International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This work presents the experimental results of gasification of char derived from
pyrolysis of Pongamia deoiled cake at maximum oil condition. Experiments are
conducted in fluidized bed reactor using air as the gasifying agent. The gasification
temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) were varied as per the designed experiment
using central composite design to study the influence on the composition of the
product gas. The lower heating value (LHV), Gas yield (GY), carbon conversion
efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) were calculated from the data of the
composition of the gas. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of
600-800 °C, equivalence ratio of 0.26-0.36. Regression equations were proposed as a
function of temperature and ER for H2, CO, CH4 and CO2 in the range of
experimental conditions. The results showed that at a temperature of 800 °C and ER
of 0.35, maximum cold gas efficiency of 52.04% was achieved. The optimum input
parameters were identified for maximum gasification efficiency. The product gas with
highest LHV, 5 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at 600 °C temperature, 0.26 ER. The product
gas obtained through gasification of this kind of char can be used as fuel for syngas
engines, for power generation and process heat applications.
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance of a spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol and gasoline as fuel. Ethanol was produced from fermented groundnut shells. The engine was tested using blends with 0-80% ethanol in 20% increments. Test results showed that blending 40% ethanol achieved optimal engine performance with increased power and volumetric efficiency compared to gasoline alone. Higher ethanol blends like 60% and 80% performed similarly to the 40% blend. Specific fuel consumption increased slightly with higher ethanol content due to ethanol's lower energy density. In conclusion, a 40% ethanol blend can be effectively used as a supplementary fuel in spark ignition engines.
Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Operating Conditions on Product Yield of Red Meranti...IRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the effect of operating conditions on product yield from fast pyrolysis of red meranti sawdust.
2) It finds that bio-oil yield is maximized at 450°C, a nitrogen flow rate of 25 L/min, and a retention time of 60 minutes for sawdust particles sized 0.3 mm.
3) Temperature has the strongest influence on bio-oil yield, followed by nitrogen flow rate and retention time, while particle size has a negligible effect.
ethanol production from crude glycerol Sonia Patel
1) The document presents a feasibility study for the production of bioethanol from glycerol using Enterobacter aerogenes TISTR1468. It discusses the process selection, raw materials, design constraints, and site location analysis.
2) A continuous process is proposed using two main fermenters in series. Mass and energy balance calculations show the process can produce 15,000 tonnes of ethanol per year.
3) Downstream separation will involve disc stack centrifugation, distillation, and molecular sieves to obtain concentrated ethanol and separate water and glycerol byproducts.
The document presents a project on the production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) through fermentation. It includes a literature review on the fermentation process and usage of L-PAC. An economy analysis of the global demand and supply of L-PAC from 2006-2013 is presented. The process description includes fermentation in a bioreactor, centrifugation, precipitation, filtration and drying. Mass and energy balances are calculated for the bioreactor and distillation column. The pressure vessel designs for the bioreactor and distillation column are discussed. Heat exchanger designs and heat integration are analyzed. Control loops for bioreactor level, feed rate and antifoam are proposed. Wastew
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Sugarcane Straw Pyrolysed Bio- O...IRJET Journal
1. The document experimentally investigates the performance of bio-oil produced from pyrolyzed sugarcane straw as a fuel in diesel engines.
2. Sugarcane straw was pyrolyzed at 650°C under nitrogen to produce bio-oil, which was then characterized based on properties like viscosity, density, acidity, and carbon/hydrogen/oxygen content.
3. The bio-oil was blended with diesel fuel and tested in a diesel engine to analyze properties like brake power, emissions, and engine performance. The results showed potential for sugarcane straw bio-oil to be a viable diesel fuel substitute or extender.
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx.
This work presents the experimental results of gasification of char derived from
pyrolysis of Pongamia deoiled cake at maximum oil condition. Experiments are
conducted in fluidized bed reactor using air as the gasifying agent. The gasification
temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) were varied as per the designed experiment
using central composite design to study the influence on the composition of the
product gas. The lower heating value (LHV), Gas yield (GY), carbon conversion
efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) were calculated from the data of the
composition of the gas. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of
600-800 °C, equivalence ratio of 0.26-0.36. Regression equations were proposed as a
function of temperature and ER for H2, CO, CH4 and CO2 in the range of
experimental conditions. The results showed that at a temperature of 800 °C and ER
of 0.35, maximum cold gas efficiency of 52.04% was achieved. The optimum input
parameters were identified for maximum gasification efficiency. The product gas with
highest LHV, 5 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at 600 °C temperature, 0.26 ER. The product
gas obtained through gasification of this kind of char can be used as fuel for syngas
engines, for power generation and process heat applications.
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance of a spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol and gasoline as fuel. Ethanol was produced from fermented groundnut shells. The engine was tested using blends with 0-80% ethanol in 20% increments. Test results showed that blending 40% ethanol achieved optimal engine performance with increased power and volumetric efficiency compared to gasoline alone. Higher ethanol blends like 60% and 80% performed similarly to the 40% blend. Specific fuel consumption increased slightly with higher ethanol content due to ethanol's lower energy density. In conclusion, a 40% ethanol blend can be effectively used as a supplementary fuel in spark ignition engines.
Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Operating Conditions on Product Yield of Red Meranti...IRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the effect of operating conditions on product yield from fast pyrolysis of red meranti sawdust.
2) It finds that bio-oil yield is maximized at 450°C, a nitrogen flow rate of 25 L/min, and a retention time of 60 minutes for sawdust particles sized 0.3 mm.
3) Temperature has the strongest influence on bio-oil yield, followed by nitrogen flow rate and retention time, while particle size has a negligible effect.
ethanol production from crude glycerol Sonia Patel
1) The document presents a feasibility study for the production of bioethanol from glycerol using Enterobacter aerogenes TISTR1468. It discusses the process selection, raw materials, design constraints, and site location analysis.
2) A continuous process is proposed using two main fermenters in series. Mass and energy balance calculations show the process can produce 15,000 tonnes of ethanol per year.
3) Downstream separation will involve disc stack centrifugation, distillation, and molecular sieves to obtain concentrated ethanol and separate water and glycerol byproducts.
The document presents a project on the production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) through fermentation. It includes a literature review on the fermentation process and usage of L-PAC. An economy analysis of the global demand and supply of L-PAC from 2006-2013 is presented. The process description includes fermentation in a bioreactor, centrifugation, precipitation, filtration and drying. Mass and energy balances are calculated for the bioreactor and distillation column. The pressure vessel designs for the bioreactor and distillation column are discussed. Heat exchanger designs and heat integration are analyzed. Control loops for bioreactor level, feed rate and antifoam are proposed. Wastew
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Sugarcane Straw Pyrolysed Bio- O...IRJET Journal
1. The document experimentally investigates the performance of bio-oil produced from pyrolyzed sugarcane straw as a fuel in diesel engines.
2. Sugarcane straw was pyrolyzed at 650°C under nitrogen to produce bio-oil, which was then characterized based on properties like viscosity, density, acidity, and carbon/hydrogen/oxygen content.
3. The bio-oil was blended with diesel fuel and tested in a diesel engine to analyze properties like brake power, emissions, and engine performance. The results showed potential for sugarcane straw bio-oil to be a viable diesel fuel substitute or extender.
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx.
Recovery of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Depolymerization of Waste Plasti...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on recovering liquid hydrocarbons from waste plastic through catalytic depolymerization and blending with automotive fuel. Key findings include:
1) Waste plastic was catalytically cracked using a copper-based catalyst, yielding over 65% fuel with a boiling range that allows blending into gasoline and diesel.
2) Characterization found the recovered liquid has properties similar to gasoline and diesel, including density, viscosity, heating value.
3) Blends of up to 80% recovered liquid with gasoline had only a slight reduction in heating value, showing its potential as a gasoline blend. Blends with diesel showed potential to reduce emissions while maintaining performance.
4) Recovering fuel from waste
IRJET- Assessment of Coal Through Analysis of Various Properties of Coal Samp...IRJET Journal
The document discusses assessing the properties of coal samples and using artificial neural networks to predict calorific value. It analyzes coal samples through proximate analysis methods like thermogravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry. Proximate analysis is performed on samples from various mines to determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content. An artificial neural network model is developed using 49 samples and validated with 10 samples. The model aims to accurately predict calorific value based on proximate analysis data with an R2 of 0.9 and low error between predicted and analyzed values.
Session 2 module 2 coal properties and effect on cobustionABDUL RAZZAQ SHAHID
This document discusses how coal properties influence boiler design and operation. Key coal properties like moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and sulfur content affect combustion performance, mill performance, boiler efficiency, slagging, fouling, ESP performance, and the life of boiler components. The furnace design must consider factors like fuel ratio, ash loading, heat release rates, and slagging/fouling characteristics. Indian coals generally have higher ash and moisture contents compared to international coals, which impacts the design of systems like mills and ESPs. The boiler engineer must carefully evaluate these coal properties to optimize boiler performance.
PREPARATION OF BRIQUETTE IN AN INNOVATIVE AND COST EFFECTIVE WAY AND ITS TEST...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This research was conducted for a cleaner
densified biomass solid fuel to reduce the dependency on
woodland which is increasingly becoming critical due to
rural cooking. In this paper study was conducted to
determine the optimum mixing ratio of coal dust (CD) to
saw dust (SD) to produce a solid fuel-CSB (Coal Saw
Briquette). Mixing inefficiency shows starch and water are
also required for adequate strength of CSB. Objective of
the study was to investigate PHU, emission analysis and
cost factor. From research, it was concluded that CD to SD
of ratio 70:30 is suitable for production and usability.
Absence of critical particulate emission (like carbon
monoxide) and higher calorific value promotes it as an
alternative sustainable fuel in rural society. CSB not only
reduce the use of wood energy but also decreases the
statistic for premature death due to indoor air pollution
caused from cooking with biomass.
This document provides a technical proposal for a 200,000 ton per year pig iron project. The key details include:
1. The project will produce 200,000 tons of cast iron annually using two 80 cubic meter blast furnaces and one 36 square meter sintering machine.
2. The main equipment and processes are described, including sintering, blast furnace iron making, and supporting systems for power, water, gas, and dust removal.
3. Technical specifications and production targets are provided for the sintering, blast furnaces, and overall project. An annual production of 360,000 tons of sintered ore and target coke rates and furnace efficiency are included.
This document describes an experimental study on enhancing heat transfer in a domestic refrigerator using a nanofluid as the working fluid. Specifically, it investigates using a mixture of R600a refrigerant, mineral oil, and alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3) in a vapor compression refrigeration system. The addition of nanoparticles is intended to improve the thermophysical properties and heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid mixture. Experimental results found that using the nanofluid working fluid reduced power consumption by 11.5% compared to using POE oil alone, and increased the freezing capacity of the refrigerator. Thus the study demonstrates the feasibility of using Al2O3 nanofluids to enhance the performance of refrigeration systems.
This document proposes a project to build two 80m3 blast furnaces for smelting ferro nickel. The key points are:
1. The smelting process would involve laterite nickel ore processing through sintering, then charging into two blast furnaces along with other materials to produce nickel pig iron and slag.
2. The main raw materials would be laterite nickel ore, coke, limestone, dolomite, and fluorite. Annual consumption is estimated at 49,000 tons of ore, 100,100 tons of coke, and other materials.
3. The blast furnaces would each have a production capacity of 65 tons per day of 10% nickel pig iron and 441 tons
The document describes experiments conducted to upgrade the quality of impure Lakhra coal from Pakistan using heavy medium separation. The objectives were to reduce the ash, sulfur, and moisture content and increase the heating value. Samples of Lakhra coal were separated into different density fractions using solutions with specific gravities ranging from 1.30 to 1.45. This process, known as float-and-sink, was able to produce cleaner coal fractions with lower ash content.
This study examines the use of ethanol-kerosene fuel blends in kerosene wick stoves as a more sustainable alternative fuel. Various blends of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ethanol in kerosene by volume were tested in an unmodified stove and compared to pure kerosene. The thermal efficiency and fuel consumption rate were evaluated using a standard water boiling test. The maximum thermal efficiency was obtained with a 5% ethanol blend, while the minimum was with pure kerosene. The 10% ethanol blend had the highest fuel consumption rate. Overall, the performance of the blended fuels was found to be comparable to kerosene, indicating their potential as a renewable and less polluting alternative for cooking
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Characterization of diesel hydrogen peroxide fuel blendAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized blends of diesel fuel and hydrogen peroxide. Various blends ranging from 5-15% hydrogen peroxide by volume were tested and compared to standard diesel fuel using ASTM standard fuel tests. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide is capable of enhancing diesel fuel properties due to the additional oxygen that can improve combustion and reduce emissions. Physicochemical properties like density and viscosity of the blends increased with higher hydrogen peroxide content due to its higher density compared to diesel. Overall, the study found that hydrogen peroxide has potential as a diesel fuel additive to improve properties and reduce emissions.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
This document analyzes exhaust emissions from a diesel engine running on blends of palm stearin biodiesel and diesel fuel with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The study tested various biodiesel-diesel blends (B30 and B100) with 0%, 15%, and 30% EGR. The results showed that hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions decreased with increasing biodiesel percentage and EGR rate. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased with more biodiesel but decreased significantly with higher EGR rates. Carbon dioxide emissions decreased as EGR rate increased. Overall, the results indicate that EGR is effective at reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel-fueled diesel engines.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document summarizes a study that analyzed and compared the properties of salmon oil, corn oil, and their derived methyl esters. Salmon oils were extracted from salmon processing waste and hydrolysate. The salmon oil methyl esters contained more saturated fatty acids than corn oil methyl ester, as well as relatively high levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Despite differences in fatty acid composition, the salmon and corn oil methyl esters displayed comparable physical properties, such as viscosity, volatility, thermal properties, and heating value. Methyl esters derived from salmon oils extracted by different methods also showed similar physical properties.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
Studies on exhaust emissions of ceramic coated di diesel engine fuelled with ...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine with a ceramic coated cylinder head fueled with cotton seed biodiesel. The study investigated exhaust emissions under different operating conditions, including normal and pre-heated biodiesel temperatures, varied injector opening pressures and injection timings. Particulate and NOx emissions were evaluated at different brake mean effective pressures and compared to a conventional engine fueled with biodiesel and mineral diesel under similar operating conditions. The results showed that particulate emissions decreased while NOx levels increased for the engine with the low-heat rejection combustion chamber compared to the conventional engine when fueled with biodiesel.
Rice bran oil was converted to biodiesel through a two-stage transesterification process. The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel with the highest yield were found to be 55°C, 1 hour reaction time, a 9:1 molar ratio of rice bran oil to methanol, and 0.75% catalyst. Tests on a small diesel engine showed that rice bran biodiesel had properties similar to diesel and could run the engine smoothly, though brake thermal efficiency was slightly lower than with diesel.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Engine Characteristics of Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of engine characteristics when operating a diesel engine using blends of neem biodiesel and methanol at different injection pressures. A single cylinder diesel engine was tested using blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% neem biodiesel, along with blends containing 20% and 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol. The engine was operated at various loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 180 bars and 200 bars. Test results showed that blends containing 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol (B40M5 and B40M10) had the best performance in terms of brake
This document examines the effect of temperature on the yield of methyl ester (biodiesel) produced from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil through base-catalyzed transesterification. The maximum yield for palm kernel oil was 87.67% at 65°C, while groundnut oil yield peaked at 82.5% at 50°C. Yield generally increased with temperature up to these points, then decreased due to increased miscibility. Palm kernel oil produced a higher average yield than groundnut oil under the conditions tested. The results show that Nigerian palm kernel and groundnut oils can be effective feedstocks for biodiesel production.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Recovery of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Depolymerization of Waste Plasti...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on recovering liquid hydrocarbons from waste plastic through catalytic depolymerization and blending with automotive fuel. Key findings include:
1) Waste plastic was catalytically cracked using a copper-based catalyst, yielding over 65% fuel with a boiling range that allows blending into gasoline and diesel.
2) Characterization found the recovered liquid has properties similar to gasoline and diesel, including density, viscosity, heating value.
3) Blends of up to 80% recovered liquid with gasoline had only a slight reduction in heating value, showing its potential as a gasoline blend. Blends with diesel showed potential to reduce emissions while maintaining performance.
4) Recovering fuel from waste
IRJET- Assessment of Coal Through Analysis of Various Properties of Coal Samp...IRJET Journal
The document discusses assessing the properties of coal samples and using artificial neural networks to predict calorific value. It analyzes coal samples through proximate analysis methods like thermogravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry. Proximate analysis is performed on samples from various mines to determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content. An artificial neural network model is developed using 49 samples and validated with 10 samples. The model aims to accurately predict calorific value based on proximate analysis data with an R2 of 0.9 and low error between predicted and analyzed values.
Session 2 module 2 coal properties and effect on cobustionABDUL RAZZAQ SHAHID
This document discusses how coal properties influence boiler design and operation. Key coal properties like moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and sulfur content affect combustion performance, mill performance, boiler efficiency, slagging, fouling, ESP performance, and the life of boiler components. The furnace design must consider factors like fuel ratio, ash loading, heat release rates, and slagging/fouling characteristics. Indian coals generally have higher ash and moisture contents compared to international coals, which impacts the design of systems like mills and ESPs. The boiler engineer must carefully evaluate these coal properties to optimize boiler performance.
PREPARATION OF BRIQUETTE IN AN INNOVATIVE AND COST EFFECTIVE WAY AND ITS TEST...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This research was conducted for a cleaner
densified biomass solid fuel to reduce the dependency on
woodland which is increasingly becoming critical due to
rural cooking. In this paper study was conducted to
determine the optimum mixing ratio of coal dust (CD) to
saw dust (SD) to produce a solid fuel-CSB (Coal Saw
Briquette). Mixing inefficiency shows starch and water are
also required for adequate strength of CSB. Objective of
the study was to investigate PHU, emission analysis and
cost factor. From research, it was concluded that CD to SD
of ratio 70:30 is suitable for production and usability.
Absence of critical particulate emission (like carbon
monoxide) and higher calorific value promotes it as an
alternative sustainable fuel in rural society. CSB not only
reduce the use of wood energy but also decreases the
statistic for premature death due to indoor air pollution
caused from cooking with biomass.
This document provides a technical proposal for a 200,000 ton per year pig iron project. The key details include:
1. The project will produce 200,000 tons of cast iron annually using two 80 cubic meter blast furnaces and one 36 square meter sintering machine.
2. The main equipment and processes are described, including sintering, blast furnace iron making, and supporting systems for power, water, gas, and dust removal.
3. Technical specifications and production targets are provided for the sintering, blast furnaces, and overall project. An annual production of 360,000 tons of sintered ore and target coke rates and furnace efficiency are included.
This document describes an experimental study on enhancing heat transfer in a domestic refrigerator using a nanofluid as the working fluid. Specifically, it investigates using a mixture of R600a refrigerant, mineral oil, and alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3) in a vapor compression refrigeration system. The addition of nanoparticles is intended to improve the thermophysical properties and heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid mixture. Experimental results found that using the nanofluid working fluid reduced power consumption by 11.5% compared to using POE oil alone, and increased the freezing capacity of the refrigerator. Thus the study demonstrates the feasibility of using Al2O3 nanofluids to enhance the performance of refrigeration systems.
This document proposes a project to build two 80m3 blast furnaces for smelting ferro nickel. The key points are:
1. The smelting process would involve laterite nickel ore processing through sintering, then charging into two blast furnaces along with other materials to produce nickel pig iron and slag.
2. The main raw materials would be laterite nickel ore, coke, limestone, dolomite, and fluorite. Annual consumption is estimated at 49,000 tons of ore, 100,100 tons of coke, and other materials.
3. The blast furnaces would each have a production capacity of 65 tons per day of 10% nickel pig iron and 441 tons
The document describes experiments conducted to upgrade the quality of impure Lakhra coal from Pakistan using heavy medium separation. The objectives were to reduce the ash, sulfur, and moisture content and increase the heating value. Samples of Lakhra coal were separated into different density fractions using solutions with specific gravities ranging from 1.30 to 1.45. This process, known as float-and-sink, was able to produce cleaner coal fractions with lower ash content.
This study examines the use of ethanol-kerosene fuel blends in kerosene wick stoves as a more sustainable alternative fuel. Various blends of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ethanol in kerosene by volume were tested in an unmodified stove and compared to pure kerosene. The thermal efficiency and fuel consumption rate were evaluated using a standard water boiling test. The maximum thermal efficiency was obtained with a 5% ethanol blend, while the minimum was with pure kerosene. The 10% ethanol blend had the highest fuel consumption rate. Overall, the performance of the blended fuels was found to be comparable to kerosene, indicating their potential as a renewable and less polluting alternative for cooking
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Characterization of diesel hydrogen peroxide fuel blendAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized blends of diesel fuel and hydrogen peroxide. Various blends ranging from 5-15% hydrogen peroxide by volume were tested and compared to standard diesel fuel using ASTM standard fuel tests. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide is capable of enhancing diesel fuel properties due to the additional oxygen that can improve combustion and reduce emissions. Physicochemical properties like density and viscosity of the blends increased with higher hydrogen peroxide content due to its higher density compared to diesel. Overall, the study found that hydrogen peroxide has potential as a diesel fuel additive to improve properties and reduce emissions.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
This document analyzes exhaust emissions from a diesel engine running on blends of palm stearin biodiesel and diesel fuel with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The study tested various biodiesel-diesel blends (B30 and B100) with 0%, 15%, and 30% EGR. The results showed that hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions decreased with increasing biodiesel percentage and EGR rate. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased with more biodiesel but decreased significantly with higher EGR rates. Carbon dioxide emissions decreased as EGR rate increased. Overall, the results indicate that EGR is effective at reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel-fueled diesel engines.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document summarizes a study that analyzed and compared the properties of salmon oil, corn oil, and their derived methyl esters. Salmon oils were extracted from salmon processing waste and hydrolysate. The salmon oil methyl esters contained more saturated fatty acids than corn oil methyl ester, as well as relatively high levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Despite differences in fatty acid composition, the salmon and corn oil methyl esters displayed comparable physical properties, such as viscosity, volatility, thermal properties, and heating value. Methyl esters derived from salmon oils extracted by different methods also showed similar physical properties.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
Studies on exhaust emissions of ceramic coated di diesel engine fuelled with ...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine with a ceramic coated cylinder head fueled with cotton seed biodiesel. The study investigated exhaust emissions under different operating conditions, including normal and pre-heated biodiesel temperatures, varied injector opening pressures and injection timings. Particulate and NOx emissions were evaluated at different brake mean effective pressures and compared to a conventional engine fueled with biodiesel and mineral diesel under similar operating conditions. The results showed that particulate emissions decreased while NOx levels increased for the engine with the low-heat rejection combustion chamber compared to the conventional engine when fueled with biodiesel.
Rice bran oil was converted to biodiesel through a two-stage transesterification process. The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel with the highest yield were found to be 55°C, 1 hour reaction time, a 9:1 molar ratio of rice bran oil to methanol, and 0.75% catalyst. Tests on a small diesel engine showed that rice bran biodiesel had properties similar to diesel and could run the engine smoothly, though brake thermal efficiency was slightly lower than with diesel.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Engine Characteristics of Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of engine characteristics when operating a diesel engine using blends of neem biodiesel and methanol at different injection pressures. A single cylinder diesel engine was tested using blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% neem biodiesel, along with blends containing 20% and 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol. The engine was operated at various loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 180 bars and 200 bars. Test results showed that blends containing 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol (B40M5 and B40M10) had the best performance in terms of brake
This document examines the effect of temperature on the yield of methyl ester (biodiesel) produced from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil through base-catalyzed transesterification. The maximum yield for palm kernel oil was 87.67% at 65°C, while groundnut oil yield peaked at 82.5% at 50°C. Yield generally increased with temperature up to these points, then decreased due to increased miscibility. Palm kernel oil produced a higher average yield than groundnut oil under the conditions tested. The results show that Nigerian palm kernel and groundnut oils can be effective feedstocks for biodiesel production.
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Trace Elemental Characterization of Edible Oils with Graphite Furnace Atomic ...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This paper reports the development of a simple method for
the analysis of edible oil samples by using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Sample preparation has been done by using a microwave digestion system. Metals like Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed using the developed method.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1f7ZS7T
Toxic Trace Metals in Edible Oils by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spect...PerkinElmer, Inc.
"This method reports the development of a direct analysis
method for edible oil samples using GFAAS without digestion.
The advantages of using this method include small sample
volume, direct introduction of samples, high sensitivity, and
rapid analysis times. The application of GFAAS to arsenic,
lead and cadmium analysis in edible oils was performed.
The optimal pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, limit of detection, quality control (QC) checks and recoveries were studied in order to develop a rapid and accurate method.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1dqSYtg
STUDIES ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF CERAMIC COATED DI DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH ...IAEME Publication
- The study examined exhaust emissions from a diesel engine with a ceramic-coated cylinder head (low-grade low heat rejection combustion chamber) fueled with cottonseed biodiesel under various operating conditions.
- Particulate emissions decreased and NOx levels increased with the low heat rejection combustion chamber compared to a conventional engine, due to improved combustion. Biodiesel also reduced particulate emissions but increased NOx levels over diesel.
- Preheating the biodiesel reduced both particulate emissions and NOx emissions in both combustion chamber types by improving fuel properties. Higher injector opening pressure generally improved emissions by enhancing atomization and air-fuel mixing.
IRJET- Effect of Butanol and Di-Ethyl Ether Additives on the Performance and ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental investigation of the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-ethanol blends and additives of butanol and diethyl ether. The study tested various diesel-ethanol-additive blends at different compression ratios in a variable compression ratio engine. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and emissions of CO2, CO, NOx and smoke were evaluated. The results showed that adding oxygenated additives like butanol and diethyl ether to diesel-ethanol blends can improve the engine performance and emissions characteristics.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with sardine oil methyl ester and diesel. A single cylinder diesel engine was tested with various fuel blends at 1500 rpm. The results showed that using sardine oil methyl ester blends resulted in decreased brake thermal efficiency and increased emissions of CO and NOx compared to diesel, except for HC emissions which decreased. The best performance was with diesel alone, followed by lower blend ratios of sardine oil methyl ester, due to the lower calorific value and higher density, viscosity and oxygen content of the biodiesel, which affected combustion and emissions.
Experimental Analysis of Fuel Produced from Automotive Waste Lube OilIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that analyzed the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of pyrolysis fuel produced from waste automotive oil and diesel. The pyrolysis fuel was produced through microwave pyrolysis, which thermally cracks waste oil into smaller hydrocarbon chains. Various blends of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% pyrolysis fuel with diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing blend ratios due to higher brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of NOx and CO increased with pyrolysis fuel blends compared to diesel alone.
Dielectric Strength Improvement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil via Mixed Ant...IJECEIAES
Recently, natural ester insulation (NEI) oils are found to be the best candidates to replace mineral-based insulation oils for oil-immersed transformer applications. However, NEI oilsare prone to oxidation due to their poor oxidative stability which can be improved by adding antioxidants into the oils. Latest studies have also shown that the use of selected antioxidants improves the AC breakdown voltage (BdV) of NEI oils. However, the experiments in previous studies were designed using the conventional one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method, which requires a large number of samples to be tested in order to determine the optimum response. Thus, a Taguchi-based designed experiment is introduced in this study in replacement of the OFAT method. It is found that this method is capable of determining the optimum concentrations of propyl gallate (PG) and citric acid (CA) which will maximize the AC BdV and improve the oxidative stability of the NEI oil. An AC breakdown voltage test is conducted in accordance with the ASTM D1816 standard using Megger OTS60PB portable oil tester, in which the electrode gap distance is kept fixed at 1 mm. The results indicate that the addition of PG and CA antioxidants increases theAC BdV of the rapeseed-based NEI oil. It is found that the optimum concentrations of PG and CA antioxidant is 0.05 and 0.25 wt.%, respectively. Lastly, the model developed in this study is analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Validation test is also conducted on the optimized NEI oil to determine its dielectric strength and oxidative stability.
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
This document discusses a study on the performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of an Indian Pomegranate seed oil biodiesel in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from pomegranate seed oil via an alkaline transesterification process. The biodiesel and its blends (B25, B50, B75, B100) were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends compared to diesel alone. Emissions of CO, HC, and NOx decreased for biodiesel blends while smoke and CO2 increased marginally. Combustion characteristics also improved with biodiesel blends compared to diesel alone
Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane over Pd/AC and Pd/CB catalysts for ...IJERA Editor
Hydrogen production studies have been carried using Thermo Catalytic Decomposition (TCD) Unit. Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane is an attractive route for COx free production of hydrogen required in fuel cells. Although metal based catalysts produce hydrogen at low temperatures, carbon formed during methane decomposition reaction rapidly deactivates the catalyst. The present work compares the results of 10 wt% Pd supported on commercially available activated carbon and carbon black catalysts (samples coded as Pd10/AC and Pd10/CB respectively) for methane decomposition reaction. Hydrogen has been produced by thermo catalytic decomposition of methane at 1123K and Volume Hourly Space Velocity (VHSV) of 1.62 L/h g on the activity of both the catalysts has been studied. XRD of the above catalysts revealed, moderately crystalline peaks of Pd which may be responsible for the increase in catalytic life and formation of carbon fibers. Also during life studies (850°C and 54 sccm of methane) it has been observed that the activity of carbon black is sustainable for a longer time compared to that of activated carbon.
IRJET- Experimental Investigations on CI Diesel Engine with Varied Combustion...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of a CI diesel engine using neem biodiesel and calcium carbonate nanofluid additive with varied combustion chamber designs. Neem biodiesel was produced from neem oil using transesterification and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Calcium carbonate nanofluid was produced and blended with neem biodiesel in two proportions. The engine was tested using diesel, neem biodiesel, and the blended fuels in two combustion chamber designs: hemispherical combustion chamber and shallow depth combustion chamber. Performance parameters like brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption were evaluated. Exhaust emissions of CO, HC, CO2, O2 and NOx were also recorded
The document summarizes an experimental investigation into the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with preheated corn oil methyl ester (COME) biodiesel at different temperatures. COME was produced via transesterification of corn oil with methanol. The engine was tested using diesel and blends of preheated COME at 50°C, 70°C, and 90°C. Brake thermal efficiency increased and BSFC decreased with COME preheated to 70°C due to improved combustion from reduced viscosity. Exhaust emissions of CO and HC decreased but NOx increased with COME. Performance generally decreased as the COME percentage in blends rose. Preheating COME to 70°C allowed
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 ǁ August. 2013 ǁ PP.75-79
www.ijesi.org 75 | Page
Alternative Diesel Engine Fuel from Kenyan Pishori Rice Bran.
Wahome A*1
., Ngunjiri G.M.N2
., Shitanda D3
., Ogola W.O4
1.
University of Nairobi- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering
2.
Egerton University – Department of Agriculture Engineering
3.
Multimedia University College- Research production and Extension Division
4.
Technical University of Kenya- Department of Mechatronics Engineering
ABSTRACT: Rice bran used as biomass material was acquired from small scale rice millers in Wang’uru-
Mwea, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The oil was extracted from the rice bran using petroleum ether which was
preferred due to its high affinity for oil and ease of recovery due to its low boiling point of 40o
-60o
. The
percentage of free fatty acids in the rice bran oil was determined by titration method and was found to be
3.22%. Acid catalyzed pretreatment was used to lower the free fatty acids to less than 2.5% to allow
transesterification of the rice bran oil to biodiesel. The following biodiesel characteristics were determined
using ASTM methods; Density at 20o
C, Viscosity at 40o
C, Flash point, Cetane index, Copper strip corrosion,
Ash content, pH value, refractive index, distillation point and Calorific value. The density of the biodiesel was
higher than the acceptable ASTM 1298 range by 1.4% and the calorific value of diesel was 45.52MJ/Kg while
that of biodiesel was 38.92MJ/Kg amounting to 14.5% decrease. Viscosity, flash point, boiling range, cetane
index, and copper strip corrosion were all within the specified ASTM range for diesel fuel. The ash content was
0.5% compared the specified maximum of 0.01% for diesel this was attributed to the oil extraction method and
the level of FF. The pH value was low and though this could not affect the performance of the biodiesel as a fuel
it can cause the corrosion of the metallic parts of the fuel systems as well as the engine walls. The refractive
index of the biodiesel was approximately the same as that of diesel.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy from renewable sources accounts for the bulk of the primary materials upon which future
development strategies are directed. Bio-diesel has attracted a great deal of interest during the past decade as a
renewable, biodegradable, reduced toxicity and eco-friendly clean fuel which can be used in a diesel engine
without engine modification (Kinast, 2003). Since diesel engine is optimized for diesel fuel, a fuel with
properties closer to those of diesel is desired to avoid engine modifications. Therefore, modifying vegetable oils
through chemical reaction with alcohol (transesterification) to produce the methyl or ethyl esters (biodiesel) is
essential for successful long term engine operation (Encinar, 2005).
Rice bran oil, though classified as minor oil, is a potential source of biodiesel due to the availability of millions
of tonnes of rice bran from the rice milling process worldwide. In 2007/2008, Kenya’s total rice production was
53,115 tonnes out of which 51,458 tonnes was from Pishori rice grown in Mwea Irrigation Scheme (CBS,
2008). Plans are underway to rehabilitate and expand the area under rice cultivation in Kenya, from the current
12,083 hectares to 29,840 hectares by the year 2030. This aims to more than doubling the annual rice production
(NIB, 2007).
Most rice varieties are composed of roughly 20% hull, 11% bran, and 69% starchy endosperm (Gupta et al,
2007). Thus 1Kg of harvested rice produces approximately 0.11Kg (110g) of rice bran. Rice bran is the thin
shell that immediately surrounds the rice kernel. It is removed during the milling/polishing process as the oil in
it quickly becomes rancid thus reducing the shelf life of rice (Mondal, 2008). It contains approximately 10 -
25% extractable oil depending on the degree of milling, rice variety, and other agro-climatic factors (Umer et
al., 2009). Thus considering average of 20% extractable oil, 1Kg of harvested rice can produce approximately
22g of oil.
II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1 Experimental Setup
Rice bran was acquired immediately after milling from small scale rice millers in Mwea, Kenya and
taken to Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, for stabilization of the bran using the oven
method and extraction of rice bran oil using petroleum ether in a solvent extractor. The extracted oil was
2. Alternative Diesel Engine…
www.ijesi.org 76 | Page
processed to rice bran oil methyl ester through esterification and transesterification process. The experimental
analysis was carried out using standard methods recommended by ASTM and AOAC. However, for the properties
which could not be determined using the recommended methods due to unavailability of facilities, alternative
improvised methods were used. The density was determined at 20o
C, viscosity at 40o
C together with flash point,
copper corrosion and distillation were all determined at chemical laboratory, Kenya Pipeline Company. The
refractive index, ash content, sulfur and pH were determined at the Department of Food Science and
Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Calorific value was determined at the
physical chemistry laboratory, Kenyatta University.
2.2 Determination of Density
This was done automatically at 20o
C using
ASTM 1298. ADM- Mettler Toledo DE40 equipment was used and the specific gravity calculated as follows.
ref
ρ
ρ
GravitySpecific (1.1)
Where ρref is the density of water at 4o
C (1g/cm3
)
2.3 Determination of Flash Point
The flash point was determined using ASTM 93. A manual Pensky Martens closed cup apparatus was used
to determine the flash point. A brass test cup was filled with the sample up to the inside mark, fitted with a cover and
placed in a properly locked apparatus. A flame of 3.2 - 4.8mm diameter was used to heat the sample at a temperature
rate of between 5- 6o
C at a stirring speed of 90rpmWhen the temperature reached the flash point, the vapour ignited
and an easily detectable flash was observed.
(1.2)P)0.33(760CpointflashCorrected
Where
C = the recorded flash point
P = the ambient barometric pressure, mmHg
2.4 Determination of Viscosity
The viscosity of the oil was determined using ASTM 445. Pm Tamson Thermostatic bath was filled with
water up to float level, the temperature set to 40o
C for at least one hour, to ensure stability of the bath temperature.
Cannon Fenske opaque viscometer S100 with lower bulb and upper bulb constant of 0.01627 and 0.01200
respectively was used. The viscometer was calibrated using distilled water at 1.004mm2
/s at 20o
C.
2.5 Distillation of Biodiesel
The boiling range characteristics of the biodiesel were determined for the calculation of cetane index
using ASTM 86. 100ml of biodiesel was distilled in a laboratory batch distillation unit, Seta Still Distillation
Tester at 22o
C. Systematic observations of temperature readings and volume of the condensate were made every
two seconds using thermometer 8C with a temperature range of negative 2o
C to 400o
C.
2.6 Determination of Cetane Index
The cetane index was calculated to approximate the cetane number using ASTM 976 empirical formula
even though it only provides accurate indication of the cetane number for pure petroleum fuels.
2.7 Determination of Calorific Value
The calorific value was determined using the Gallen Kamp Auto Bomb. The sample weight, initial and
final temperatures were recorded and used to compute the caloric value using the following equation.
)3.1(
sW
K)TC-T(Δ
alueCalorificV
Where
∆T = Final temperature – Initial temperature
CT = Total heat capacity of apparatus used (10.380J/o
C)
K = Constant Heat gain (0.126o
C)
Ws = Sample Weight
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2.8 Determination of Ash Content
This was done using dry ashing method muffle furnace heated at 550oC in Advantech KL-4202 muffle
furnace. The ash content was calculated as follows
(1.4)100
0W1W
0W2W
%Ash
Where
W0 = Weight of empty crucible in grammes
W1 = Weight of crucible with sample in grammes
W2 = Weight after ashing in grammes
2.9 Determination of Ph
The pH meter was calibrated using 4.01and 6.86pH buffers sequentially. The electrode was washed
using distilled water and dried, dipped in to the sample in a beaker and the pH value read from the digital screen
of the pH meter.
2.10 Determination of Refractive Index
Abbe refractometer was used to determine the refractive index. Two drops of oil were placed in the
lower prism of the refractometer and the mirrors were adjusted to give the sharpest reading. The refractive index
was read from the upper scale of the refractometer up to four decimal places.
2.11 Determination of Copper Strip Corrosion 30ml of sample was added to polished copper strips in test
tubes and placed in Stan Hope Seta Copper Corrosion Bath for 3hours at 100o
C. The strips were
removed and compared with the copper strip classification table provided by Gerpen et al., 2004.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characterization of diesel and biodiesel was done and the results are as tabulated in table 3.1. ASTM
standards were used to verify if the quality of the biodiesel was within the acceptable limits.
Table 3.1 Fuel characterization data for Diesel and Biodiesel
Property
Sample Identity
Diesel Biodiesel ASTM Standards
ASTM
Method
Density @ 20o
C (g/m3
) 0.831 0.883 0.820-0.870 ASTM1298
Viscosity @ 40O
C mm2
/s 3.2 5.45 1.6-5.5 ASTM 445
Flash point (o
C) 62.5 155.7 130 (min ME) ASTM 6751
Cetane index 47.37 52.56 48 ASTM 976
Ash Content 0.005 0.5 Max 0.01 ASTM482
Acid Value(mgKOH/g) 0.125 0.912 0.8 ASTM664
Sulfur 0.001 - Max 0.05 ASTM 1582
Copper corrosion 1A 1B 1 ASTM 130
Distillation at 90%(o
C) 330 351 400 ASTM 86
Calorific Value (KJ/Kg) 45.52 38.92 - -
Refractive Index 1.34 1.4608 - -
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3.1 Density
The specific gravity of the biodiesel was 0.882g/cm3
, which was not within the ASTM standard. High
specific gravity would lead to poor fuel atomization.
3.2 Viscosity
The viscosity of the biodiesel was higher than that of diesel but well within the recommended ASTM
range. High viscosity causes poor atomization of the fuel leading to poor combustion.
3.3 Flash Point
According to ASTM Biodiesel Standard D 6751, the minimum flash point for biodiesel should be at
130°C. The flash point of rice bran biodiesel was 155.7 which was above the set minimum value. This could
have been as a result of double bonds in the biodiesel. The flash point complied with the ASTM standard and
also with the results obtained by (Madyira et al., 2012), who studied the characterization of sunflower biodiesel
and found the flash point to be 182.82o
C. Though the flash point of the biodiesel fuel has no relation to its
performance in the engine, or to its auto ignition qualities, high flash point leads to increased fuel safety thus
easier to transport, reduced fire risks, easy to store and handle. Disadvantages of high flash point include
increased engine operation heat, higher loses, larger pressures, temperatures and reduced overall cycle
efficiency
3.4 Cetane Index
The cetane number of the biodiesel was above the minimum ASTM value of 130 even though it was
approximated using the cetane index. Fuels with higher cetane index have short ignition delay and thus small
amount of premixed combustion.
3.6 Ash Content
The ash content of the biodiesel was higher compared to diesel. This could be attributed to the chemical
extraction of rice bran oil as the reaction between the oils and the extraction solvent must have resulted in non
combustible products. High ash content leads to soot formation in the engine. Mechanical extraction of the oil
could ease the problem of engine deposits but the quantity of oil extracted mechanically was too small and
uneconomical in terms of acquiring the bran and running costs of the screw expeller. Refining should be done to
remove the FFA and gums which contribute to high ash content but this will increase the cost of the biodiesel.
3.7 pH Value
The pH value was low and this was attributed to the use of acid catalyst during esterification process to
reduce the level of FFA. Though the pH value does not affect the performance of the biodiesel as a fuel, low pH
value poses a threat to some of the engine’s operating components, primarily the fuel injection system through
corrosion of the metallic parts of the fuel system and the engine walls leading to tear and wear. The free fatty
acids increase the acidity levels in biodiesel. Incomplete conversion from fatty acids to methyl esters left traces
of the fatty acids and resulted in low pH values. The acid number of biodiesel is also dependent on the fatty
acids contained in the vegetable oil. The acidity could also have been influenced by the production process and
traces of sulfuric acid and soap formation from the methanol and the sodium hydroxide used.
3.8 Sulfur Content
Sulfur was not detected in the biodiesel as the level was below the detectable level using the AOAC.
However, diesel had sulfur content of 0.046. This indicated that when biodiesel is used as a diesel fuel additive
it will result in a decrease of sulfur content. The maximum Sulfur content permitted by ASTM1582 is 0.5%.
3.9 Copper Strip Corrosion
Results obtained for copper strip corrosion of biodiesel was 1B, but that of diesel 1A meaning the strips
were slightly tarnished as defined on the copper trip classifications. 1A means that the strip was slightly
tarnished and looked almost the same as a freshly polished strip after the test while 1B was slightly tarnished,
but looked darker than 1A. The results conform to the ASTM 975.
3.10 Calorific value
The calorific value of diesel was found to be 45.52 MJ/kg while that of biodiesel was found to be 38.92
MJ/kg, which is a difference of 14.5%. This was higher than 7.07% difference found by Krishnakumar (2008),
who studied the fuel properties of various biodiesels and found the calorific value of rice bran biodiesel to be
41.2MJ/Kg and that of diesel 44.34Mj/Kg. As the density of biodiesel was higher than that of diesel fuel,
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882.5g/l and 830.7g/l respectively at 20o
C, the calorific value was affected thus affecting the air fuel ratio.
Since fuel injection is measured by volume as opposed to mass, the biodiesel had a higher mass in the same
volume. Therefore the density of the fuel had a direct influence on the power output. The energy content on
volume basis was 37.81MJ/L for diesel and 34.35MJ/L for biodiesel. The low calorific value for the biodiesel
would result to increased fuel consumption.
3.11 Refractive Index
The refractive index for the diesel and biodiesel was approximately the same indicating similar
characteristics in both fuels.
IV. CONCLUSION
The rice bran oil biodiesel characterization measurements were made according to relevant ASTM
standards. This insured the structural integrity and safety of the engine. The determined values of viscosity,
cetane index, flash point, distillation, and copper corrosion were within the stipulated range as per ASTM
standards. The high density, low viscosity and low calorific value were comparable to the results obtained by
Kinast (2003) who studied the characteristics of seven methyl esters and also Krishnakumar, 2008 who studied
the fuel properties of vegetable oil esters. The high density, low viscosity and low calorific value would raise the
BSFC of the diesel engine using rice bran oil biodiesel as determined by Xue et al., 2010. Rice bran oil biodiesel
can be effectively used as fuel in a diesel engine as its properties are within the recommended standard fuel
range as shown in table 3.1
V. REFERENCES
[1] Central Bureau of Statistics, (2008). Ministry of Planning and National Development, Economic Survey.
[2] Encinar, A., (2005). Bio-diesel from Used Frying Oil. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 44 pp 91-99.
[3] Gerpen J.V., Shanks B., Pruszko R., (2004). Bio-diesel Analytical Methods. Report Prepared for National Renewable Energy
Laboratory - U.S. Department of Energy, Colorado.
[4] Gupta, P.K., Kumar, R., Panesar, B.S., Thapar, V.K., (2007). Parametric Studies on Bio-diesel
[5] prepared from Rice Bran Oil. Agriculture Engineering International, Vol. 9 pp 6-18.
[6] Kinast J., (2003). Production of Bio-diesel from Multiple Feedstock and Bio-diesel Technology. Report Prepared for National
Renewable Energy Laboratory – U.S. Department of Energy Colorado.
[7] Krishnakuma J., Venkachalapathy K.V.S., Elancheliyan S., (2008). Technical Aspect of Biodiesel Production from vegetable
Oils. Thermal Science Vol. 12 pp 159-169
[8] Madyira D.M., Nkomo Z., Akinlabi T.E., (2012). Proceedings of World Congress on Engineering. Vol. III WCE 2012, London
U.K.
[9] Mondal, P., Basu, M., Balasubramanian, N., (2008). Direct Use of Vegetable Oil and Animal fat as Alternative Fuel in Internal
Combustion Engine. Biofuels, Vol. 2 pp 155-174.
[10] National Irrigation Board, (2007). Progress and Production of Irrigation Schemes accessed online
[11] at http://www.nib.or.ke/index.php
[12] Umer, R., Anwar, F., Ansari, T.M., Arif, M., Ahmad, M., (2009). Optimization of Alkaline Transesterification of Rice Bran Oil
for Bio-diesel Production Using Response Surface Methodology, Vol. 84, pp 64-70.