22564 emd 1.4
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Stress concentration is an irregularity in stress distribution caused by abrupt changes in shape. The stress concentration factor is defined as the ratio of maximum stress at a notch to the nominal stress based on net area. Causes of stress concentrations include sudden changes in cross section, poor surface finish, localized loading, variations in material properties, and material defects. Remedies involve avoiding abrupt changes, rough surfaces, pointed loads, using uniform materials, and reducing cracks and flaws.
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Surface condition impacts part performancwe
1) Surface finish and the presence of burrs on aircraft and aircraft engine parts can significantly impact part performance and lifespan by increasing stresses, corrosion, and reducing sealing abilities.
2) Specialized finishing processes are used to remove burrs, round edges, and optimize surface texture in ways that reduce stresses, improve fatigue life, enhance corrosion resistance, and improve sealing of joints.
3) Paying close attention to edge and surface quality is important in aerospace applications due to the potential for catastrophic failure if surfaces are improperly finished or contain defects.
Surface condition impacts part performancwe
1) Surface finish and the presence of burrs on aircraft and aircraft engine parts can significantly impact part performance and lifespan by increasing stresses, corrosion, and reducing sealing abilities.
2) Specialized finishing processes are used to remove burrs, round edges, and optimize surface texture in ways that reduce stresses, improve fatigue life, enhance corrosion resistance, and improve sealing of joints.
3) Paying close attention to edge and surface quality is important in aerospace applications due to the potential for catastrophic failure if surfaces are improperly finished or contain defects.
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Unit_4_Design Agains Fluctuation load.ppt
The document discusses design considerations for machine elements subjected to fluctuating loads. It covers topics such as stress concentration, fatigue failure, endurance limit, factors affecting fatigue strength, and methods to reduce stress concentration and improve fatigue life. Stress concentration occurs due to discontinuities and can be reduced by avoiding abrupt changes in cross-section and providing fillets. Fatigue failure is caused by fluctuating stresses and depends on factors like the number of cycles and mean stress. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude a material can withstand without failure under completely reversed loading. Surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit.
Unit 3 design against fluctuation load
The document discusses stress concentration and fatigue failure in machine elements. It defines stress concentration as the localization of high stresses due to irregularities or abrupt changes in cross-section. Stress concentration can be reduced by avoiding sharp changes in cross-section and providing fillets and chamfers. Fatigue failure occurs when fluctuating stresses cause cracks over numerous load cycles. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude that causes failure after an infinite number of cycles. Factors like stress concentration, surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit. Designs should minimize stress raisers and protect against corrosion to prevent fatigue failures.
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Metal forming processes involve plastic deformation of materials to shape them. The main bulk metal forming processes are forging, extrusion, and rolling. Forging involves compressing material between dies to impart the die shape. Extrusion uses a ram to force material through a die opening to shape its cross-section. Rolling reduces thickness by compressing material between rotating rolls.
Steel construction
This document provides information about I-beams, including:
- I-beams are commonly used in construction and have a high moment of inertia due to their shape, making them resistant to bending.
- The web of the I-beam provides resistance to shear forces.
- Various equations are presented to calculate properties like cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, stresses, and shear stresses for I-beams.
- Different types of steel joints that can be used with I-beams are also described.
I05624751
1. The document investigates factors that affect blow holes in the die casting process of aluminum alloy R14 for automotive compressor parts.
2. An experiment was conducted using Box-Behnken design to study the relationship between casting parameters (pressure, injection speeds, starting position, vacuum pressure) and blow holes.
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Surface condition impacts part performancwe
1) Surface finish and the presence of burrs on aircraft and aircraft engine parts can significantly impact part performance and lifespan by increasing stresses, corrosion, and reducing sealing abilities.
2) Specialized finishing processes are used to remove burrs, round edges, and optimize surface texture in ways that reduce stresses, improve fatigue life, enhance corrosion resistance, and improve sealing of joints.
3) Paying close attention to edge and surface quality is important in aerospace applications due to the potential for catastrophic failure if surfaces are improperly finished or contain defects.
Surface condition impacts part performancwe
1) Surface finish and the presence of burrs on aircraft and aircraft engine parts can significantly impact part performance and lifespan by increasing stresses, corrosion, and reducing sealing abilities.
2) Specialized finishing processes are used to remove burrs, round edges, and optimize surface texture in ways that reduce stresses, improve fatigue life, enhance corrosion resistance, and improve sealing of joints.
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CHAPTER 1.ppt
This document provides an overview of basic design considerations for machine components. It discusses general design procedures and considerations, types of loads, stress-strain diagrams, types of stresses including tensile, compressive, shear, crushing, bearing, torsional, and bending stresses. It also covers concepts related to stress concentration, creep, fatigue, endurance limit, factor of safety, and theories of failure under static loads. Standard classifications and designations of various steel and alloy types are also presented.
Unit_4_Design Agains Fluctuation load.ppt
The document discusses design considerations for machine elements subjected to fluctuating loads. It covers topics such as stress concentration, fatigue failure, endurance limit, factors affecting fatigue strength, and methods to reduce stress concentration and improve fatigue life. Stress concentration occurs due to discontinuities and can be reduced by avoiding abrupt changes in cross-section and providing fillets. Fatigue failure is caused by fluctuating stresses and depends on factors like the number of cycles and mean stress. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude a material can withstand without failure under completely reversed loading. Surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit.
Unit 3 design against fluctuation load
The document discusses stress concentration and fatigue failure in machine elements. It defines stress concentration as the localization of high stresses due to irregularities or abrupt changes in cross-section. Stress concentration can be reduced by avoiding sharp changes in cross-section and providing fillets and chamfers. Fatigue failure occurs when fluctuating stresses cause cracks over numerous load cycles. The endurance limit is the maximum stress amplitude that causes failure after an infinite number of cycles. Factors like stress concentration, surface finish, size, and mean stress affect the endurance limit. Designs should minimize stress raisers and protect against corrosion to prevent fatigue failures.
Metal forming processes full
Metal forming processes involve plastic deformation of materials to shape them. The main bulk metal forming processes are forging, extrusion, and rolling. Forging involves compressing material between dies to impart the die shape. Extrusion uses a ram to force material through a die opening to shape its cross-section. Rolling reduces thickness by compressing material between rotating rolls.
Steel construction
This document provides information about I-beams, including:
- I-beams are commonly used in construction and have a high moment of inertia due to their shape, making them resistant to bending.
- The web of the I-beam provides resistance to shear forces.
- Various equations are presented to calculate properties like cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, stresses, and shear stresses for I-beams.
- Different types of steel joints that can be used with I-beams are also described.
I05624751
1. The document investigates factors that affect blow holes in the die casting process of aluminum alloy R14 for automotive compressor parts.
2. An experiment was conducted using Box-Behnken design to study the relationship between casting parameters (pressure, injection speeds, starting position, vacuum pressure) and blow holes.
3. The results found that all parameters significantly affected blow holes, with interactions between casting pressure and injection speed, casting pressure and vacuum pressure, injection speed and starting position, and starting position and injection speed also having effects. The optimum conditions to minimize blow holes were determined.
Unit 3 Design of Fluctuating Loads
Given:
Stresses:
i) 350 N/mm2 for 85% of time
ii) 500 N/mm2 for 3% of time
iii) 400 N/mm2 for 12% of remaining time
Material: Plain carbon steel 50C
Using Miner's rule:
For stress i)
N1/Nf1 = 0.85
Where, N1 is no. of cycles component can withstand at stress 350 N/mm2
Nf1 is no. of cycles to failure at stress 350 N/mm2
Similarly, for other stresses:
N2/Nf2 = 0.03
N3/Nf3 = 0.12
Equ
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Given:
Stresses:
i) 350 N/mm2 for 85% of time
ii) 500 N/mm2 for 3% of time
iii) 400 N/mm2 for 12% of remaining time
Material: Plain carbon steel 50C
Using Miner's rule:
For stress i)
N1/Nf1 = 0.85
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N2/Nf2 = 0.03
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methods of analysis compared are WRC 107, WRC 297 and Method of Finite Elements. To make the
comparison between the methods, one model of nozzle has been developed without reinforcement plate. In this
nozzle it was applied external loads and after the application of the loads, compared the results of stress for the
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1) The document discusses the boundary conditions and design considerations for vacuum chambers. It covers external and internal pressures, temperature ranges, material properties, and relevant construction codes.
2) Key factors include withstanding differential pressures of 1 bar, accommodating temperature changes from room temperature up to bake-out temperatures of 150-300°C, and choosing materials like stainless steel or aluminum alloys that don't outgas at low pressures and temperatures.
3) The document provides steps for calculating the minimum wall thickness of a cylindrical vacuum chamber according to the ASME pressure vessel code, selecting a thickness of 1.6mm to withstand full vacuum pressures.
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2. Advantages of steel structures such as smaller sections, homogeneity, and availability of pre-rolled sections.
3. Limit states design methodology and factors considered, such as load and material factors, compared to allowable stress design.
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Modern aircraft structures are designed using a damage tolerance philosophy. This design philosophy envisions sufficient strength and structural integrity of the aircraft to sustain major damage and to avoid catastrophic failure. The rivet holes location are one of the stress concentration region in fuselage skin. The current study includes a curved sheet with rivet holes is considered as part of the
fuselage skin. During the service life of aircraft fatigue cracks will emanate from rivet holes simultaneously as they experience identical stresses due to internal pressure. In fracture mechanics, Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is an important criterion to evaluate the impact of crack as the magnitude of SIF determines the propagation of crack. The objective is to investigate the SIF for crack emanating from one rivet hole and approaching another using isplacement Extrapolation Method (DEM) in F.E.M that would aid in the determination of the critical nature of such cracks.
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Analysis of Stress in Nozzle/Shell of Cylindrical Pressure Vessel under Inter...
Analysis of Stress in Nozzle/Shell of Cylindrical Pressure Vessel under Inter...
Structural Integrity Analysis: Chapter 2 Fracture Mechanics
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2) A cast iron link transmitting a 45 kN load produces tensile stresses of 50 MPa at section A-A and 64.3 MPa at the narrower section B-B, as calculated using the respective rectangular areas.
22564 emd 1.8
Ergonomics consideration in design focuses on the relationship between humans and machines. Key factors include the design of controls to match human anatomy and posture, the working environment including lighting, noise, temperature and humidity levels, and the energy expenditure required for hand and foot operations. Aesthetic considerations aim to make products appealing through their shape, color, symmetry, balance, materials, surface finish, impression, purpose, variety, continuity and style.
22564 emd 1.7
The document discusses several theories of failure under bi-axial stresses:
1) Rankine's theory states failure occurs when the maximum principal stress reaches the material strength from a tension test.
2) Guest's theory states failure occurs when the maximum shear stress reaches the shear stress at yield from a tension test.
3) Saint Venant's theory states failure occurs when the maximum principal strain reaches the strain at yield from a tension test.
22564 emd 1.6
The document discusses concepts related to fatigue, endurance strength, and creep. It defines fatigue as material failure occurring below the yield point due to repeated stresses. Endurance strength is defined as the maximum completely reversed bending stress a specimen can withstand without failure over an infinite number of cycles. Creep is defined as the slow, permanent deformation of a part subjected to a constant stress at high temperature over a long period of time.
22564 emd 1.5
Standardization involves establishing specifications for product design, testing, and manufacturing to achieve uniformity, quality, interchangeability, and safety. It defines three main types of standards: company, national, and international. Adopting standards provides advantages such as interchangeability, quality, mass production, safety, reduced costs and manufacturing time. The document then describes the Indian Standard (IS) codes for designating different materials based on their mechanical properties and chemical compositions, including various steels, cast irons, and alloys. It also covers the preferred number series used in India to standardize product sizes.
22564 emd 1.3
The document discusses factors of safety in engineering design. It defines factors such as ultimate stress, yield stress, and working stress. Factor of safety is the ratio of the maximum stress to the working stress. For ductile materials like mild steel, factor of safety is based on yield point stress. For brittle materials like cast iron, it is based on ultimate stress. The appropriate factor of safety depends on material properties, test results, load reliability, failure mode certainty, assumptions made, stress concentrations, manufacturing stresses, consequences of failure, and loss of property if failure occurs. Common factor of safety values vary according to material and load conditions.
22564 emd 1.2
This document defines and describes various types of loads, stresses, strains, and stress-strain diagrams. It discusses dead loads, live loads, impact loads, and different types of stresses like tensile, compressive, shear, bending, crushing, and torsional stresses. Principal stresses and strains are also covered. Stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle materials are provided, labeling key points like the proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points, and breaking points. Numerical problems applying these concepts will be covered in subsequent sessions.
22564 emd 1.2 numericals
This document contains 3 engineering design problems involving calculations to determine the necessary dimensions of mechanical components based on given load and stress criteria:
1) Calculate the diameter of a connecting rod given a load of 65kN and maximum tensile stress of 35N/mm^2.
2) Find the minimum punch diameter for a hole in a 20mm thick steel plate under a 380kN force and 300N/mm^2 ultimate shear strength.
3) Determine the suitable diameter of a single eye end on a tractor trolley under a 25kN load based on a maximum bearing pressure of 12N/mm^2.
22564 emd 1.1
This document discusses machine design fundamentals including classification of machine design, general procedures in machine design, and general considerations in machine design. It classifies machine design into adaptive design (minor modifications), development design (major modifications), and new design (completely new concepts). The general procedure in machine design includes recognition of need, synthesis, analysis of forces, material selection, design of elements, modification, detailed drawing, and production. General considerations in machine design cover load and stress analysis, kinematics, material selection, part size and form, friction, cost, safety, and assembly.
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22564 emd 1.4
- 1. 22565 EMD : 1.4 : Fundamental of Design Stress Concentration Definition : It is the irregularity in the stress distribution caused by abrupt changes of form or shape is called stress concentration. Stress Concentration factor It is defined as the ratio of the maximum stress in a member (at a notch or a fillet) to the nominal stress at the same section based upon net area. Kt = Maximum stress / Nominal stress
- 2. 22565 EMD : 1.4 : Fundamental of Design Causes of Stress Concentrations 1) Abrupt or sudden change in cross section e.g. Keyways, steps, grooves 2) Poor surface finish e.g. Rough surface, knurl surface 3) Localized loading e.g. Ball and race, cam & follower 4) Variation in material properties e.g. different material welding, joining 5) Material defects e.g. cracks, flaws, air holes, cavities
- 3. 22565 EMD : 1.4 : Fundamental of Design Remedies for reduce the Stress Concentrations 1) Abrupt or sudden change in cross section 2) Avoid rough surface 3) Avoid pointed localized loading 4) Select proper and uniform material 5) Reduce cracks, flaws, air holes, cavities