Vitamin C is important for collagen production, iron absorption, and decreasing blood pressure. A lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy. Artificial selection has been used for thousands of years by farmers to select traits like increased yield and quality in major crops like cabbage, broccoli, and wheat. More recently, techniques like gene transfer and genetic engineering have allowed for more targeted introduction of specific genes to produce traits like pest resistance (Bt cotton) or increased nutrient levels (Golden Rice). While these techniques can have advantages, issues around gene flow and insect resistance development still need to be addressed.
This document summarizes information about wireworm management in grain production. It discusses what wireworms are, their lifecycle, species that cause damage, and monitoring techniques. It notes that wireworm populations can build up over years and infestations are difficult to control. Crop rotation strategies using brown mustard or buckwheat are effective at reducing wireworm damage. Biological control using fungi like Metarhizium that kill the beetle hosts is also being researched. Proper monitoring of fields is important to assess infestation levels.
Wireworm Management in Horticultural Cropsacornorganic
Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles and can damage a wide variety of crops. They have a 5 year lifecycle and are difficult to control. Brown mustard and buckwheat have been shown to be effective in reducing wireworm populations as part of a crop rotation strategy due to compounds in the plants that are toxic to the larvae. Biological control using the fungus Metarhizium has also shown promise for controlling adult click beetles, which could then reduce wireworm populations over multiple years. Proper crop rotation, monitoring, and biological controls are all important aspects of an integrated wireworm management program.
Thermo-sensitive Wild aborted Cytoplasmic Genic Male Sterility in Rice (Oryza...Premier Publishers
This paper reported a new male sterility system in rice, thermo-sensitive wild aborted cytoplasmic genic male sterility (TCMS-WA) having majority panicles completely exserted. True breeding TCMS-WA lines were developed from the self-progeny of three heterozygous CMS-WA lines (IR 58025A, IR 62829A, and PMS 3A). The plausible explanation for conserving heterozygosity within the genome of CMS-WA parents and its release was put forward. Presence of two different thermo-sensitive nuclear genes, one for inducing TCMS and the other for reverse TCMS character in CMS-WA parents appeared non-allelic and epistatic to the nuclear recessive ‘fr’ gene. Thermo-sensitive genes were found operative in two mutually exclusive environment-influenced genetic thresholds. TCMS-WA lines were superior to CMS-WA parents for homozygosity, panicle exsertion, and fertility-sterility alteration behavior. Genes controlling panicle exsertion were nuclear genes and independent of the cytoplasmic factor. Presence of three different alleles conferring panicle exsertion was postulated and their allelic relationship might be explained as the allele present in R-line was dominant to that in A-line and the allele present in A-line was dominant to that in B-line. Penetrance and expressivity of genes conferring panicle exsertion were elucidated. The major advantages of using TCMS-WA over TGMS for two-line hybrid development was discussed.
Golden Rice is genetically modified rice that contains three introduced genes capable of beta-carotene synthesis, giving the rice kernels a golden yellow color. It was developed to combat vitamin A deficiency, a major cause of blindness and death in children in Southeast Asia where rice is a staple food but does not provide vitamin A. The development of Golden Rice involved transferring three genes - two from daffodils and one from bacteria - to allow the rice to produce beta-carotene. While it provides a sustainable solution and its seeds can be resown, Golden Rice also faces challenges in increasing its beta-carotene levels and transferring the genes to local rice varieties.
Trichogramma spp. are tiny egg parasitoid wasps that are effective biocontrol agents against many pest insects. The female wasp lays eggs into the eggs of pest insects, and the developing wasp larvae consume and kill the pest eggs. This interrupts the pest lifecycle at the egg stage. Trichogramma spp. offer a lower-cost and effective alternative to insecticides for protecting crops. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, a ladybird beetle, and Chrysoperla spp. green lacewings are also important biocontrol agents used against various sucking pests affecting many crops. Their voracious larvae and adults can eliminate entire pest colonies. Fungal pathogens like Beau
Vitamin A deficiency affects hundreds of thousands of children yearly. Golden rice was engineered to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm by introducing phytoene synthase and other genes. New lines of Golden rice produce higher levels of beta-carotene, up to 31 micrograms per gram, through genes from different plants controlled by specific promoters. This helps combat vitamin A deficiency in areas reliant on rice.
The document summarizes research on screening potato germplasm for resistance to Black Scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Twenty potato cultivars were tested using a randomized complete block design with 20 replications. FD 76-78 was found to be resistant with 1% incidence and 1.3 severity rating. Eight cultivars including FD 74-38 were found to be moderately resistant with incidence between 1-10% and severity ratings of 1.3-1.9. Seven cultivars were moderately susceptible with incidence of 11-20% and severity ratings of 2.5-2.7. FD 74-30 and FD 8-1 were susceptible with incidence over 20% and severity over 3.
Vitamin C is important for collagen production, iron absorption, and decreasing blood pressure. A lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy. Artificial selection has been used for thousands of years by farmers to select traits like increased yield and quality in major crops like cabbage, broccoli, and wheat. More recently, techniques like gene transfer and genetic engineering have allowed for more targeted introduction of specific genes to produce traits like pest resistance (Bt cotton) or increased nutrient levels (Golden Rice). While these techniques can have advantages, issues around gene flow and insect resistance development still need to be addressed.
This document summarizes information about wireworm management in grain production. It discusses what wireworms are, their lifecycle, species that cause damage, and monitoring techniques. It notes that wireworm populations can build up over years and infestations are difficult to control. Crop rotation strategies using brown mustard or buckwheat are effective at reducing wireworm damage. Biological control using fungi like Metarhizium that kill the beetle hosts is also being researched. Proper monitoring of fields is important to assess infestation levels.
Wireworm Management in Horticultural Cropsacornorganic
Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles and can damage a wide variety of crops. They have a 5 year lifecycle and are difficult to control. Brown mustard and buckwheat have been shown to be effective in reducing wireworm populations as part of a crop rotation strategy due to compounds in the plants that are toxic to the larvae. Biological control using the fungus Metarhizium has also shown promise for controlling adult click beetles, which could then reduce wireworm populations over multiple years. Proper crop rotation, monitoring, and biological controls are all important aspects of an integrated wireworm management program.
Thermo-sensitive Wild aborted Cytoplasmic Genic Male Sterility in Rice (Oryza...Premier Publishers
This paper reported a new male sterility system in rice, thermo-sensitive wild aborted cytoplasmic genic male sterility (TCMS-WA) having majority panicles completely exserted. True breeding TCMS-WA lines were developed from the self-progeny of three heterozygous CMS-WA lines (IR 58025A, IR 62829A, and PMS 3A). The plausible explanation for conserving heterozygosity within the genome of CMS-WA parents and its release was put forward. Presence of two different thermo-sensitive nuclear genes, one for inducing TCMS and the other for reverse TCMS character in CMS-WA parents appeared non-allelic and epistatic to the nuclear recessive ‘fr’ gene. Thermo-sensitive genes were found operative in two mutually exclusive environment-influenced genetic thresholds. TCMS-WA lines were superior to CMS-WA parents for homozygosity, panicle exsertion, and fertility-sterility alteration behavior. Genes controlling panicle exsertion were nuclear genes and independent of the cytoplasmic factor. Presence of three different alleles conferring panicle exsertion was postulated and their allelic relationship might be explained as the allele present in R-line was dominant to that in A-line and the allele present in A-line was dominant to that in B-line. Penetrance and expressivity of genes conferring panicle exsertion were elucidated. The major advantages of using TCMS-WA over TGMS for two-line hybrid development was discussed.
Golden Rice is genetically modified rice that contains three introduced genes capable of beta-carotene synthesis, giving the rice kernels a golden yellow color. It was developed to combat vitamin A deficiency, a major cause of blindness and death in children in Southeast Asia where rice is a staple food but does not provide vitamin A. The development of Golden Rice involved transferring three genes - two from daffodils and one from bacteria - to allow the rice to produce beta-carotene. While it provides a sustainable solution and its seeds can be resown, Golden Rice also faces challenges in increasing its beta-carotene levels and transferring the genes to local rice varieties.
Trichogramma spp. are tiny egg parasitoid wasps that are effective biocontrol agents against many pest insects. The female wasp lays eggs into the eggs of pest insects, and the developing wasp larvae consume and kill the pest eggs. This interrupts the pest lifecycle at the egg stage. Trichogramma spp. offer a lower-cost and effective alternative to insecticides for protecting crops. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, a ladybird beetle, and Chrysoperla spp. green lacewings are also important biocontrol agents used against various sucking pests affecting many crops. Their voracious larvae and adults can eliminate entire pest colonies. Fungal pathogens like Beau
Vitamin A deficiency affects hundreds of thousands of children yearly. Golden rice was engineered to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm by introducing phytoene synthase and other genes. New lines of Golden rice produce higher levels of beta-carotene, up to 31 micrograms per gram, through genes from different plants controlled by specific promoters. This helps combat vitamin A deficiency in areas reliant on rice.
The document summarizes research on screening potato germplasm for resistance to Black Scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Twenty potato cultivars were tested using a randomized complete block design with 20 replications. FD 76-78 was found to be resistant with 1% incidence and 1.3 severity rating. Eight cultivars including FD 74-38 were found to be moderately resistant with incidence between 1-10% and severity ratings of 1.3-1.9. Seven cultivars were moderately susceptible with incidence of 11-20% and severity ratings of 2.5-2.7. FD 74-30 and FD 8-1 were susceptible with incidence over 20% and severity over 3.
This video provides basic information about spider mites and management (IPM) methods. Recommendations change from time to time, so please refer to latest editions of IPM guide and handbooks. Contact Extension agent in your state for accurate information.
Occurrence and Ear Damage of Helicoverpa zea on Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Maize in the Field in Texas, U.S. and Its Susceptibility to Vip3A Protein
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Biotechnology for Agriculture in Nigeria - Christian Fatokunb4fa
Presentation by Prof Christian Fatokun, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Host range of mungbean yellow mosaic virus (mymv) and influence of age of see...Jayappa Singanodi
Among twelve different plant species belonging to two families viz. Leguminosae and Solanaceae, only leguminous crops such as soybean (Glycin max (L.) Merr.), Pigeonpea (Cajanuscajan (L.) Millsp.), Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were transmitted with MYMV. Seedlings with early inoculation recorded highest per cent transmission. 93.33 per cent transmission was recorded in ten days old seedlings followed 80, 66.66, 46.66 and 33.33 per cent transmission were recorded by 15, 20, 25 and 30 days old seedlings, respectively.
Recent advancement in rust resistence in wheat,dayanand, 01986SDAU
This document provides information about a seminar on recent advancements and current strategies in rust resistance in wheat. It introduces the speaker, Dayanand, and his advisors. The content sections will cover topics like the types and characteristics of rust fungi, milestones in rust research, the importance of rust fungi, conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing rust resistance in wheat, and case studies.
The UN FAO Senior Locust Forecasting Officer, Keith Cressman, gave a 30-minute keynote presentation on Desert Locust management at the 24th International Congress of Entomology (ICE2012), Daegu, South Korea (19-25 August 2012). An overview of Desert Locust biology and population dynamics, economics and FAO's early warning system are presented.
Napier stunt disease is transmitted by a leafhopper vector Maiestas (=Recilia...ILRI
A presentation prepared by Obura E., Midega C., Zeyaur K., Pickett J. and Masiga D. for the ASARECA/ILRI Workshop on Mitigating the Impact of Napier Grass Smut and Stunt Diseases, Addis Ababa, June 2-3, 2010.
This document discusses success stories of developing disease-resistant plant varieties through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. It provides examples of transgenic crops with enhanced traits like increased yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance and pest resistance. Specifically, it mentions golden rice which was engineered to produce beta-carotene, and virus-resistant plants containing viral coat proteins. The document also discusses delayed fruit ripening tomatoes and insect-resistant Bt crops. Overall the document outlines major advances in developing stress-tolerant and nutritionally-enhanced transgenic crops.
Evaluation of Grain Cowpea for Protein and its Inheritance in Anyigba, Kogi S...Premier Publishers
Three cowpea lines are selected based on their percent crude protein and used as parents in crosses in the following Combinations: Sampea-6 (High): IT825-124 (Low); sampea-6 (High) x T89KD-286(Low) and I7825-124 (Low) x 1789KD-288 (Low). In the first cross, the following generations were obtained in addition to the parental reciprocals F1s, reciprocal backcrosses and F2 in the remaining two crosses. Only the reciprocal F1s and F2 population were obtained in addition to the Parental. The F1 means of per cent crude protein content were either closer to or lower than the low protein parent, thus indicating partial dominance to over dominance of low protein over high. No Significant differences were observed between reciprocal F1’s, indicating the absence of maternal effects. The F2 distributions for percent protein were normal, suggesting the involvement of multiple genes, thus supporting the estimate of three major genes with possible modifiers. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 40.77 to 73.4% in the crosses low x low protein to high x low protein. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 26.8 to 40% in the crosses low x low protein to high x low protein. These estimates indicate considerable genetic influence, some of which were additive. In all crosses, negative phenotypic and genotypic correlations predominated for yield, numbers of seeds/pod and number of days to flowering with per cent protein. Significant negative phenotypic correlations were obtained between numbers of pods/plant and per cent protein while, 100-seed weight showed mostly positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with per cent protein. Positive correlations predominated between days to maturity and per cent protein. Some high yielding segregants had high protein percentage, suggesting that high yield and high protein percentage can be combined into a suitable genotype most especially with the weak negative correlations between these characters.
This document provides a review of Potato virus Y (PVY). It discusses that PVY is a positive single-stranded RNA virus that infects potato and other solanaceous crops. The virus has a worldwide distribution and consists of three main strains (PVYO, PVYN, PVYC). PVY is transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner and can also be transmitted through grafting and sap inoculation. The virus causes significant losses in potato crops and is an important pathogen.
This document discusses Potato Virus Y (PVY), one of the most economically significant viruses infecting potatoes. It provides background on potatoes as a crop, outlines the geographic distribution and taxonomy of PVY, and describes the virus's structure, transmission, symptoms, and methods for detection, prevention and control. PVY is transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae and can lead to losses in potato production. The document examines three major strains of PVY and reviews cultural and chemical control strategies.
Genetic engineering technology called Synthetic Genetic Incompatibility (SGI) uses a dCas9-based programmable transcription activator to drive lethal overexpression of a target gene early in embryo development from the mating of an SGI organism and a wild type organism. This creates a genetic barrier to sexual reproduction that could be used to control invasive carp species in US Midwest lakes and rivers. The document describes past demonstration of SGI in yeast and current efforts to demonstrate it in zebrafish and common carp through identification of gene targets and modifications to prevent premature gene activation.
Status of Transgenics in Pest Management: Global and Indian ScenarioJayantyadav94
A transgenic crop plant contains a foreign gene or group of genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. Up to 17 million farmers in 24 countries planted 189.8 million hectares (469 million acres) in 2017, an increase of 3% or 4.7 million hectares (11.6 million acres) from 2016.
This document summarizes disease control and pest management strategies for cassava production. It discusses the need to increase cassava yields to meet growing demand. The main challenges are poor adoption of improved varieties and threats from pests and diseases. It outlines the major cassava pests and diseases found across different regions. Effective management requires an integrated approach considering genotype, environment, and agronomic practices. Clean planting material and surveillance are important to control diseases like cassava mosaic and brown streak viruses.
Cassava Green Mite - A case study of Biological Control - CopyJawwad Mirza
This document discusses the cassava green mite, an invasive pest of cassava crops in Africa. It was accidentally introduced from South America in the 1970s and has since spread to 27 countries, reducing cassava yields by up to 80%. Cultural control and pesticides provided limited success in managing the mite. In the 1980s, predatory mites from Brazil, including five Tryphlodromalus species, were introduced through classical biological control. One species, T. aripo, established widely and reduced mite populations by 90%, increasing cassava yields by 35% and providing $60 million in benefits annually. Conservation biological control using these predatory mites has successfully managed the cassava green mite pest
Whitefly and Aphid Biology - Mr. Peter GoodellAimee Brooks
This document discusses preventing sticky cotton caused by whiteflies and aphids. It notes that early whitefly populations are being missed and surrounding areas are putting more pressure on cotton fields. The goal is to address these issues. It provides information on the biology and life cycles of whiteflies and aphids. It discusses the problems sticky honeydew causes in spinning mills. Cultural, biological and chemical management approaches are described, emphasizing the need for scouting, thresholds and integrating control methods.
The Green Revolution was based on the spread of new wheat H.Y.V.s from Mexico and rice from the Philippines. It was the result of an intensive plant breeding programme that relied on brilliant applied science and some luck which indeed saved the lives of one billion people. But the task of feeding the world will be even more difficult in years to come. By 2050 the world’s population will exceed nine billion, and combined environmental crises mean that we must produce much more food on less land with less water, fewer agrochemicals and less fossil fuel, while still maintaining biodiversity (Conway and Toenniessen, 1999).
The pioneering work of Marc Van Montagu, Mary-Dell Chilton, and Robert Fraley contributed to the emergence of a new term, "agricultural biotechnology," and set the stage for second green revolution with novel traits (world food prize, 2017). However, over regulation is hindering its adoption, especially in agriculture. Field trials for 21 GM food crops, including GM vegetables and cereals have been approved by the government though commercial cultivation of GM food has not been permitted by any State government in India till now (Vidya Venkat, 2016). Currently, India has the world’s fifth largest GM crop acreage surpassing China’s 3.9 million hectares (mh), while equaling that of Canada’s 13.1 mh (ISAAA, 2017). There have been dramatic increases in the total acreage planted. soybeans (50%), Corn (30%), cotton (14%) and canola (5%) are the major biotech crops grown commercially on a large scale and have become an integral part of international agricultural production and trade.
Biotechnologies, from traditional breeding methods to genetic manipulation in the laboratory, have been shown to have both positive and negative potentialities. Scientists have a responsibility for the knowledge and technical innovations that they produce but the outcomes mainly depend upon economic, political and social factors. It seems essential that individual governments and the international community regulate both the science and the commercial applications.
This document discusses non-host and near-host resistance in cereal crops to rust pathogens. It provides examples of resistance identified in barley to different formae speciales of Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. Genetic analysis of resistance in barley crosses identified single gene and quantitative inheritance patterns. Near-host resistance genes from barley were also found to provide resistance across different rust pathogens. The document outlines ongoing work to fine map and clone resistance genes for potential transfer to other cereal crops.
This is a short update about some new vegetable insecticides suitable for chewing and sucking insect pest control. This is preliminary information - please contact your Extension service and industry personnel for recent recommendations. Insecticide label is the law - please follow the label! For IPM articles, newsletters and training videos, visit www.aces.edu/vegetableipm.
This study screened 90 castor genotypes to identify early maturing varieties. A wide range of variability was found across 13 measured traits. 26 genotypes matured within 150 days while 64 matured after 151 days. Significant positive correlations were found between days to maturity and plant height and number of internodes. However, days to maturity was negatively correlated with number of racemes and seed yield per plant. Several promising early maturing and high yielding genotypes were identified that could be further selected to develop varieties that are both early maturing and high yielding.
This video provides basic information about spider mites and management (IPM) methods. Recommendations change from time to time, so please refer to latest editions of IPM guide and handbooks. Contact Extension agent in your state for accurate information.
Occurrence and Ear Damage of Helicoverpa zea on Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Maize in the Field in Texas, U.S. and Its Susceptibility to Vip3A Protein
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Biotechnology for Agriculture in Nigeria - Christian Fatokunb4fa
Presentation by Prof Christian Fatokun, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Host range of mungbean yellow mosaic virus (mymv) and influence of age of see...Jayappa Singanodi
Among twelve different plant species belonging to two families viz. Leguminosae and Solanaceae, only leguminous crops such as soybean (Glycin max (L.) Merr.), Pigeonpea (Cajanuscajan (L.) Millsp.), Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were transmitted with MYMV. Seedlings with early inoculation recorded highest per cent transmission. 93.33 per cent transmission was recorded in ten days old seedlings followed 80, 66.66, 46.66 and 33.33 per cent transmission were recorded by 15, 20, 25 and 30 days old seedlings, respectively.
Recent advancement in rust resistence in wheat,dayanand, 01986SDAU
This document provides information about a seminar on recent advancements and current strategies in rust resistance in wheat. It introduces the speaker, Dayanand, and his advisors. The content sections will cover topics like the types and characteristics of rust fungi, milestones in rust research, the importance of rust fungi, conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing rust resistance in wheat, and case studies.
The UN FAO Senior Locust Forecasting Officer, Keith Cressman, gave a 30-minute keynote presentation on Desert Locust management at the 24th International Congress of Entomology (ICE2012), Daegu, South Korea (19-25 August 2012). An overview of Desert Locust biology and population dynamics, economics and FAO's early warning system are presented.
Napier stunt disease is transmitted by a leafhopper vector Maiestas (=Recilia...ILRI
A presentation prepared by Obura E., Midega C., Zeyaur K., Pickett J. and Masiga D. for the ASARECA/ILRI Workshop on Mitigating the Impact of Napier Grass Smut and Stunt Diseases, Addis Ababa, June 2-3, 2010.
This document discusses success stories of developing disease-resistant plant varieties through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. It provides examples of transgenic crops with enhanced traits like increased yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance and pest resistance. Specifically, it mentions golden rice which was engineered to produce beta-carotene, and virus-resistant plants containing viral coat proteins. The document also discusses delayed fruit ripening tomatoes and insect-resistant Bt crops. Overall the document outlines major advances in developing stress-tolerant and nutritionally-enhanced transgenic crops.
Evaluation of Grain Cowpea for Protein and its Inheritance in Anyigba, Kogi S...Premier Publishers
Three cowpea lines are selected based on their percent crude protein and used as parents in crosses in the following Combinations: Sampea-6 (High): IT825-124 (Low); sampea-6 (High) x T89KD-286(Low) and I7825-124 (Low) x 1789KD-288 (Low). In the first cross, the following generations were obtained in addition to the parental reciprocals F1s, reciprocal backcrosses and F2 in the remaining two crosses. Only the reciprocal F1s and F2 population were obtained in addition to the Parental. The F1 means of per cent crude protein content were either closer to or lower than the low protein parent, thus indicating partial dominance to over dominance of low protein over high. No Significant differences were observed between reciprocal F1’s, indicating the absence of maternal effects. The F2 distributions for percent protein were normal, suggesting the involvement of multiple genes, thus supporting the estimate of three major genes with possible modifiers. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 40.77 to 73.4% in the crosses low x low protein to high x low protein. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 26.8 to 40% in the crosses low x low protein to high x low protein. These estimates indicate considerable genetic influence, some of which were additive. In all crosses, negative phenotypic and genotypic correlations predominated for yield, numbers of seeds/pod and number of days to flowering with per cent protein. Significant negative phenotypic correlations were obtained between numbers of pods/plant and per cent protein while, 100-seed weight showed mostly positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with per cent protein. Positive correlations predominated between days to maturity and per cent protein. Some high yielding segregants had high protein percentage, suggesting that high yield and high protein percentage can be combined into a suitable genotype most especially with the weak negative correlations between these characters.
This document provides a review of Potato virus Y (PVY). It discusses that PVY is a positive single-stranded RNA virus that infects potato and other solanaceous crops. The virus has a worldwide distribution and consists of three main strains (PVYO, PVYN, PVYC). PVY is transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner and can also be transmitted through grafting and sap inoculation. The virus causes significant losses in potato crops and is an important pathogen.
This document discusses Potato Virus Y (PVY), one of the most economically significant viruses infecting potatoes. It provides background on potatoes as a crop, outlines the geographic distribution and taxonomy of PVY, and describes the virus's structure, transmission, symptoms, and methods for detection, prevention and control. PVY is transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae and can lead to losses in potato production. The document examines three major strains of PVY and reviews cultural and chemical control strategies.
Genetic engineering technology called Synthetic Genetic Incompatibility (SGI) uses a dCas9-based programmable transcription activator to drive lethal overexpression of a target gene early in embryo development from the mating of an SGI organism and a wild type organism. This creates a genetic barrier to sexual reproduction that could be used to control invasive carp species in US Midwest lakes and rivers. The document describes past demonstration of SGI in yeast and current efforts to demonstrate it in zebrafish and common carp through identification of gene targets and modifications to prevent premature gene activation.
Status of Transgenics in Pest Management: Global and Indian ScenarioJayantyadav94
A transgenic crop plant contains a foreign gene or group of genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. Up to 17 million farmers in 24 countries planted 189.8 million hectares (469 million acres) in 2017, an increase of 3% or 4.7 million hectares (11.6 million acres) from 2016.
This document summarizes disease control and pest management strategies for cassava production. It discusses the need to increase cassava yields to meet growing demand. The main challenges are poor adoption of improved varieties and threats from pests and diseases. It outlines the major cassava pests and diseases found across different regions. Effective management requires an integrated approach considering genotype, environment, and agronomic practices. Clean planting material and surveillance are important to control diseases like cassava mosaic and brown streak viruses.
Cassava Green Mite - A case study of Biological Control - CopyJawwad Mirza
This document discusses the cassava green mite, an invasive pest of cassava crops in Africa. It was accidentally introduced from South America in the 1970s and has since spread to 27 countries, reducing cassava yields by up to 80%. Cultural control and pesticides provided limited success in managing the mite. In the 1980s, predatory mites from Brazil, including five Tryphlodromalus species, were introduced through classical biological control. One species, T. aripo, established widely and reduced mite populations by 90%, increasing cassava yields by 35% and providing $60 million in benefits annually. Conservation biological control using these predatory mites has successfully managed the cassava green mite pest
Whitefly and Aphid Biology - Mr. Peter GoodellAimee Brooks
This document discusses preventing sticky cotton caused by whiteflies and aphids. It notes that early whitefly populations are being missed and surrounding areas are putting more pressure on cotton fields. The goal is to address these issues. It provides information on the biology and life cycles of whiteflies and aphids. It discusses the problems sticky honeydew causes in spinning mills. Cultural, biological and chemical management approaches are described, emphasizing the need for scouting, thresholds and integrating control methods.
The Green Revolution was based on the spread of new wheat H.Y.V.s from Mexico and rice from the Philippines. It was the result of an intensive plant breeding programme that relied on brilliant applied science and some luck which indeed saved the lives of one billion people. But the task of feeding the world will be even more difficult in years to come. By 2050 the world’s population will exceed nine billion, and combined environmental crises mean that we must produce much more food on less land with less water, fewer agrochemicals and less fossil fuel, while still maintaining biodiversity (Conway and Toenniessen, 1999).
The pioneering work of Marc Van Montagu, Mary-Dell Chilton, and Robert Fraley contributed to the emergence of a new term, "agricultural biotechnology," and set the stage for second green revolution with novel traits (world food prize, 2017). However, over regulation is hindering its adoption, especially in agriculture. Field trials for 21 GM food crops, including GM vegetables and cereals have been approved by the government though commercial cultivation of GM food has not been permitted by any State government in India till now (Vidya Venkat, 2016). Currently, India has the world’s fifth largest GM crop acreage surpassing China’s 3.9 million hectares (mh), while equaling that of Canada’s 13.1 mh (ISAAA, 2017). There have been dramatic increases in the total acreage planted. soybeans (50%), Corn (30%), cotton (14%) and canola (5%) are the major biotech crops grown commercially on a large scale and have become an integral part of international agricultural production and trade.
Biotechnologies, from traditional breeding methods to genetic manipulation in the laboratory, have been shown to have both positive and negative potentialities. Scientists have a responsibility for the knowledge and technical innovations that they produce but the outcomes mainly depend upon economic, political and social factors. It seems essential that individual governments and the international community regulate both the science and the commercial applications.
This document discusses non-host and near-host resistance in cereal crops to rust pathogens. It provides examples of resistance identified in barley to different formae speciales of Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. Genetic analysis of resistance in barley crosses identified single gene and quantitative inheritance patterns. Near-host resistance genes from barley were also found to provide resistance across different rust pathogens. The document outlines ongoing work to fine map and clone resistance genes for potential transfer to other cereal crops.
This is a short update about some new vegetable insecticides suitable for chewing and sucking insect pest control. This is preliminary information - please contact your Extension service and industry personnel for recent recommendations. Insecticide label is the law - please follow the label! For IPM articles, newsletters and training videos, visit www.aces.edu/vegetableipm.
This study screened 90 castor genotypes to identify early maturing varieties. A wide range of variability was found across 13 measured traits. 26 genotypes matured within 150 days while 64 matured after 151 days. Significant positive correlations were found between days to maturity and plant height and number of internodes. However, days to maturity was negatively correlated with number of racemes and seed yield per plant. Several promising early maturing and high yielding genotypes were identified that could be further selected to develop varieties that are both early maturing and high yielding.
Brad lewis managing western pecan insectshastytasty
This document provides an overview of the primary insect pests affecting western pecan production, including aphids, pecan nut casebearer, and pecan weevil. It describes the biology and life cycles of each pest as well as methods for monitoring and managing infestations. In particular, it outlines economic thresholds for treatment, integrated pest management considerations and available control options like insecticides. The goal is to help pecan growers in western regions make informed decisions about pest control based on regional differences in pest pressure, cultivars and orchard conditions.
The document discusses challenges for crop protection and managing pests with fewer pesticides. It notes that factors like climate change, less crop diversity, and broad spectrum pesticides can promote pest issues. The document advocates for integrated pest management approaches that combine host plant resistance, biological control, and targeted pesticide use. It provides examples of ongoing research into alternatives like pheromone monitoring systems, resistant varieties, and lure-and-kill technologies using aggregation pheromones and entomopathogenic fungi. The conclusion calls for more diversified and preventative strategies through professional agronomy support and information sharing.
This document discusses major pests and diseases that affect paddy crops, including rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, false smut, and brown spot. It also covers insect pests like the yellow stem borer, gall midge, green leafhopper, brown plant hopper, and rice earhead bug. Cultural practices to control these pests include clipping seedling tips, using short-stature varieties, destroying crop residues, draining fields, and synchronizing planting dates. The document also outlines biological control methods using parasitoids, predators, and habitat manipulation.
This document discusses several global environmental issues and concerns for the 21st century, including climate change, natural resource depletion, ozone depletion, and loss of biodiversity. It then summarizes the role of agricultural biotechnology in addressing issues of sustainability, crop productivity, and food security. The document outlines how biotechnology can be used to develop stress-tolerant and higher-yielding crop varieties, as well as transfer useful traits from wild plants. However, it notes biotechnology must be properly regulated and accompanied by risk assessment. The document provides examples of how biotechnology has been applied in agriculture, including Bt technology to engineer pest-resistant crops like cotton. It concludes that biotechnology has the potential to increase food production but that both
Genetic Improvements to the Sterile Insect Technique for Agricultural & Publi...Shweta Patel
Genetically modified insects show promise for improving the sterile insect technique used in agriculture and public health. The sterile insect technique works by releasing sterile male insects that outcompete wild males for mates. This reduces the population over time. Genetic modifications can enhance this approach by adding visible markers or making the insects more competitive. Transgenic insects directly impact disease transmission by disrupting parasites inside the insect. Paratransgenic methods modify insect symbionts to express proteins harmful to pathogens. Several programs have successfully used sterile and transgenic insects to control pests like pink bollworm and disease vectors such as mosquitoes. Genetic improvements continue to enhance sterile insect techniques.
This document summarizes information about the bean plataspid (Megacopta cribraria), also known as the kudzu bug. It was first discovered in the US in 2009 in Georgia. It has since spread to 12 eastern states and may continue expanding its range. It feeds on kudzu and soybeans, causing up to 20% yield loss in soybeans. As an invasive pest, it impacts homeowners and international trade. Biological control using egg parasitoids from its native range shows potential. The document provides details on its identification, life cycle, host range, monitoring, management, and research into its impacts and control.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Ian King (University of Nottingham, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
The document summarizes a vegetable entomology workshop covering major insect pests of sweet potatoes and other vegetables in the Southeast U.S. It discusses six major sweet potato insect pests, their identification, damage, and integrated pest management approaches. It also introduces new insecticide options and summarizes the results of an insect monitoring project on vegetable pests in Alabama. Participants are encouraged to subscribe to insect advisories and a new integrated pest management website.
In nature, insects use organic compounds called pheromones to communicate with each other, sending signals to help them attract a mate, send alarm signals or otherwise affect behaviour.
Insect Science's focus is on developing responsible pest-management solutions for the monitoring and control of insects that cause damage to commercial crops, stored food such as grains, and pests found in the home and garden.
We have spent over two decades researching insects and their behaviour in order to develop innovative products that imitate natural processes. As such, we are a leader in the development and manufacture of semiochemical* based products – an important building block of sustainable responsible pest management (RPM) strategies that form part of a broader integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.
With the help of our targeted pest-management solutions, farmers and homeowners can produce environmentally safe crops and plants with zero harmful residues.
Who is Insect Science?
Insect Science® is a semiochemical company in South Africa where a young innovative team pursues responsible solutions to pest management.
The document discusses biocontrol agents and their uses. It begins with an introduction to the topic and a definition of biocontrol. It then describes the different types of biocontrol agents including parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. Specific examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses the history of biocontrol, techniques used, and concludes with details on how certain biocontrol agents can be applied for pest control in agriculture.
The document discusses biocontrol agents and their uses. It begins with an introduction to biocontrol and then describes the different types of biocontrol agents including parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. Specific examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses the history of biocontrol, techniques such as introduction, augmentation and conservation. It notes the merits of biocontrol including being environmentally friendly and cost effective, and potential demerits such as not completely destroying pests. In conclusion, it emphasizes creating awareness, fully utilizing existing biocontrol laboratories, and obtaining information to ensure success of biocontrol programs.
Wheat blast is an emerging fungal disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae that poses a serious threat to global wheat production. It was first discovered in Brazil in 1985 and has since spread to other parts of South America. In 2016, it was observed for the first time in Bangladesh. Wheat is a highly important food crop worldwide, providing 20% of global calorie intake. Effective management of wheat blast is challenging due to limited resistance genes identified so far and the unreliable control by fungicides. Host resistance and surveillance are currently the most effective control strategies to prevent further global spread of this disease.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
This document discusses several polyphagous chewing pests that damage crops:
1. The American bollworm is a widespread pest with over 150 host plants including cotton, pulses, and vegetables. It has multiple generations per year and causes damage by feeding within buds and bolls.
2. The tobacco leaf eating caterpillar feeds on many crops like castor, groundnut and tomato. Its larvae feed on leaves and can defoliate entire tobacco nurseries.
3. The Gujarat hairy caterpillar migrates between hedges and crops, causing damage during outbreaks. Control involves destroying hibernating pupae and using light traps or insecticides.
4. Locust species
Bio insecticidal potentials of testa powder of melon, citrullus vulgaris schr...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the potential for melon testa powder to reduce infestation of maize grains by the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Maize mixed with varying dosages of melon testa powder was infested with weevils for 28 days. The melon testa powder significantly reduced oviposition and natality of S. zeamais but did not significantly increase mortality. Testa powder from melon seeds shows potential as a natural grain protectant for storage pest management by reducing egg-laying and offspring of maize weevils.
Whitefly Management Review - Larry GodfreyAimee Brooks
This document discusses the management of whiteflies in cotton. It provides background on whitefly issues in California cotton in the late 1980s/early 1990s and research conducted since then. Key points discussed include:
- New whitefly biotypes caused problems starting in the early 1990s in the Imperial Valley and Southern CA.
- Research focused on developing sampling protocols and insecticide recommendations based on work in Arizona.
- Populations developed earlier than expected in some years, resulting in shifts to insecticide timing and products used.
- Ongoing research evaluated multiple active ingredients and treatment timings to manage whiteflies and prevent other pests or resistance.
- Harvest aids were found to need tankmixing with insecticides to
Steve Groff has been a pioneer in no-till and cover cropping for over 30 years. He began no-tilling in 1982 and planting green in 1984. Through improved soil management practices like interseeding cover crops and planting green, Groff has increased the organic matter of his soils from 2.0% to 5.5% over 30 years. He advocates treating cover crops like cash crops by selecting diverse species mixtures and terminating them at the right time to maximize soil health and nutrient cycling benefits. Groff's experience demonstrates how cover cropping can improve soils and farm profitability over the long term.
The Ontario Bean Growers board is here for you! Come learn about OBG llllllactivities and project investments and hear from a dry bean farmer about tips on a successful harvest.Jennifer Mitchell, Ontario Bean Growers; Brendan Louwagie, dry bean grower and Thompsons Limited agronomist, Meghan Moran, OMAFRA Canola & Edible Bean Specialist
Review of the latest research on corn nitrogen fertilizer. Specifically covering the long-term impact of nitrogen fertilizer rates on soil health and new technologies to better predict nitrogen fertilizer requirements in corn. Joshua Nasielski, University of Guelph
The document discusses crop production and markets for corn, soybeans, wheat, and canola in the United States, Canada, and globally. Some key points:
- US corn production in 2020 is estimated to be the largest since 2016 at 94.1 million acres planted.
- Corn futures prices are expected to trade based on expectations of a large US crop until something changes that outlook.
- Nearly 50% of the global soybean supply is consumed in China, but US soybeans currently face a 25% tariff, reducing Chinese imports.
- Only about 12% of North American wheat is soft red wheat, the type often traded, so wheat news does not always strongly impact cash bids.
- In Ontario
This document discusses various topics related to soil compaction from agricultural equipment, including:
- Definitions of soil compaction and the factors that influence it
- Methods for reducing compaction, such as improving soil quality, avoiding wet soils, using larger tires with lower pressure
- How compaction affects soils and crop growth over time
- Measurements of load distribution in soils from different tires and inflation pressures
- Interpreting information provided on tire sidewalls
The document discusses the principles and benefits of precision agriculture. It describes defining soil zones using layers of data on yield, weather, and management. Inputs like soil testing and fertility are tailored to each zone. Variable-rate technology allows applying inputs like seed or fertilizer based on zone needs. Precision agronomy is evaluated by measuring success factors like yield and economics over multiple years, finding improved and more consistent results compared to average agronomy.
Advanced cover cropping strategies for specific goals and how to evaluate them. Grower Panel: Dan Petker, Petker Farms and Rick Kootstra, Kootstra Farms
Advanced cover cropping strategies for specific goals and how to evaluate them. Grower Panel: Dan Petker, Petker Farms and Rick Kootstra, Kootstra Farms
Stuart Adams operates a 2500 acre farm in Quebec and is looking to implement controlled traffic farming (CTF) to improve soil health and farming efficiency. He has experienced issues with soil compaction and seen yield benefits from reduced compaction. CTF will create permanent traffic lanes to minimize compaction between rows. Implementation will be gradual due to equipment and capital costs as well as challenging field conditions and the need for ongoing drainage work. While technology can help with CTF, seasonal challenges have limited investment and progress will take time given the size of the operation.
From compaction to tile spacing, learn the many factors
that determine the best drainage system for profit and environmental benefit. Peter Johnson, RealAgriculture & Jesse Tait, Tait Farm Drainage
The document provides an overview and outlook of commodity markets in 2020, with a focus on US and Canadian/Ontario market situations and projections. It summarizes key data on crop and livestock production, exports, prices, and supply/demand balances for major commodities like corn, soybeans, beef, and pork in the US and Ontario from 2007-2019. Projections show stable-to-increasing production and exports for most commodities in North America through 2021.
1) The 2019 growing season in Ontario was one of the wettest on record, resulting in hundreds of thousands of acres left unseeded or reseeded for soybeans.
2) County-level soybean yield statistics for 2019 show yields ranging from 25 to 56 bushels per acre depending on the county, with an overall Ontario yield of 45 bushels per acre.
3) Research studies showed that while planting soybeans in early June rather than mid-May resulted in some yield loss, adapting maturity dates and varieties can help mitigate these delays. Foliar fertilizers and inoculants did not increase yields.
Basic to advanced approaches to reducing traffic compaction in the field. Grower Panel: Warren Schneckenburger, Cedar Lodge Farms; Stuart Adams, Continuum Textiles & Tony Balkwill, Nithfield Advanced Agronomy
The behind the scenes of today’s satellite imagery technology and what it can do for your farm. Leander Campbell, AAFC Ottawa, Chris Olbach, Corteva Agriscience and Alex Whitley, Taranis
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdfBharat Mata
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Presentation by Rebecca Sachs and Joshua Varcie, analysts in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the 13th Annual Conference of the American Society of Health Economists.
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemesnarinav14
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
How To Cultivate Community Affinity Throughout The Generosity JourneyAggregage
This session will dive into how to create rich generosity experiences that foster long-lasting relationships. You’ll walk away with actionable insights to redefine how you engage with your supporters — emphasizing trust, engagement, and community!
The Power of Community Newsletters: A Case Study from Wolverton and Greenleys...Scribe
YOU WILL DISCOVER:
The engaging history and evolution of Wolverton and Greenleys Town Council's newsletter
Strategies for producing a successful community newsletter and generating income through advertising
The decision-making process behind moving newsletter design from in-house to outsourcing and its impacts
Dive into the success story of Wolverton and Greenleys Town Council's newsletter in this insightful webinar. Hear from Mandy Shipp and Jemma English about the newsletter's journey from its inception to becoming a vital part of their community's communication, including its history, production process, and revenue generation through advertising. Discover the reasons behind outsourcing its design and the benefits this brought. Ideal for anyone involved in community engagement or interested in starting their own newsletter.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Striacosta albicosta (Smith), Arizona, 18871, 2.
Occurred in Colombia, Mexico, SW United States
Outlying records: southern Idaho and Iowa
Western bean cutworm
Photo by J. Obermeyer, Purdue
1 Smith 1887, 2LaFontaine and Gill 2004
3. WBC Range Expansion
Grey – Original Range
Yellow – Expansion since 2000
From: Ecology and Management of the
Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) in Corn and Dry Beans J Integr
Pest Manag. 2010;1(1):A1-A10.
doi:10.1603/IPM10003
4. Larval Behaviour in Corn vs Beans
• WBC behave differently in corn vs. beans
• In corn, you can see all stages of the insect during
the day
– Easily find eggs on leaves or larvae in ear later in the
season
• In beans, only young larvae active during the day.
Mid to late instars active at night, moving plant to
plant each night to feed. Hide in ground during day
– Very difficult to find any life stage on the plant prior to pod
feeding/holes appearing
6. Pupation and Moth Emergence
• Larvae drop to the ground in fall to make pre-pupal chamber
• Stay all winter in pre-pupal stage
• Pupate in soil in May and June
• Moths begin to emerge from pupae in Ontario soils in early
July (UGRC, 2011-2013)
• Emergence occurs earlier upwind
from Ontario since traps begin to
catch moths in early June
• Emergence is staggered, given that
trap catches continue for over three
months
8. Migrant and Resident Populations
• Carried in via weather fronts from neighbouring
states, prior to our resident population emerging
• Resident moths also fly and get carried across
Ontario, into Quebec, NY and Atlantic provinces
(PEI and Nova Scotia confirmed in 2017)
9. Adult Moths
• Moths present in Ontario from June until early
September, with avg. peak flight in late July
• Females emerge first, reach sexual maturity in 4-6
days and mate approx. 3 times
• Lay 3- 400 eggs in lifespan
• Average lifespan of males and females is 7 and 9
days, respectively
10. Moths fly at night but
you might find them
resting in the leaf
axils during the day
MSU research found
that the bulk of
moths were flying
around between
1 am – 3 am
T. Baute, OMAFRA
11. J. Smith, UGRC
WBC Moth Identification
• Approximately 2 cm in length
• White band along wing margins
• Full moon and boomerang markings on each wing
• Wing folds over the other, almost lining up with each other
at the tip
14. Corn Growth Stage is Key
• If there is no tassel inside the whorl, the newly
hatched larvae die within a day or two
• Eggs laid on young corn plants will die
• Focus on fields that at least have a tassel
developing inside the whorl
• Cues for adults from tassel and silk tissue?
• Variable growth stages in fields complicate
scouting
15. WBC Eggs
• Egg masses have an average of 50-84 eggs
• Longitudinal striations like cantaloupe
• Pearly-white when fresh
• Hatch in 5 to 7 days
(temp. dependant)
• Peak egg laying shortly
after peak flight
16. Assessing age of egg mass
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pearl
white
Light
tan
PurpleDark
tan
Hatch
C. DiFonzo, MSU
17. Larvae
• Goes through 6 instars in approx. 30 days
• ~2 mm (1st) to ~34 mm (6th) in length
• Initially feed on their eggshell, then can only
survive on tassel, pollen (flower), silks or kernels
(pod and seeds) – little to no leaf feeding
• Not cannibalistic – can have multiple per ear
• Actively move from plant to plant
18. Last Instars
5th and 6th instars
T. Baute, OMAFRA
Two distinct bands
behind head
19. 10 feet across rows
Larval dispersal
Infestations can
be spotty!
21. Economic injury by WBC
Yield loss of 3.6-15 bu/ac with
one larva per plant
Grain quality loss
Secondary pests
Mycotoxins
C. DiFonzo, MSU
C. DiFonzo, MSU
22. The pest complex
Western Bean
Cutworm
Fusarium Ear Rot/Gibberella Ear Rot
& Mycotoxins
Injury
Silk
23. What are Mycotoxins?
Mycotoxins = toxic metabolites of fungi
Mycotoxin Commodity Fungal source(s) Effects of ingestion
Deoxynivalenol (DON)
(Vomitoxin)
Wheat, corn, barley
Fusarium graminearum Human toxicoses India,
China, Japan, and Korea.
Toxic to animals,
especially pigs.
Fusarium crookwellense
Fusarium culmorum
Zearalenone (ZEN) Corn, wheat F. graminearum Possible human
carcinogen (IARC). Affects
reproductive system in
female pigs.
F. culmorum
F. crookwellense
Ochratoxin A (OTA) Barley, wheat, and many
other commodities
Aspergillus ochraceus Suspected by IARC as
human carcinogen.
Carcinogenic in laboratory
animals and pigs.
Penicillium verrucosum
Fumonisin B1 Corn Fusarium moniliforme plus
several less common
species
Suspected by IARC as
human carcinogen. Toxic
to pigs and poultry. Cause
of ELEM, a fatal disease of
horses.
Aflatoxin B1, B2
Corn, peanuts, and many
other commodities
Aspergillus flavus Potent human carcinogens
by IARC. Adverse effects in
various animals, especially
chickens.
Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 Corn, peanuts Aspergillus parasiticus
http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/x5008e/x5008e01.htm
24. Risks associated with mycotoxins in grain
Feed quality
Detrimental effects on livestock
Ethanol production
Initial mycotoxin concentration is concentrated by 3X in DDGS
Trade and marketing implications
Rejection
Downgraded grain
Financial penalties
Mycotoxin Commodity Canada Commodity USA
Deoxynivalenol
(mg/kg=ppm)
Uncleaned soft
wheat for human
consumption
2 ppm Finished wheat products 1 ppm
Deoxynivalenol Diets for cattle &
poultry
5 ppm Grains and grain by-products
destined for ruminating beef and
feedlot cattle older than 4 months
and chickens (not exceeding
50% of the cattle or chicken total
diet)
10 ppm
Deoxynivalenol Diets for swine,
young calves, &
lactating dairy
animals
1 ppm Grains and grain by-products (not
exceeding 40% of the diet)
5 ppm
www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/feeds/regulatory-guidance/rg-8/eng/1347383943203/1347384015909?chap=1#s1c1
25. Deoxynivalenol (DON) in Ontario corn
Frequent issue in Ontario grain corn
DON 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
<0.5 ppm
75%
85% 84% 66% 75% 48% 69%
0.5-<2.0 ppm 11% 14% 25% 20% 26% 17%
≥2.0 ppm 24% 4% 2% 9% 5% 26% 14%
OMAFRA Survey, A. Tenuta and B. Rosser 2017
45% samples > 3ppm
28. Insects and mycotoxins
Fall armyworm,
corn earworm
& fumonisins
Sap beetles
European corn borer
J. Obermeyer, Purdue
J. Obermeyer, Purdue P. Porter, TAMU
29. ECB and DON
Bt corn reduced DON by ~60% when infested with high
intensity (>4 cm stalk tunneling) of ECB
DON (ppm)
1996 1997 1998 1999 Avg
Non-Bt isoline 1.25 0.51 1.15 1.19 0.96
Bt 0.45 0.36 0.69 1.06 0.57
P-value <0.0001 0.02 0.0019 0.51 <0.0001
Schaafsma et al. 2002 Plant Disease
34. Insecticide Efficacy
2011: 2 sites with 77 and 85% plants with WBC egg masses
Field-scale plots (3.6 × 18 m), 4 reps, RCBD, Non-Bt or Cry1Ab corn
Applied at early VT (~90% tassel emergence) with high-clearance
sprayer
WBC Injury
No significant differences
in DON or yield
Incidence 72-88%
Severity 75-95%
40. Treatment effect, no Bt effect
Observed greater reduction in DON with insecticide than fungicide
Low DON levels, fungicide-only treatments may have been applied too
late (late R1-R2), silk infection occurred and insect injury not controlled.
No difference in DON due to application timing of insecticide + fungicide
Effect on total DON
(p<0.05, ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer)
44. Trapping for WBC
• Indicate moth presence in a region
• Indicate when peak flight and peak egg laying
likely
• Trap counts do not determine if threshold has
been reached (only catching males)
• Very important for areas outside the original hot
spots to trap
• >2500 trap locations over 10 years, captured
over 858,000 WBC moths in Ontario!
51. Scouting in Corn for WBC
• If traps are catching moths, focus on fields in the
pre-tassel to full tassel stages
• Scout 10 plants in ideal growth stage, in 10 areas of
the field (100 plants each time)
• Scout every 5 to 6 days, for at least 3 weeks
• Count the # of plants with egg masses
• Accumulate # of plants over the 3 week period
• Be area of variable growth stages in each field.
Focus scouting in the areas of the field in the ideal
stages
52. Walk corn rows with plants between you and the sun. Eggs leave shadows!
54. Adjusted WBC Corn Threshold
• Previous threshold and timing were:
– 5% of plants scouted with egg masses and/or
small larvae (decreased from 8% in Nebraska)
– spray at full tassel when majority of egg masses
have hatched
55. Adjusted WBC Corn Threshold
• Previous threshold and timing were:
– 5% of plants scouted with egg masses and/or small
larvae
– spray at full tassel when majority of egg masses have
hatched
• Modified threshold for Great Lakes
– cumulative 5% threshold – when 5% of the plants over
a two or three week period have had egg masses
and/or small larvae
– even lower threshold likely needed, if growing a
Fusarium susceptible hybrid
56. Adjusted WBC Spray Timing for Corn
• Pre-tassel to full tassel stage has been too early
– Prolonged moth flight and egg laying
• WBC only feed on tassel, silks and kernels – can’t
live on tassel tissue for long
• All WBC larvae will head to the ear when present
• Instead, spray when fresh silks are present,
targeting the ear zone (ground application only?)
• Can tankmix with fungicide for ear mould
protection at the same time
57. Products Registered on Corn in Canada
• Matador or Silencer (pyrethroid)
• 83 – 187 mL/ha
• 14 days pre-harvest interval silage, 21 days for field corn
• Coragen (diamide)
• 250 – 375 mL/ha
• 14 day pre-harvest interval
• Delegate (spinosyns)
• 120 – 210 grams/ha
• 28 days pre-harvest for stover, 14 days for forage
• Voliam Xpress (pyrethroid + diamide)
• 500 mL/ha
• 7 days pre-harvest interval
• ROTATE chemistries – high risk of resistance with WBC
58. Transgenic Corn Options
• Cry 1F (Herculex or SmartStax) no longer
provides protection against WBC
• Only hybrids with Vip3A (Viptera) provides
control
59. Evidence for resistance of Western bean
cutworm to Cry1F Bacillus thuringiensis
protein and transgenic corn hybrids in
Ontario, Canada
J. L. Smith1, M. D. Lepping2, D. M. Rule2, Y. Farhan1, and A. W. Schaafsma1
1 Department of Plant Agriculture, Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph, 120 Main
St. E., Ridgetown ON, Canada N0P 2C0.
2 Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd. Indianapolis, IN 46268
62. Cry1F susceptibility bioassays
Adults collected at black light traps or egg masses from the field
in late July 2015
5 locations in SW ON
Dose-response diet-overlay bioassay
(Marcon et al. 1999, Dyer et al. 2013)
Truncated Cry1F (53% a.i.) from Dow AgroSciences
Infested with neonates, 24 larvae/conc/rep x 3 reps
F0: 0 to 30,000 ng ai cm-2
Mortality at 7 and 14 d
Weight of surviving larvae at 14 d
F1: 0 to 75,000 ng ai cm-2
Mortality and weight at 7 d
70. Resistance management for WBC
Challenges:
• Reliance on 1-2 insecticides
• Slow integration of Vip3A into widely used hybrids
• Vip3A deployed with a 5% integrated refuge
• Almost no effective refuge due to cross-pollination
• Extensive inter- and intra-plant larval movement
• Exposure of later instars to sublethal doses
Solutions(?)
• More insecticide options needed
• Tank-mixes, rotation program
• Stewardship of Vip3A
• Abandon integrated refuge
• Require insecticide treatment
• More high-dose transgenic solutions