Trends in global birth rates can be attributed to social, economic, and political factors. As income per person increases over time, crude birth rates generally decrease. Population growth rates increased substantially between 1930-1960 and 1960-1990 but have since declined in most regions. Spatial patterns show Asia and Africa have many births while Europe, North America, South America have moderate births. Australia and Canada have very few births. The highest fertility rates are found among the poorest countries, while most developed countries have brought birth rates down. As income rises, crude death rates typically fall due to improvements in food, water, sanitation, and healthcare. Life expectancies have largely risen in recent decades but have fluctuated in

1. Population Key Word Glossary
Define: explain | Give a detailed account including reasons and causes
Trends | Changes over time
Patterns | the arrangements and changes in spatial elements
Crude birth rate | average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 persons in the
population at midyear;
Total # of births/Total Population *1000
19600/11890000=0.00164 * 1000= 16.4
Natural increase | is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population.
CBR- CDR = Natural Increase
16.5 – 10 = 6.5 natural increase
Rate of Natural Increase (Also known as annual growth rate or annual growth percentage)
CBR – CDR / 10 = RNI
6.5
Crude death rate | the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at
midyear;
infant mortality | the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000
live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by sex, male and female.
Child mortality | the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5.
Total fertility rate | figure for the average number of children that would be born per woman if
all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given
fertility rate at each age.
Life expectancy | the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the
same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future.
Regions: an extensive, continuous part of a surface, space, or body: region of the earth.
Spatial: Where things are located in the world

2. Births
Describe the ... Give reasons / causes ..
Trends The overall trends in global birth rates can be
As Time passes- the general global attributed to number of social, economic, and political
trend is that income per person reasons. Here are just a few
increases and crude birth decreases.
Social: Improvement in the status of women (more
women going to college, getting jobs, having careers,
delaying marriages, and having few children)
Overall marriage ages are increasing as more and
more people are putting off marriage till later in life.
Lower IMRs due to improvements in nutrition,
sanitation (less disease), and better standards of
medical care.
Economic- More and more country’s are developing
rapidly (esp. in cities)- with more people working in
the secondary and tertiary sectors of society = more $
$ and better standards of living
Cost of living is increasing and children are becoming
more and more expensive
Etc.
Patterns In territories with the fewest births per person, more
people are dying than are being born.
According to the map- there are a lot As with all population statistics, even this vital
of births in Asia and Africa. one, figures are rough estimates.
Europe, North America, and South More children are born each year in Africa than
have moderate number of births are born in the Americas, all of Europe and Japan
put together. Worldwide, more than a third of a
Australia and Canada have very few million new people will be born on your birthday
births. this year.
Source: http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?
Page 7 IB Geography Study Guide selected=3
I

3. Natural Increase
Describe the ... Give reasons / causes...
Trends
The world’s population is growing very rapidly. Most
That in most regions population of this is quite recent. Global population between
change (rate of natural increase) 1650 and 1850, 1850 and 1920, 1920 and 1970. It is
increased between 1930 and 1960, and thus taking less time for population to double.
again between 1960-1990 (when
population growth % reached its peak
in all regions). The Exceptions were
North America and Europe. In
contrast, the projected changes for
1990-2020 show that population
growth rates will fall in all regions,
notably South America and Australasia.
Patterns Upton 95% of population growth is taking place in
LEDCs. An increasing or accelerating rate of growth is
Every region of the world is known as exponential growth and can be attributed to
experiencing overall natural increases more people having children (quite the opposite of
in population size; just a few countries people having more children)
have natural decreases in population
size. Highest growth rates are found in Africa, while lowest
growth rates are in North America and Europe.
Fertility
Describe the ... Give reasons / causes ..
Trends See page 8 and 9 of study guide for more information.
Fertility trends have two distinct
features.
Fertility in MEDCs countries or
Countries that are reaching
development ( stage 3) are seeing a
marked decline in the # of women per
woman OR remaining low
In contrast- in developing regions

4. fertility rates remain high
Patterns Changes in fertility are a combination of both
sociocultural and economic factors. While
In general the highest fertility rates are there may be strong correlations between
found among the poorest countries these sets of factors and changes in fertility- it
and very few LEDCs have made the is impossible to prove the linkages or to prove
transition from high birth rates to low that one set of factors is more important than
birth rates. Most MEDCs, by contrast, the other.
have brought the birth rate down. In
MEDCs, fertility rates have fallen as See page 8 and 9 of study guide for more
well- the decline in population growth information.
is not therefore due to changing
population structure.
Mortality And Life Expectancy
Describe the ... Give reasons / causes ..
Trends CDR has fallen in most countries in the last few
decades due to improvements in food supply, water,
As time passes the general global trend sanitation, and housing. Unfortunately this trend is
is that when income increases, Crude being reversed in some areas due to AIDS
Death rate decreases-
T he trend over the past few decades is
that life expectancies in most countries
are increasing, however there is a
recent fluctuation due to the AIDs virus
in many African Countries
Patterns Low CDR High Life Expectancy
• Technological improvements (such as
At the global Scale, the pattern of better medicines)
mortality in MEDCs differs from that in • Better nutrition
LEDCs. In MEDCs, the death rate is low • Better healthcare
and has fallen steadily over time and • Better environmental conditions
life expectancies have risen.
People in MEDCs are more frequently victims of
In LEDCs high death rates and low life degenerative diseases….
expectancies are still common- • A degenerative disease, also called
although they have shown neurodegenerative disease, is a disease in

5. improvement over the past few which the function or structure of the affected
decades (trend) tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate
over time, whether due to normal bodily wear
or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating
habits. Degenerative diseases can also be
inherited by children from their parents-
“Heart Disease runs in my family”
• Examples: Cancer, strokes, heart disease,
obesity, parkinsonism disease, Lu Gerhig
Disease, Alsimurs, diabetes, Multiple
Sclerosis
High CDR Low Life Expectancy
• Poor healthcare
• Disease
• Famine (lack of food)
• Poor access to safe drinking water
• Poor sanitation
• And poor shelter/housing conditions
People in LEDCS are more frequently victims of
water-borne or Vector-borne diseases…
• Diseases that are transmitted through
Water..
• Examples: Cholera, gastroenteritis
• A vector-borne disease is one in which the
pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from
an infected individual to another individual by
an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with
other animals serving as intermediary hosts.
(Mosquitoes spread Malaria)
• Examples: Malaria, River Blindness, AIDs,
dysentery, salmonella, swine flu, SARS, small
pox, ecoli, bubonic plague, diphtheria,
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/index.html
Pick a country and use the “statistics” hyperlink.