated surface.
The detached flakes or ribbons of coating were removed from the surface with a soft brush. A strip of fiber-
reinforced cellulose acetate pressure-sensitive tape was then placed over the surface of the metal panel. The tape
was manually smoothed, and pressure was applied using a rubber eraser to ensure good contact between the tape
and the coating film. After 1 minute of application, the tape was removed from the coated surface by rapidly
pulling it off, back upon itself, at an angle as close to 180° as possible. The grid area was inspected for removal
of coating from the panel surface using an illuminated magnifier. The rate of adhesion was averaged for six
panels of each group based on the code given in the standard for classification.
2.9 Tests for Drying Time
Drying time study was evaluated by adopting ASTM standard (D 5895-03) method using a Quadracycle
electronic drying time recorder DT 5040 as shown in Plate 1. The coating (2 mils wet thickness) was applied to a
glass panel using a Bird Film Applicator ( from Gardco Company) and a circular dry time recorder was
immediately placed on the wet film. The drying time was observed.
Plate 1: Drying time test of coating on a glass panel using a Quadracycle electronic drying time recorder DT
5040
3.0 Tests for Pencil Hardness
This test was carried out by adopting the ASTM D 3363 method using a HA-3401 Gardco/Wolff Wilborn
mechanical pencil scratch hardness kit. Pencils of increasing hardness values were moved over the substrate
surface in a precisely defined way using a mechanical pencil lead holder by applying sufficient pressure so that
the coating film was damaged by the lead or the pencil point were crushed. Surface hardness was defined by the
hardest pencil grade which failed to damage the surface
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4.0 Results and Discussion
4.1 Characteristics of neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether
Table 1 presents physical characteristics of alkyd coating formulations with neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and
cardanyl methyl ether as reactive diluents. There is a significance difference in the viscosity values of neat
cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether. Cardanyl methyl ether had a low viscosity as compared to
neat cardanol and cardanol acetate because of the architecture of the molecule, the substituents in the phenyl core
orient themselves in such a way that the molecules do not interact as they flow down the capillary tube. There is
reduced shear rate and as a result the shear strain increases and the molecules flow easily as compared to
cardanol acetate. In neat cardanol, there is molecular interaction (hydrogen bonding) which results into the
entanglement of the long aliphatic chain and the viscosity is increased. There is no significance difference in the
iodine values of neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether (Table 1). This shows that
methylation and acetylation of cardanol with methyl Iodide and acetic anhydride respectively does not affect the
unsaturation of the side chain. There is a significance difference in the density values of cardanyl methyl ether
and cardanol acetate. This is because acetylation increases the molecular weight of the phenyl backbone. There
is no significance difference in the moisture content of cardanol ether and cardanol acetate as shown in the Table
1
Table 1: Comparison of the characteristics of Cardanyl methyl ether, cardanol acetate and neat cardanol
Parameter Cardanyl methyl ether Cardanol acetate Cardanol
Specific gravity at 25 o
C,
g/cm3
0.93 0.96 0.93
Viscosity at 40 o
C, mPa.s 36.10 42.06 45.31
Iodine value, g/100 g 232.6 232.4 232.0
Moisture content (%) Negligible Negligible Negligible
pH @25 o
C 7.01 6.23 6.16
4.2 Identification of cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether using the FTIR
Figures 1, 2 and 3 represents FTIR spectra of neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether
respectively. In Figure 2, absorption peak at 3350.1 cm -1
indicated the presence of O-H stretch for phenolic
compounds. The peaks that appeared at frequency of 3008.7 cm-1
indicated the presence of C-H symmetrical
stretch of the aromatic compounds (Figure 1, 2 and 3). The peak that appeared at frequency 2925.8 cm-1
indicated the presence of methylene C-H symmetrical stretch of the long aliphatic chain (Figure1, 2 and 3). The
Spectra that appeared at 1265.2 cm-1
area indicated C-O symmetrical stretch of the phenolic compounds (Figure
2). The absorption peak that appeared at the 1596.9 cm-1
, 1587.3 cm-1
frequency indicated C=C stretch of the
long aliphatic chain (Figure 1 and 2) respectively, while the peak that appeared in the 1458.1 cm-1
frequency
indicated the C=C symmetrical stretch of the aromatic chains. The peak that appeared at frequency 1770.5 cm-1
indicated the presence of C=O stretch for an ester (Figure 2). The peak that appeared at 1205.4 cm-1
indicated C-
O symmetrical stretch characteristic of an ester (Figure 2). The peak that appeared at frequency 1768.6 cm-1
indicated the presence of C=O stretch for an ester. The peak that appeared at 1205.4 cm-1
indicated C-O
symmetrical stretch characteristic of an ether (Figure 3).
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Figure 3: FTIR spectrum of cardanyl methyl ether
4.3 Interpretation of GC MS profile for neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether
Figures 4, 5 and 6 represent GC-MS profiles for neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether
respectively. The base peak at m/z = 108 for cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether of the
spectra’s can be rationalized in accordance with the main characteristic of alkyl benzene as derived from the
molecular ions and is attributed through the β cleavage of the aliphatic chain as shown in all the three figures.
There is Mclaffetry rearrangement due to the long aliphatic chain attached to the benzyl ring (Fred and Frantisek,
1993). The Peak at m/z = 302 and 304 correspond to the molecular weights of the two fractions of cardanol as
shown in Figure 4. The Peak at m/z = 340, 344 and 346 correspond to the molecular ions of the three fractions of
cardanol acetate (Figure 5).
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
m/z0
100
%
108
107
4341
40
7755
57 79 91
95
276121
110
149
133
192163 178 234206 220 274
247
264
277
302284 304 328 355
Cardanol Scan EI+
6.65e5
Figure 4: GC MS profile of cardanol
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4.4 Viscosity of the coating formulations
The viscosity reducing abilities of cardanyl methyl ether, cardanol acetate and neat cardanol were tested at
different weight percentages in alkyd coatings. It was found that cardanyl methyl ether had an inherently lower
viscosity than cardanol acetate and neat cardanol (Figure 7). Cardanyl methyl ether has a lower molecular
weight compared to Cardanol acetate, which has a higher molecular weight due to the acetate group. Cardanyl
methyl ether, cardanol acetate and neat cardanol all showed good compatibility with alkyd resin; however,
Cardanyl methyl ether exhibited a much better viscosity reducing ability than cardanol acetate and neat cardanol.
Only 20 wt% of cardanyl methyl ether reduced the alkyd resin viscosity to value below 500 mPa·s, which is
required for many applications. At least 15 wt % of cardanol acetate was needed to reduce alkyd resin to the
same viscosity.
Figure 7: Viscosity levels of neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether
4.5 Drying performance of reactive diluent–alkyd formulations
Drying times increased with increasing reactive diluent concentration as presented in Table 2. The amount of
diluent added into the system affected the drying mechanism to be slower. Drying times of alkyd coatings with
neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether were between 7 and 8 hours. However, cardanyl
methyl ether diluent had improved drying time from 7 h at 20 weight percent added to alkyd system. At 20 wt%
of cardanyl methyl ether modified diluent, dry time of the system was different as compared to neat cardanol and
cardanol acetate, the dry time was reduced with the amount of cardanyl methyl ether modified diluent. It was
noted that dry time of alkyd system was improved greatly by cardanyl methyl ether modified diluent as
compared to neat cardanol and cardanol acetate. Dry time of cardanyl methyl ether modified diluent with alkyd
systems were around 7 h comparing to 6 h of the control. The improvement of drying time by cardanyl methyl
ether modified diluent could be explained by the higher functionality due to the double bonds and low viscosity
of the system. Low viscosity provided mobility to the long aliphatic chain to react; therefore, the curing time was
faster.
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Table 2: Drying times of alkyd coating formulations blended with reactive diluents
Alkyd/neat cardanol (h) Alkyd/cardanol acetate (h) Alkyd/ cardanyl methyl
ether (h)
Control weight (%) 6 6 6
5 7 7 7
10 7 7 7
15 7 7 7
20 8 8 7
25 8 8 8
4.6 Pencil Hardness and adhesion for neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether –alkyd
films
Pencil hardness and adhesion results for neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether are presented
in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. The pencil hardness of the films also improved as predicted for the reactive
diluents and remained the same for systems containing neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl
ether. Addition of reactive diluents with the metal driers resulted in films with good pencil hardness compared to
the controls. All films were relatively hard, based on the pencil hardness tests, and all films displayed constant
hardness with reactive diluent. All these reactive diluents had good pencil hardness because they contain a rigid
aromatic structure. Adhesion was good in both reactive diluent and control films, and this could be attributed to
the double bonds that form strong polymer networks in the coating. Crosslink density versus time, is improved in
all reactive diluent–alkyd mixtures relative to controls. These results validate that the reactive diluent plays a role
in increasing chemical cross-linking between alkyds and is incorporated throughout the polymer network of the
dried alkyd films.
Table 3: Result for pencil hardness test on coatings based on alkyd resin: i) with neat cardanol, ii) with cardanol
acetate and iii) with cardanyl methyl ether mixture (after 10 days of curing)
Percentage reactive (%) Cardanol Cardanol acetate Cardanyl methyl ether
0 % 5H 5H 5H
5 % 4H 4H 4H
10 % 4H 4H 4H
15 % 4H 4H 4H
20 % 4H 4H 4H
25 % 4H 4H 4H
Table 4: Adhesion test on alkyd resin with i) neat cardanol, ii) with cardanol acetate and iii) with cardanyl
methyl ether (after 10 days)
Percentage reactive (%) Cardanol Cardanol acetate Cardanyl methyl ether
0 % 5B 5B 5B
5 % 5B 5B 5B
10 % 4B 4B 4B
15 % 4B 4B 4B
20 % 4B 4B 4B
25 % 4B 4B 4B
4.7 Volatile organic content
The calculated VOC content of all the formulation studied are presented in Tables 5. Neat cardanol, cardanol
acetate and cardanyl methyl ether reduce VOC when used as reactive diluents. The study indicates that it is
possible to formulate compositions having substantially lower VOC and higher solids due to lower viscosities of
neat cardanol, cardanol acetate and cardanyl methyl ether compared to commercially prepared formulations.
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Cardanol acetate, Cardanyl methyl ether and neat cardanol had good solubility and compatibility with alkyd
resin resulting in very low Volatile Organic coating formulations.
Table 5: Result for Volatile Organic Compounds on alkyd resin– neat cardanol mixture, alkyd resin– cardanol
acetate mixture and alkyd resin– cardanyl methyl ether mixture (after 10 days)
Percentage reactive
diluent
VOC (% wt)
Neat cardanol
VOC (% wt)
Cardanol acetate
VOC (% wt)
Cardanyl methyl ether
0 % 47.24 47.17 47.21
5 % 45.90 45.81 46.51
10 % 44.59 44.63 44.71
15 % 43.72 43.83 43.79
20 % 41.20 41.31 41.41
25 % 39.23 39.28 39.31
5.0 Conclusions
Coating formed with Cardanyl methyl ether systems had significantly reduced viscosity compared to Cardanol
acetate and neat cardanol. Cardanol acetate, Cardanyl methyl ether and neat cardanol displayed improved
adhesion and pencil hardness, a reduction in volatile organic content in addition to an inherently low viscosity
and efficient viscosity reduction and should therefore be more attractive as reactive diluents.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Chemistry Product Centre, Jomo Kenyatta University for having provided long alkyd
resin and driers used for this work and Prof. Antony Gachanja for assisting with GC-MS.
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