Population for AS level geography.

1. Population

2. Key Words
Birth rate: number of children born per 1000
people per year
Mortality rate: number of deaths per 1000
people per year
Infant mortality rate: number of infants who do
not survive their 1st birthday per 1000 live births
per year
Life expectancy: the average age that you can
expect to live to at birth

3. Natural increase: birth rate exceeds death rate
Natural decrease: death rate exceeds birth rate
Population density: the number of people living
within a square kilometre

4. Thomas Malthus - Pessimist
• Human population grows faster than the power to
produce food
• Population grows at an exponential rate whilst food
supply grows at a arithmetic rate
• Preventative checks will come into place so that food
supply and population will be equal
• Negative checks will reduce population by decreasing
birth rate
• Positive checks will reduce population by increasing
death rate
• In the past, new technologies have emerged as they
have been needed by the population

5. Ester Boserup - Optimist
• Human’s have the technology and knowledge
to increase food supply with population
• Once it looks like population will overtake
food supply, new technologies will be invested
in to make food supply more efficient
• This may explain the agricultural revolution,
GM crops, and the ‘green revolution’.
• However overpopulation may lead to the
overuse and degrading of land for farming

6. Longton, Preston - Rural
• Large semi-detached and detached houses
with gardens, driveways, and garages
• Small shopping parades
• Supermarkets
• Regular bus service to city centre
• 92.7% of houses privately owned
• 99% white
• 30% over 60

7. Fishwick, Preston – Inner City
• High-density terrace housing built in industrial
revolution
• Has a few corner shops
• Residents must travel to city centre for shops
• 60.5% of houses privately owned
• 67% white
• 16% over 60

8. From Inner City to Rural Areas
Housing: from high-density terrace to large housing
Ethnicity: from high % of ethnic minorities to low
Age structure: from high % young to higher %
elderly
Wealth: poorer to the wealthiest in rural areas
Employment: high % student and unemployed to
high % workers in managerial sector
Services: urban decay (derelict warehouses) to lack
of public transport and closed village shops

9. UK’s Ageing Population
• 19% of people are retired
• By 2030, 27% of people will be retired
• More pensioners living in poverty
• Pressure on health service
• Retirement age increased from 65 to 68
• Encouraged immigration of working people
• Encouraging women to have more children

10. Impacts of an ageing population
Economic:
• More pensions
• Taxes distributed differently
Social:
• Different housing demands
• Pressure on health care
Political:
• Different voting patterns
• Political representation

11. What elderly people bring to a country
Positives Negatives
Inspiration Health concerns
Work ethic Vulnerability
Leadership Uncertainty
Wisdom

12. DTM

13. Pros and Cons of DTM
Positives Negatives
Gives a good generalised picture of
how population can change over time
The data used was from wealthier,
developed countries, when in reality,
this does not apply to all countries
It is easy to compare the data of
countries with the DTM and can be
used to put countries in a stage
The DTM doesn’t take things into
account such as literacy rate or
education or status of women in
society, so may not be able to truly
tell how developed a country is
It can help to predict what will
happen in a country as it gets to the
next stage of the DTM
It doesn’t consider thing such as
diseases, war, and population control
measures

14. Stages of the DTM
Stage 1
• High birth rate and death rate
• Poor health care, subsistence farmers
• Large families
Stage 2
• Death rate falls
• Medical breakthrough
• Lack of contraception

15. Stage 3
• Birth rate begins to fall
• Population growth is rapid
• Medical care, water supply, accommodation
Stage 4
• Birth rates and death rates level out
• Women’s careers and small families
Stage 5
• Birth rate falls below death rate
• Population begins to age