22564 emd 1.2
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This document defines and describes various types of loads, stresses, strains, and stress-strain diagrams. It discusses dead loads, live loads, impact loads, and different types of stresses like tensile, compressive, shear, bending, crushing, and torsional stresses. Principal stresses and strains are also covered. Stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle materials are provided, labeling key points like the proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points, and breaking points. Numerical problems applying these concepts will be covered in subsequent sessions.
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1. Machine design is the process of selecting materials, shapes, sizes, and arrangements of mechanical elements so that a machine will perform its prescribed task.
2. The document discusses machine design classification, factors in design such as stresses and materials, and failure theories.
3. Key concepts covered include stress concentration, factors of safety, types of stresses like shear and bearing stresses, and failure modes like fatigue and creep. Standard testing methods and material property diagrams are also summarized.
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The document discusses different types of mechanical springs, including helical, conical, volute, torsion, laminated/leaf, and special purpose springs. It defines key terms used in compression springs such as solid length, free length, compressed length, spring index, spring rate, and pitch. The introduction outlines common applications of springs such as cushioning shock/vibration, applying forces, controlling motion, and storing energy. Types of springs are described along with diagrams of volute and helical torsion springs. Formulas are provided for solid length, free length, spring index, and spring rate. References for further reading on the topic are listed at the end.
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The document summarizes the NewArcTM patented dual axis wheel straightening process. It involves applying simultaneous and alternating straightening forces from upper and lower rams over the damaged wheel area. This distributes the pressure over a wider area and allows achieving over 6,000 lbs of combined straightening pressure without applying that full force from a single axis. The process is illustrated on a heavily damaged wheel that was successfully straightened to meet SAE standards in under 30 minutes.
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A force is an external agent acting on another body. This force may moves or tends to move the body in the direction of its action. The force is a vector quantity since it is represented by its magnitude and direction. The force may be of pulling or pushing type. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Principle Of Transmissibility:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/force-systems-and-analysis/principle-of-transmissibility.aspx
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This technical seminar presentation discusses fatigue failure and testing. It introduces fatigue, including the modes of fracture and theories of fatigue failure. Fatigue curves like the S-N curve are presented, which plot stress against the number of cycles. Different fatigue testing methods are explained, like the Wohler fatigue test and servo-hydraulic fatigue test. The effects of processes like burnishing and material composition on the S-N curve are demonstrated using turbine shafts as an example. The presentation concludes that fatigue failure is a major issue responsible for 75% of failures and that superfine finishing and thin material layers can impact fatigue resistance.
Modification of a Two Wheeler Suspension System using Fea
A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function is to compress when loaded and to recover its original
shape when the load is removed. A spring is a flexible element used to exert a force or a torque and, at the same
time, to store energy. The force can be a linear push or pull, or it can be radial. In two wheelers we used to see
helical suspension at the front and rear tyres on both sides. But the new model bikes are replacing the rear
double suspension with the single heavy duty suspension. Our project deals with the design and modification of
the suspension system and analyzing that can we replace one heavy duty spring in the place of double springs.
For this we have conducted structural analysis by varying the spring material and keeping base material same.
By seeing the results, Comparison is done for four materials to validate better material for suspension system by
doing analysis on spring with help of ANSYS software for find out which material is best for the suspension
system.
And also we modified the actual model and also conducting the same analysis on it and validating that which
model is better.
The modeling done in Creo-5 and analysis is done Ansys package.
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This document discusses key concepts in machine design and material stress including:
- Stress is defined as the internal resisting force per unit area when an external force is applied. Strain is the change in length per original length when a body experiences a force.
- There are two types of loads: static loads which do not vary over time, and dynamic loads where magnitude and direction vary over time, including cyclic and impact loads.
- Fatigue failure can occur when components fail under cyclic stress levels below the ultimate tensile strength due to repeated loading. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude a material can withstand without failing.
- Failure theories like maximum principal stress and maximum shear stress theories define when failure
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This document discusses mechanical springs and their properties including energy storage capacity and fatigue loading. It provides information on designing a close coiled helical compression spring for a load range of 2250N to 2750N with 6mm of axial deflection and a spring index of 5. Formulas are presented for calculating the energy stored in helical springs, maximum shear stress, and deflection based on applied load. Methods for helical springs subjected to fatigue loading, springs arranged in series and parallel, and finding the natural frequency of springs are also summarized.
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A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse & dissipate kinetic energy. In this paper there is reviewed some papers on suspension system. The aim of this review paper is to represent a general study on the analysis of spring to fulfil the requirement of suspension system.
Levers
A lever is a simple machine that uses a turning point called a fulcrum to change the amount, strength, and direction of movement. An object being moved is called the load or load force, while the force used to move the lever is called the effort force. There are three classes of levers: class 1 levers have the load and effort forces on opposite sides of the fulcrum; class 2 levers have the load between the effort and fulcrum; and class 3 levers have the effort between the fulcrum and load. The closer an object is to the fulcrum, the easier it is to move.
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The document discusses pure bending, which is a condition where a bending moment is applied to a beam without axial, shear, or torsional forces. Pure bending only occurs under a constant bending moment, since the shear force, which is equal to the rate of change of the bending moment, must be equal to zero.
Lever physics
The document discusses how a lever can be used to lift an elephant. It explains that a lever is a simple machine that rotates around a fulcrum and uses effort and load forces. When the fulcrum is closer to the load, less effort is required. The document then gives an example calculation to determine the length of the rod needed for a man weighing 250N to lift an elephant weighing 50,000N when the fulcrum is 3m from the elephant. Through lever calculations, it is determined the length would need to be 6m.
Types of Stresses
Stresses can be classified based on dimensionality as uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial depending on whether they act in one, two, or three dimensions. Stresses are also classified based on nature as direct/normal stresses or transverse/shear stresses. Normal stresses act perpendicular to a surface and change the body's size, while shear stresses act parallel to a surface and change the body's shape.
Muscle Levers.ppt
The document discusses levers as simple machines and as part of the human muscular system. It defines the basic parts of a lever - the lever, fulcrum, load, and effort. It then describes the three classes of levers, where the fulcrum, load, and effort are positioned relative to each other for first, second, and third class levers. Levers are used to make lifting weights easier by applying less effort.
Simple machines by Saliha Rais, for grade 5.
The slide show include topics: simple machines, force magnifiers, movement magnifiers, levers and its types. At the end there is a short review/test, so you can assess what you have learned.
I made this for grade 5 students.
Work and simple_machines
The document discusses the topics that will be covered in a 9th grade physics unit, including Newton's laws, momentum, electrostatics, and simple machines. It outlines a Rube Goldberg project where students will create a multi-stage contraption employing these concepts. It then explains the definitions of work, energy, and force, and introduces the six simple machines - lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw - describing their functions and examples of each.
Stress Analysisofa Centrifugal Super ChargerImpeller Blade
A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power. Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft. Superchargers are a type of forced induction system. They compress the air flowing into the engine. The advantage of compressing the air is that it lets the engine squeeze more air into a cylinder, and more air means that more fuel can be added. Therefore, you get more power from each explosion in each cylinder. Here in this project we are designing the compressor wheel by using Pro-E and doing analysis by using FEA package. An attempt has been made to investigate the effect of pressure and induced stresses on the blade. By identifying the true design feature, the extended service life and long term stability is assured. A structural analysis has been carried out to investigate the stresses, strains and displacements of the blade. An attempt is also made to suggest the best material for an blade of a turbocharger by comparing the results obtained for different materials. Based on the results best material is recommended for the blade of a turbocharger.
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A lever is a simple machine that contains a bar that can turn around a fixed point called a fulcrum. Levers change the direction, distance, or size of the applied force and make work easier. There are three classes of levers based on the position of the fulcrum, effort force, and resistance force. A first-class lever has the fulcrum between the effort and resistance, like a screwdriver. A second-class lever has the resistance between the effort and fulcrum, like a wheelbarrow. A third-class lever has the effort between the fulcrum and resistance, like a broom.
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Mr. A. SATHIYASEELAN, B.E,
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This document discusses the design of rectangular beams. It describes singly reinforced beams which have steel reinforcement only in the tensile zone below the neutral axis. It also describes doubly reinforced beams which have steel reinforcement in both the tensile and compressive zones. The key steps in the design of rectangular beams using the working stress method are described, including determining the stress distribution, calculating moments, and sizing the reinforcement. Design considerations like clear cover and bar spacing are also outlined.
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This document summarizes lecture 14 of the ME221 Statics course. It discusses chapter 7 on internal forces in structures, including determining internal forces through equilibrium equations and exposing them at different sections of a structure. Homework and quiz assignments are provided. Methods for drawing shear and bending diagrams are explained, including the sectioning method and considering different beam types and load configurations. An example problem is worked through to find internal forces and moments in a loaded bar built into a foundation.
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151 dem303 ien00973_1600_98_chap 1 part 1
The document discusses key concepts in stress analysis including:
1. Normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress and how they are calculated. Normal stress acts perpendicular to the cross-section while shear and bearing stresses act tangentially.
2. Strain which measures the deformation of a material under stress. Normal strain measures elongation while shear strain measures the change in angle between line segments.
3. Factors of safety which are incorporated into designs to account for uncertainties and avoid failure. The allowable stress is divided by the ultimate stress to obtain the factor of safety.
Free Body Diagram - FBD
Free body diagrams (FBDs) are used to evaluate forces acting on a member under external loads. To create an FBD:
1. Isolate the member from supports and replace supports with appropriate reactions.
2. Show all external forces on the member.
3. Apply equations of static equilibrium to each FBD separately to solve for unknowns.
Multiple FBDs of different members may be needed if a single diagram is insufficient. Properly drawn FBDs satisfy static equilibrium equations and allow calculation of up to 3 unknown forces or moments.
Iii 2 marks design of machine elements
The document provides information about the design of machine elements course including:
1. The course is divided into 5 units covering topics such as stresses in machine members, design of shafts and couplings, fasteners and welded joints, springs and levers, and bearings and flywheels.
2. Unit II focuses on the design of shafts and couplings including designing solid and hollow shafts based on strength, rigidity and critical speed. The design of keys, keyways, rigid and flexible couplings, and knuckle joints is also covered.
3. References and standards for the design of plain bearings are provided. Sample problems related to stresses in machine members from previous examinations are given at the
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Design of machine elements notes by Bhavesh Mhaskar
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22564 emd 2.1 cotter joint theory
A cotter joint is used to temporarily connect two coaxial rods subjected to axial forces. There are three types: socket and spigot, sleeve and cotter, and gib and cotter. The socket and spigot cotter joint connects rods through a socket, spigot, and cotter pin. Its design must consider failures from tension, crushing, and shear stresses on the rods, spigot, socket, collar, and cotter pin. Design equations ensure stresses don't exceed permissible limits for each component's material.
22564 emd 2.1 cotter joint numerical
The document describes the design of a cotter joint to withstand a maximum tensile load of 6KN. It provides definitions of the variables involved in the joint design. It then outlines 10 steps to size the different parts of the joint based on the material properties and load value, determining values for the diameters, thicknesses, and distances. The final section provides the results of the full design process.
22564 emd 2.0 direct and bending
The document provides information to calculate the width and depth of a rectangular beam subjected to a bending load. It is given that the beam carries a 400 N load at a 300 mm distance from its fixed end, and the maximum bending stress is 40 MPa. Using the bending stress formula and setting the section modulus equal to the product of depth and width/2, the width is calculated to be 16.5 mm and depth to be 2 * width = 33 mm.
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The document discusses the design of various mechanical joints, levers, and offset links. It covers the design of cotter joints, knuckle joints, turnbuckles, hand/foot levers, bell crank levers, safety valve levers, and offset links. The document also discusses bending stress equations, section modulus, and provides two example problems calculating the diameter of an axle and the width and depth of a beam based on given bending stress limits.
22564 emd 1.11 numericals
The document discusses calculating the diameter of a rivet given a pulling force and permissible shear stress. For a single shear connection, the diameter is calculated as 40mm. For a double shear connection, where the force is distributed across two shear planes, the calculated diameter is 26mm.
22564 emd 1.10 numericals
The document contains two examples of calculating the diameter of rods under compressive loads. The first example calculates that a wrought iron rod with a 350 kN compressive load needs a diameter of 95 mm to not exceed the permissible stress of 52.5 MPa. The second example calculates that a piston rod supporting a piston with 0.7 MPa steam pressure and 300 mm diameter needs a diameter of 35 mm to not exceed the maximum compressive stress of 40 MPa for the material.
22564 emd 1.9 numericals
The document discusses two problems involving determining stress in mechanical linkages:
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22564 emd 1.8
Ergonomics consideration in design focuses on the relationship between humans and machines. Key factors include the design of controls to match human anatomy and posture, the working environment including lighting, noise, temperature and humidity levels, and the energy expenditure required for hand and foot operations. Aesthetic considerations aim to make products appealing through their shape, color, symmetry, balance, materials, surface finish, impression, purpose, variety, continuity and style.
22564 emd 1.5
Standardization involves establishing specifications for product design, testing, and manufacturing to achieve uniformity, quality, interchangeability, and safety. It defines three main types of standards: company, national, and international. Adopting standards provides advantages such as interchangeability, quality, mass production, safety, reduced costs and manufacturing time. The document then describes the Indian Standard (IS) codes for designating different materials based on their mechanical properties and chemical compositions, including various steels, cast irons, and alloys. It also covers the preferred number series used in India to standardize product sizes.
22564 emd 1.4
Stress concentration is an irregularity in stress distribution caused by abrupt changes in shape. The stress concentration factor is defined as the ratio of maximum stress at a notch to the nominal stress based on net area. Causes of stress concentrations include sudden changes in cross section, poor surface finish, localized loading, variations in material properties, and material defects. Remedies involve avoiding abrupt changes, rough surfaces, pointed loads, using uniform materials, and reducing cracks and flaws.
22564 emd 1.3
The document discusses factors of safety in engineering design. It defines factors such as ultimate stress, yield stress, and working stress. Factor of safety is the ratio of the maximum stress to the working stress. For ductile materials like mild steel, factor of safety is based on yield point stress. For brittle materials like cast iron, it is based on ultimate stress. The appropriate factor of safety depends on material properties, test results, load reliability, failure mode certainty, assumptions made, stress concentrations, manufacturing stresses, consequences of failure, and loss of property if failure occurs. Common factor of safety values vary according to material and load conditions.
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This document contains 3 engineering design problems involving calculations to determine the necessary dimensions of mechanical components based on given load and stress criteria:
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This document discusses machine design fundamentals including classification of machine design, general procedures in machine design, and general considerations in machine design. It classifies machine design into adaptive design (minor modifications), development design (major modifications), and new design (completely new concepts). The general procedure in machine design includes recognition of need, synthesis, analysis of forces, material selection, design of elements, modification, detailed drawing, and production. General considerations in machine design cover load and stress analysis, kinematics, material selection, part size and form, friction, cost, safety, and assembly.
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22564 emd 1.2
- 1. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design 1.2 Types of Loads Load : It is defined as any external force acting upon a machine part. Dead or steady load Live or variable load Suddenly applied or shock load Impact load
- 2. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design Stress Definition : Internal resistance offered by the body on the various cross section due to some external system of forces or loads act is called as stress. Mathematically Force
- 3. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design Strain Definition : When a system of forces or loads act on a body, it undergoes some deformation. This deformation per unit length is known as unit strain or simply a strain. Mathematically Force
- 4. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design Types of stresses Sr. No. Type of Stress Figure Formula 01 Tensile Stress t = Force / Area 02 Compressive Stress c = Force / Area 03 Shear Stress = Force / Area 04 Bending Stress b = Bending Moment / Section Modulus 05 Crushing Stress or Bearing Pressure Pb = Force / Equivalent area under crushing 06 Torsional Shear Stress = Torque / Polar Section Modulus
- 5. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design Principal Stresses Normal Principal Stress Principal Shear Stress
- 6. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design Stress – Strain Diagram for ductile material Proportional Limit Elastic Limit Upper Yield Point Ultimate Point Braking Point Braking Point (Practical) Lower Yield Point Stress Strain
- 7. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design Stress – Strain Diagram for brittle material Proportional Limit Elastic Limit Ultimate and Braking Point Stress Strain
- 8. 22565 EMD : 1.2 : Fundamental of Design Numerical based on this will be continue in next sessions…………..