2016.06.21 lasuam NanoFrontMag
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1) Graphene has potential for spintronics applications due to its long spin diffusion length and ability to manipulate spin. Intercalating graphene with Pb on an Ir substrate induces a giant spin-orbit coupling that splits graphene's bands. 2) Depositing molecules like TCNQ on graphene can induce a Kondo effect and long-range magnetic order. TCNQ forms nearly flat, half-filled bands predicted to have a ferromagnetic ground state. 3) Pb intercalated graphene on Ir has properties resembling Landau levels without a magnetic field, with quantized resistance and possible applications in topological insulators.
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This document discusses topological order and emergence in condensed matter systems. It begins by providing background on topological order, noting that it was first introduced by Wen Xiao-Gang in 1989 to describe systems that cannot be described by the Landau-Ginsburg theory of matter, including quantum Hall liquids, topological insulators, and topological superconductors. Some physicists and philosophers have suggested that a notion of emergence applies to topologically ordered systems due to their long-range entanglement. The document seeks to articulate such a notion of emergence. It defines topological order, notes future areas of study such as understanding long-range entanglement, and proposes that topologically ordered systems exhibit emergence as characterized by dependence on an underlying system and novelty. It discusses
DissertationDefense
This document summarizes research on topological transport in antimony (Sb) quantum wells. Key points include:
1) Sb is predicted to be a topological semimetal or insulator depending on film thickness. Thin Sb films were grown by MBE to suppress bulk conduction and study topological surface states.
2) Magneto-transport measurements on Hall bar devices show weak antilocalization, consistent with topological surface states. Parameters like the phase breaking length are independent of film thickness.
3) A simple two-channel model of surface and bulk conduction quantitatively fits the high field magnetoresistance evolution with decreasing thickness.
Overall the results provide evidence for topological surface states in thin Sb
PHYS701 paper review : D. Hsieh et al., Nature, 458, 970-974 (2008) - A topol...
This document discusses topological insulators, beginning with an overview of the integer quantum Hall effect and how topology relates to boundary states. It then covers how spin-orbit coupling allows for topological insulator phases even with time-reversal symmetry. Several key papers on topological insulators are referenced, including the discovery of the quantum spin Hall effect and theoretical descriptions of topological phases in two and three dimensions. Experimental observations of topological insulator materials via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy are also summarized.
Topological spintronics
This document discusses topological insulators and their potential applications in spintronics. It introduces topological insulators and their unique conductive surface properties. It then focuses on topological Kondo insulators, a new class of topological insulator that is insulating in the bulk due to the Kondo effect. One example material, SmB6, is discussed in more detail. The document outlines several characterization techniques and concludes by discussing potential applications in low-power electronics and quantum computing as well as opportunities for further research.
Topological Insulator Thin Films: Growth and Characterisation
This document summarizes research on growing and characterizing thin films of topological insulators. Molecular beam epitaxy was used to deposit films of Bi-Te-Cu(110) and α-Sn-InSb(111)A. Characterization techniques included LEED, AES, STM, and XPS. For Bi-Te-Cu(110), Te did not stick to the substrate and Bi growth was very slow. α-Sn formed islands on InSb(111)A but conditions to form an ordered monolayer were not achieved. Future work involves improving Bi growth conditions and repeating Sn deposition with variations in substrate, temperature, and other materials.
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Here's the presentation that I gave in Stanford, Berkeley, Caltech and Boston University to summarize my work about topological phenomena in non-equilibrium systems. The presentations took place in Oct ~ Nov 2011.
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Introductory idea of integral & fractional quantum hall effect and by imposing the idea of composite fermions showing the existence of fractional charge.
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Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry and Topological Order in Triplet Superconductors
Jorge Quintanilla, "Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry and Topological Order in Triplet Superconductors" - Research seminar, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (Dresden), 27 November 2014
Abstract:
The concept of broken symmetry is one of the cornerstones of modern physics, for which
superconductors stand out as a major paradigm. In conventional superconductors electrons form
isotropic singlet pairs that then condense into a coherent state, similar to that of photons in a laser.
We understand this in terms of the breaking of global gauge symmetry, which is the invariance of a
system under changes to the overall phase of its wave function. In unconventional superconductors,
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even to topological forms of order that fall outside the broken-symmetry paradigm.
In this talk I will discuss such phenomena, making emphasis on triplet pairing and the spontaneous
breaking of time-reversal symmetry in some superconductors. I will pay particular attention to
large-facility experiments using muons to detect tiny magnetic fields inside superconducting
samples and group-theoretical arguments that enable us to constrain the type of pairing present in
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Hall Effect
This document discusses various techniques for measuring the Hall effect in organic semiconductors. It begins with background on the Hall effect and how charge traps can disrupt measurements. It then reviews methods that attempt to account for or avoid traps, such as adding inert polymer layers or using microwave frequencies. Finally, it discusses quantized Hall effects seen in graphene and other materials, as well as the anomalous Hall effect. It concludes by proposing ways to improve Hall effect measurements in organics, such as investigating quantization and better addressing structural flaws.
Nobel prize physics and chemistry
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The document provides an overview of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) as a surface analysis technique. It describes how XPS works based on the photoelectric effect, and how it can be used to identify elements, chemical states, and compounds present on material surfaces. The key components of an XPS instrument are also outlined.
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This document outlines a PowerPoint presentation on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It covers the fundamentals of NMR including spin-spin coupling, instrumentation, solvents, chemical shifts, and 2D NMR techniques. Applications discussed include structure elucidation of organic compounds and biomolecules, as well as clinical uses such as MRI. Specific NMR experiments summarized are COSY, NOESY, and HETCOR.
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PHYS701 paper review : D. Hsieh et al., Nature, 458, 970-974 (2008) - A topol...
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Topological Insulator Thin Films: Growth and Characterisation
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Iván Brihuega-Probing graphene physics at the atomic scale
Los días 22 y 23 de junio de 2016 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un simposio internacional sobre 'Materiales bidimensionales: explorando los límites de la física y la ingeniería'. En colaboración con el Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), científicos de este prestigioso centro de investigación mostraron las propiedades únicas de materiales como el grafeno, de solo un átomo de espesor, y al mismo tiempo más resistente que el acero y mucho más ligero.
Presentation
This document summarizes an upcoming presentation on using computational modeling and experimental testing to better understand atmospheric entry of spacecraft. It discusses how different facilities can simulate some but not all entry conditions, and how multidisciplinary modeling is needed due to the complex coupled physics involved. Experimental testing in plasma wind tunnels can characterize the high-temperature reacting flow environment, while computational modeling requires approaches that span continuum to rarefied regimes to fully capture the multi-scale physics. Improving predictive capabilities will help design future planetary missions.
Teresa Puig - Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Espa...
Teresa Puig - Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Espa...Fundación Ramón Areces
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Invited Seminar presented at the VIA Forum Astroparticle Physics Forum COSMOVIA
21 March 2020
http://viavca.in2p3.fr/2010c_o_s_m_o_v_i_a__forum_sd24fsdf4zerfzef4ze5f4dsq34sdteerui45788789745rt7yr68t4y54865h45g4hfg56h45df4h86d48h48t7uertujirjtiorjhuiofgrdsqgxcvfghfg5h40yhuyir/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=3705&sid=c56cbf76f87536fc4c3ff216d9edaba2
Author: O.M. Lecian
Speaker: O.M. Lecian
Abstract: The LHAASO experiment is aimed at detecting highly-energetic particles of cosmological origin within a large
range of energies.
The sensitivity of the experimental apparatus can within the frameworks of statistical fluctuations of the
background.
Acceleration and lower-energy particles can be analyzed.
The anisotropy mass composition of cosmic rays can analytically described.
The LHAASO Experiment is also suited for detecting particles of cosmological origin originated from the breach
(and/or other kinds of modifications) of particle theories paradigms comprehending other symmetry groups.
Some physical implications of anisotropies can be looked for.
The study of anisotropy distribution for particles of cosmological origin as well as the anisotropies of their velocities
both in the case of a flat Minkowskian background as well as in the case of curved space-time can be investigated,
as far as the theoretical description of the cross-section is concerned, as well as for the theoretical expressions of
such quantities to be analyzed.
The case of a geometrical phase of particles can be schematized by means of a geometrical factor.
Particular solutions are found under suitable approximations.
A comparison with the study of ellipsoidal galaxies is achieved.
The case of particles with anisotropies in velocities falling off faster than dark matter (DM) is compared.
The study of possible anisotropies in the spatial distribution of cosmological particles can therefore be described
also deriving form the interaction of cosmic particles with the gravitational field, arising at quantum distances, at
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Measurement-induced long-distance entanglement of superconducting qubits usin...
Although superconducting systems provide a promising platform for quantum computing, their networking poses a challenge as they cannot be interfaced to light---the medium used to send quantum signals through channels at room temperature. We show that mechanical oscillators can mediated such coupling and light can be used to measure the joint state of two distant qubits. The measurement provides information on the total spin of the two qubits such that entangled qubit states can be postselected. Entanglement generation is possible without ground-state cooling of the mechanical oscillators for systems with optomechanical cooperativity moderately larger than unity; in addition, our setup tolerates a substantial transmission loss. The approach is scalable to generation of multipartite entanglement and represents a crucial step towards quantum networks with superconducting circuits.
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Overview of unique capabilities of the ADF modeling suite to model properties of organic electronics (charge transport, phosphorescence, light absorbance). Highlighted with examples from the recent literature.
A highly magnetized twin-jet base pinpoints a supermassive black hole
Supermassive black holes (SMBH) are essential for the production of jets in radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). Theoretical
models based on (Blandford & Znajek 1977, MNRAS, 179, 433) extract the rotational energy from a Kerr black hole, which could
be the case for NGC1052, to launch these jets. This requires magnetic fields on the order of 103 G to 104 G. We imaged the vicinity
of the SMBH of the AGN NGC1052 with the Global Millimetre VLBI Array and found a bright and compact central feature that is
smaller than 1.9 light days (100 Schwarzschild radii) in radius. Interpreting this as a blend of the unresolved jet bases, we derive the
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PhD work on Graphene Transistor
The driving engine for the exponential growth of digital information processing systems is scaling down the transistor dimensions. For decades, this has enhanced the device performance and density. However, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) states the end of Moore’s law in the next decade due to the scaling challenges of silicon-based CMOS electronics, e.g. extremely high power density. The forward-looking solutions are the utilization of emerging materials and devices for integrated circuits, e.g. carbon-based materials. The presentation of my Ph.D. work focuses on graphene, one atomic layer of carbon sheet, experimentally discovered in 2004. Since fabrication technology of emerging materials is still in early stages, transistor modeling has been playing an important role for evaluating futuristic graphene-based devices and circuits. The device has been simulated by solving a quantum transport model based on non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approach, which fully treats short channel-length electrostatic effects and the quantum tunneling effects, leading to the technology exploration of graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNR FETs) for the future. This research presents a comprehensive study of the width-dependence performance of the GNR FETs and the scaling of its channel length down to 2.5 nanometer, investigating its potential use beyond-CMOS emerging technology.
24 Polarization observable measurements for γp → K+Λ and γp → K+Σ for energie...
24 Polarization observable measurements for γp → K+Λ and γp → K+Σ for energie...Cristian Randieri PhD
Polarization observable measurements for γp → K+Λ and γp → K+Σ for energies up to 1.5 GeV - The European Physical Journal A, Hadrons and Nuclei, January 2007, Vol. 31, N. 1, pp. 73-93, ISSN: 1434-6001, doi: 10.1140/epja/i2006-10167-8
di A. Lleres, O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, P. Calvat, M. Capogni, L. Casano, M. Castoldi, A. D'Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, C. Gaulard, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, V. Kouznetsov, R. Kunne, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, L. Nicoletti, C. Perrin, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, F. Renard, N. Rudnev, T. Russew, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge (2007)
Abstract
Beam asymmetries and hyperon recoil polarizations for the reactions γ p → K +Λ and γ p → K +Σ0 have been measured from the threshold production to 1500MeV with the GRAAL facility located at the ESRF in Grenoble. These results complement the database for the beam asymmetry, covering for the first time the production threshold region. Recent theoretical analyses are presented for which the beam asymmetry data bring interesting new information and allow to better determine some resonance parameters. Most importantly, these results strengthen the need of a new D13 state around 1900MeV.Raman Study of Carbon Nanotube
Study of size dependence of Raman scattering in Carbon nanotubes.
To Study Temperature dependence of Raman spectra
To Study spatial distribution of temperature during laser processing
To Study Temperature rise in CNTs as a function of laser power
Theoretically calculated Vs Experimental Raman temperature
Ldb Convergenze Parallele_sorba_01
This document provides an overview of the Institute of Nanoscience and its research activities related to semiconductor nanostructures and their applications. The institute has over 250 researchers studying the fundamental properties and manipulation of nanoscale systems through synthesis, fabrication, experimental and theoretical studies of nanostructures and devices. Key areas of research include semiconductor nanowires for applications in electronics, optoelectronics and spintronics. Heterostructured nanowires of InAs, InSb and InP are investigated for high mobility transistors and terahertz detectors. Strain-driven self-assembly is used to create 3D nanostructures for applications in sensing, energy harvesting and photonics.
The FAST Project - Next Generation UHECR Observatory -
The FAST project aims to build a next generation ultra-high energy cosmic ray observatory consisting of an array of single-pixel telescopes called FAST (Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes). Each telescope would have a 1 square meter aperture and camera with 4 photomultiplier tubes covering a 30x30 degree field of view. An array of 500 such telescopes spaced 20 km apart could cover an area of 150,000 square km. This would provide over 10 times the exposure of the Telescope Array and allow for precision measurements of UHECR spectrum and mass composition above 10^19.5 eV as well as searches for ultra-high energy photons and neutrinos. A full-scale FAST prototype
Nenopartical optical sensors
This document discusses different types of photonic sensors including surface plasmon resonance sensors, whispering gallery mode sensors, and photonic crystal sensors.
Surface plasmon resonance sensors detect changes at a metal-dielectric interface and are used for ultrasensitive immunoassays. Whispering gallery mode sensors can detect nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm by measuring changes in resonant frequencies as particles deposit inside an optical cavity. Photonic crystal sensors use a photonic band gap to selectively reflect certain wavelengths of light. Changes in materials deposited on the photonic crystal surface cause shifts in the reflected wavelengths that can be measured.
First results from a prototype for the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-...
The document describes the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) concept for observing ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The FAST prototype was tested using the EUSO-TA telescope and detected laser shots and 16 air shower candidates in coincidence with the Telescope Array fluorescence detector. A new FAST prototype is being constructed to establish its sensitivity and detect air shower profiles including the depth of shower maximum. The document outlines future plans to install FAST at the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array for cross-calibration and to independently measure energy and air shower maximum between the two experiments using a low-cost simplified fluorescence detector design.
Search for Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
The document summarizes a proposal for a new neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The experiment aims to improve the current neutron EDM sensitivity by two orders of magnitude using ultra-cold neutrons produced in superfluid helium-4 and polarized helium-3 as a co-magnetometer. Many feasibility studies have been conducted, including tests of the helium-3 spin precession frequency matching technique. Construction of the new neutron EDM experiment is expected to begin in fiscal year 2010 with the goal of reaching a sensitivity of less than 1×10-28 e-cm.
13.30 o8 f natali
Rare-earth nitrides such as GdN, SmN, and EuN are intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors that show promise for spintronic applications. Epitaxial thin films of these materials were grown with controlled stoichiometry and doping levels. GdN exhibits ferromagnetism below 70K with carrier-mediated exchange possibly enhancing its Curie temperature above 200K. SmN orders ferromagnetically below 27K despite having a net magnetic moment of zero, while EuN displays unexpected ferromagnetism below 25K likely due to Eu vacancies. Further studies of the electronic band structures and tunable magnetic and transport properties of these rare-earth nitrides could lead to new spintronic and
2018.06.12 antonio lara uam NanoFrontMag
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Long Relaxation Times of a C-shunt Flux Qubit Coupled to a 3D Cavity
1) Long relaxation times were observed in a c-shunt flux qubit coupled to a 3D microwave cavity. Relaxation times were longer than previous 2D qubit designs due to the cleaner electromagnetic environment and lower dielectric losses of the 3D cavity.
2) Qubit energy relaxation is due to quasiparticle tunneling or interactions with two-level system defects. Dephasing results from charge noise or critical current fluctuations near the optimal point and 1/f flux noise away from the optimal point.
3) Dynamical decoupling techniques such as CPMG pulse sequences can be used to reach T1-limited coherence by filtering out low-frequency noise sources.
Introduction to the phenomenology of HiTc superconductors.
1. The document provides an introduction to the phenomenology of high-temperature superconductors (HiTc).
2. It discusses the basic physics of doped Mott insulators and experimental methods used to study HiTc superconductors such as thermodynamic measurements, transport properties, neutron scattering, and ARPES.
3. It also covers topics such as the pseudo-gap phase, the one-hole problem, properties at small doping levels, and properties of the superconducting state.
Toma Susi – Atom manipulation @ MRS2018
Dr. Toma Susi (University of Vienna, Austria) invited talk at the MRS Spring Meeting 2018 in Phoenix, AZ titled "Towards atomically precise manipulation of 2D nanostructures in the
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
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overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
seed production, Nursery & Gardening.pdf
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
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- 1. Tailoring graphene for spintronics Rodolfo Miranda Dpt. Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid & Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano). Spain.
- 2. Spintronics with graphene Spin (“conserver”) transport: Long spin diffusion length (1- 100 µm), Spin filter: Spin polarized bands Spin manipulation: Large Spin-Orbit coupling Topological edge states without dissipation ? Tunnel barriers for injection
- 3. Epitaxial Graphene on Ir(111) P-doped ED= +100 meV
- 4. a) HOMO at -2eV c) LUMO at +1.5 eV Neutral TCNQ /gr/Ir(111) Self organization via H bonds Intermolecular bands BUT.. No charge transfer No SOMO No magnetic moment D. Maccariello et al, Chem. Mat. 26, 2883 (2014) XPS b) at +0.7eV Topographic images
- 5. HCP top FCC top atop 4.6 K Periodically Rippled Graphene/ Ru(0001) Moiré pattern Periodicity: 29.3 ± 0.8 Å 5 pm corrugation of the C atoms , PRL 101, 099704 (2008)A.L. Vázquez de Parga et al, PRL 100, 056807 (2008)
- 6. Graphene/ Ru(0001) n-doped ED= -900 meV Graphene/ Ir(111) p-doped ED= +100 meV F. Calleja et al. Nature Physics 11, 43 (2015)
- 7. Charged TCNQ and F4-TCNQ / gr/Ru(0001)
- 8. The Kondo Effect Screening of a magnetic moment (below TK) by the formation of a many-body singlet with the conduction band electron bath Kondo “cloud” Appearance of a sharp resonance at the Fermi level M. Garnica et al, Nature Physics 9, 368 (2013) FWHM= 10 meV TK=60K
- 9. Mapping spin distributions by imaging the Kondo effect TCNQ on graphene/Ru(0001 TCNQ TK= 58K F4-TCNQ TK=70 K M. Garnica et al, Nano Lett 14, 4560 (2014)
- 10. Mapping spin distributions by imaging the Kondo effect M. Garnica et al, Surface Sci. (2014) F4- TCNQ on graphene/Ru(0001 Unpaired electron concentrated in the C-CN2 terminations
- 11. 4.2 nm x 5.3 nm STM topograph taken with V=-0.1V , I=30pA; dI/dV(x,y) at 2 meV: Kondo signalTopography 4.6 K M. Garnica et al, Nature Physics 9, 368 (2013)
- 12. Kondo Effect: Rows of TCNQ on gr/Ru(0001) The intensity of the Kondo resonance changes along the rows HCP Blue TCNQ TK= 63K Br. Green TCNQ TK=111 K
- 13. a ) b) c) c) Kondo resonance on 1 ML of TCNQ on graphene/Ru(0001): Only on low sites D. Maccariello et al, Chem. Mat. 26, 2883 (2014) 7 nm x 7 nm 1 ML TCNQ TK= 140K
- 14. 14V = 0 mVV = -50 mV V = 50 mV dI/dV maps A Kondo Lattice: F4-TCNQ on gr/Ru(0001) 4.6 K 1 ML F4-TCNQ TK= 81 K
- 15. Calculated magnetic moment per unit cell (containing 8 molecules) : 1.3μB A system with a half filled (nearly) flat band is predicted to have a ferromagnetic ground state. Spin Density distribution for a TCNQ monolayer on graphene/Ru(0001) Y. Nagaoka Phys. Rev. 147 392 (1966)
- 16. Spin polarized bands for a (charged) flat, free-standing TCNQ ML M. Garnica et al, Nature Physics 9, 368 (2013) on gr/Pb/Ir(111) on gr/Ir(111) Electronic density at Γ of the first empty band Antisymmetric combination of LUMOs
- 17. Andrés Black, Manuel Rodríguez, Daniel Granados M. Garnica et al, Nature Physics 9, 368 (2013) Adsorbed molecules induce Long Range Magnetic Order in epitaxial graphene
- 18. Pb-intercalated Graphene/Ir(111) Gr/ Pb/Ir(111) islands Gr/Ir(111) terraces n-doped ED = -110 meV p-doped ED= 100 meV 4.6 K
- 21. F. Calleja et al, Nature Physics 11, 43 (2015)
- 22. Graphene/Pb/Ir(111): Landau Levels without magnetic field ? F. Calleja et al, Nature Physics 11, 43 (2015)
- 23. Graphene/Pb/Ir(111) vs gr/Ir(111) Large Spin-Orbit coupling Small Spin-Orbit coupling δISO/δx pn F. Calleja et al, Nature Physics 11, 43 (2015)
- 24. Spin-split Graphene bands by a Giant Spin Orbit interaction induced by Pb atoms DFT band structure ΔSO > 50 meV Tight Binding band structure
- 25. Zero longitudinal resistance Quantized transverse resistance 2D Topological Insulator Graphene + Giant Spin Orbit Coupling: Quantum Spin Hall insulator or 2D Topological Insulator