This document discusses the need to measure food environments to better understand the relationship between agriculture, income, and nutrition outcomes. It defines food environment as the availability, affordability, convenience and desirability of various foods. While some tools exist to measure aspects of food environments, few can be applied internationally and none capture the affordability of a diverse, nutritious diet. Developing standardized, low-cost methods to objectively or subjectively measure the prices of different food groups would help agriculture-nutrition programs track impacts, design interventions, and evaluate outcomes by providing insights into how income affects diets through food environments.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Jessica Fanzo
POLICY SEMINAR
Climate resilience, sustainable food systems, and healthy diets: Can we have it all?
OCT 31, 2017 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
A well designed ppt for people to understand the Demand and supply topic. This has proper bibliography for you to go through the information yourself and has many important things. Best for the Holiday Homework for children.
The world is facing a nutrition crisis : Approximately 3 Billion people from everyone of the worlds 193 countries have a low quality diets . Over the next 20 years , multiple forms of malnutrition will pose increasingly serious threats to global health. Population growth combined with climate change will place increasing stress on the food systems , particularly in Africa and Asia where there will be an additional two billion people in 2050 . At the same time rapidly increasing urbanisation,particularly in these two regions,will affect hunger and nutrition in complex ways - Both Positively and Negatively
Bringing Agriculture, Nutrition and Extension Together Using a Gender LensINGENAES
Andrea Bohn
University of Illinois
March 23, 2016
INGENAES recognizes that women are disproportionally affected by hunger and malnutrition, and addresses gender equity to achieve better agricultural and nutrition outcomes. There are the four pillars of food security based on the role of extension including availability, access, utilization, and stability.
Food insecurity and poverty trends, Association between food insecurity and poverty, causes and effects, food insecurity and poverty in the Ugandan context.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
Jessica Fanzo
POLICY SEMINAR
Climate resilience, sustainable food systems, and healthy diets: Can we have it all?
OCT 31, 2017 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
A well designed ppt for people to understand the Demand and supply topic. This has proper bibliography for you to go through the information yourself and has many important things. Best for the Holiday Homework for children.
The world is facing a nutrition crisis : Approximately 3 Billion people from everyone of the worlds 193 countries have a low quality diets . Over the next 20 years , multiple forms of malnutrition will pose increasingly serious threats to global health. Population growth combined with climate change will place increasing stress on the food systems , particularly in Africa and Asia where there will be an additional two billion people in 2050 . At the same time rapidly increasing urbanisation,particularly in these two regions,will affect hunger and nutrition in complex ways - Both Positively and Negatively
Bringing Agriculture, Nutrition and Extension Together Using a Gender LensINGENAES
Andrea Bohn
University of Illinois
March 23, 2016
INGENAES recognizes that women are disproportionally affected by hunger and malnutrition, and addresses gender equity to achieve better agricultural and nutrition outcomes. There are the four pillars of food security based on the role of extension including availability, access, utilization, and stability.
Food insecurity and poverty trends, Association between food insecurity and poverty, causes and effects, food insecurity and poverty in the Ugandan context.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
John O’Brien, MnSCU System Interim Vice Chancellor of Academic & Student Affairs
This presentation provides a portrait of the students served by the MnSCU system.
Presented by Sarah Clarke
You have a big job interview coming up. This is your dream job! So you put on your worn out jeans, flip flops, and your favorite t-shirt (it’s your favorite because it only has a few stains and holes). Clearly, you are dressed for success and are definitely going to land this job. Just kidding. Never ever wear that to an interview. Ever. In this workshop, we will discuss some “do’s” and “don’ts” on professional presentation.
MSCSA Vice President Kerrie Maleski
MSCSA Director of Policy Hali Kolkind
This workshop gives students a clear understanding of the MSCSA Platform document, what changes are being proposed and why.
This training answers the questions, “What is policy?” and “Why does it matter?” as well as covering policy issues that you will most likely encounter in the next year.
This assignment is an in-depth, literature-grounded analysis of a .docxchristalgrieg
This assignment is an in-depth, literature-grounded analysis of a significant U.S.health policy issue. The final paper is to be approximately 8–10 ten pages in length (excluding the list of references cited at the end); apply and cite at least ten high-quality references, and address the following ten elements:
1) Overview and Significance of the Health Policy Issue
2) History of the Health Policy Issue (Including Legislative Processes and
Partisan Politics)
3) Current Challenges Associated with the Health Policy Issue
4) Stakeholder Analysis
5) Policy Options and Analysis of Trade-Offs
6) Policy Recommendations
7) Recommended Roles for Federal Government, State Government, and Markets
8) Implications of the Policy Recommendations
a) Analysis of Population Health Implications
b) Analysis of Economic Implications
c) Analysis of Political Implications
d) Analysis of Implications for Health Care Organizations
e) Application of Two Saint Leo University Core Values
9) Conclusion
10) References Cited
The Final Term Paper must also follow APA format including:
· Double-spaced
· 1-inch margins left, right, top, and bottom
· 12-point font
Example U.S. health policy issue topics
Care fraud and abuse Anti-kickback Prohibitions
HIPPA False Claim ACT
Antitrust Compliance Programs Tobacco free policies
Disability legislation Right to die
Right to refuse life treatment Child abuse and neglect
Global pricing on drugs Abortions
Child abuse and neglect Global pricing on drugs
Abortions
Running head: FOOD ACCESS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN AMERICAN 1
FOOD ACCESS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN AMERICAN 4
Food Access and Health Outcomes in American
Huang
School of Public Health
LM Ho
June 31, 2016
Abstract
In the U.S., food access and food security is a challenge. The lack of convenient access to affordable and healthy food is a considered a national challenge. Socio-economic status of the country’s population affects the consumption and access of health food. Low-income areas usually lack access to adequate food and high-income areas have a challenge of access to health food. Therefore, for the two areas with different socio-economic population statuses, they all have challenges to food access. Lack of healthy foods often lead to poor diet and higher levels of risk to obesity. Due to the persistent food access and food insecurity challenges, the aim of this study is to discuss the link between food access and food consumption among the American population. The paper will also focus on the exploring the variation between food access and food consumption among the American population. A two-stage sampling cross-sectional survey will be used to sample participants from 48 states of the U.S. A self-administered questionnaire will be used as quantitative data collection instrument. The target population will be sampled adult U.S. citizens who have families to feed. Grown-ups with families are likely to demonstrate their understanding of ...
Cindy Holleman
POLICY SEMINAR
Are healthy diets affordable? Using new data on retail prices and diet costs to guide agricultural and food policy
Co-organized by IFPRI, Tufts University, the World Bank, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
JUL 15, 2022 - 10:00 TO 11:30AM EDT
Derek Headey
POLICY SEMINAR
Are healthy diets affordable? Using new data on retail prices and diet costs to guide agricultural and food policy
Co-organized by IFPRI, Tufts University, the World Bank, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
JUL 15, 2022 - 10:00 TO 11:30AM EDT
Access to Healthy Food a Critical Strategy for Successful Population Health ...Innovations2Solutions
The diet of many Americans remains unhealthy, contributing to high rates of childhood and adult obesity that are associated with health outcomes such as heart disease and stroke. To promote wellness, the healthcare industry must go beyond treating individuals with chronic conditions to also address
the risks of different population segments before they reach advanced stages of illness.
Nutrition security is an integral component of food securitySibelle El Labban
This review argues that nutrition is an integral component of food security, and should be embedded within all four of its dimensions – availability, access, utilization, and stability. The review highlights current food insecurity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as exacerbated by the triple burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity coexist. Previous efforts to address food security in MENA have focused on food
availability, overlooking the other three dimensions and leaving nutrition considerations aside. Meanwhile, the literature has recognized the need to highlight nutrition as fundamental, and opted for the term ‘food and nutrition security’. To achieve food and nutrition security in MENA, a nutrition lens must be applied across all four dimensions – from assessment, to policy and programming, to capacity building. For example, MENA countries can adopt policies and programs including well-structured food subsidies, dietary guidelines, public awareness, and education campaigns to increase availability and accessibility of nutritious and safe foods, and stimulate consumer demand for those. To accomplish this, MENA needs to build stakeholders’ capacity and equip them to address
the challenges that are hindering the achievement of food and nutrition security now and into the future.
Yan Bai
POLICY SEMINAR
Are healthy diets affordable? Using new data on retail prices and diet costs to guide agricultural and food policy
Co-organized by IFPRI, Tufts University, the World Bank, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
JUL 15, 2022 - 10:00 TO 11:30AM EDT
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. This presentation was made possible by the American people through the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID) under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-A-11-00031, the
Strengthening Partnerships, Results, and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) project.
Measurement of food environments to improve the design and evaluation of agricultural interventions for nutrition
Anna Herforth
Co-author Selena Ahmed
CGIAR ISPC/A4NH workshop - Sept 23, 2014
2. Increased Income and Production
Goal of most agriculture projects in general
Agriculture-nutrition projects too
2
Source: Du, Feed the Future Landscape Analysis 2014
3. Does income always lead to improved diets?
Empirical link (from interventions) between ag income and nutritional status is weak and variable
Ag income associated with faster reductions in both undernutrition and faster increases in obesity (Webb and Block 2012)
Suggests income increases are associated with improvements in adequacy of diets but declines in moderation
Brazil is a good example
Ability to answer this question is limited by lack of standard indicators of diet quality
3
4. Variable and Changing relationship between income and food consumption
Consistent positive relationship between income and increased dietary variety across settings
Elasticities varied from 0.39 to 1.37: the same increase in income is associated with smaller or larger increases in dietary variety (Hoddinott and Yohannes 2002)
Nutrition transition – as income rises, effects on diets have been somewhat predictable
However, they vary: South Korea vs. Mexico
Income elasticities of demand for meat in China changed within a few years; curve flattened between 1989-1997 (Popkin and Du 2003)
4
5. Income*Food Environment interaction
Income always interacts with food environments in how it affects diets
It is critical to understand, and perhaps influence, the food environment if we want to understand how agriculture is affecting nutrition.
5
6. Food environment
We define it as:
Availability, Affordability, Convenience, and Desirability of various foods
We consider policy and sociocultural aspects to affect the food environment, but limit scope of our definition to the above characteristics of actual foods.
We are focusing here on the food market environment, but recognize there are other important parts of the food environment (farm and wild)
6
11. Agriculture-nutrition research would benefit from measuring food environments
Predict/understand the likely effect of additional income on diets
Monitor/evaluate the effect of the program on the food environment
Design better nutrition-sensitive programs to fill supply and demand gaps based on understanding of the existing food environment
11
12. Food Env diets: Availability
Khoury et al. 2014 (CIAT) assessed trends over the past 50y in the richness, abundance, and composition of crop species in national food supplies worldwide
Since 1961, national per capita food supplies expanded in total quantities of food calories, protein, fat, and weight, with increased proportions of those quantities sourcing from energy-dense foods.
national food supplies worldwide became more similar in composition, correlated particularly with an increased supply of a small number of cereal and oil crops
Food supplies have changed most dramatically in Africa
12
16. Donor priorities: Food for 2050? 16
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/bigfacts2014/#theme=food-security
No other food groups mentioned…
17. Food for 2050 17
http://50.usaid.gov/infographic-the-global-state-of-agriculture/
18. Food for 2050 18
An alternative view for future food…
19. Top contributors to “Dietary risks” All developing countries, 2010
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
20. Top 10 causes of years of life lost All developing countries, 2010
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
21. Affordability: Cost of healthy diets
A systematic review of cost-of-diet studies globally: healthy diets $10.50/week more expensive than less-healthy diets (similar across countries) (Rao et al. 2013)
UK: the healthiest diet was double the price of the least healthy diet (Morris et al. 2014)
US: refined grains, added sugars, and fats are much more affordable than the diet recommended by dietary guidelines (Drewnowski and Darmon 2005)
Healthy diets were unaffordable for large portions of the population in all sites studied (Ethiopia, Myanmar, Tanzania, and Bangladesh), costing between $0.72-$1.27/day more. (Chastre et al. 2007)
South Africa: a healthier diet costs 69% more than an unhealthy diet (Temple and Steyn 2011)
21
23. Cross-price vs. own-price elasticities
Cornelsen et al. (2014) “What happens to patterns of food consumption when food prices change? Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of food price elasticities globally.”
A 10% increase of the price of fruits/vegetables/legumes (FVL) 7.2% reduction in consumption in low income-countries
A 10% increase in the price of meat and dairy 7.8% reduction (8.0% for fish)
A 10% increase in cereal prices small but significant (0.7%) increase in FVL consumption in low-income countries; insignificant association with ASF
Some of the studies had negative, and some had positive cross-price elasticities between cereals and non-cereals; all were small and close to zero.
Main conclusion: own-price elasticities have a much bigger impact on consumption of specific food groups than cross- price elasticities.
23
24. Elasticities map 24
Staple prices down
Limited direct effect on FVL consumption
(small but significant cross- price elasticity of demand; -0.065 in Cornelsen et al. 2014)
Staple consumption up (significant own- price elasticity of demand; 0.61 in Green et al. 2013)
Real income up (especially where food expenditure is a high proportion of income)
Staple consumption depends on income level ------------------ (insignificant cross-price elasticity)
FVL consumption up slightly (income elasticity of demand)
ASF and junk food up strongly (status foods) (income elasticity of demand)
FVL prices down
FVL consumption up strongly (strong effect of own-price elasticity; 0.72 in Cornelsen et al. 2014)
25. Food Envdiets: Affordability
Main takeaway: The main effect of staple prices on diet, especially for the poor, is primarily through an effect on real income.
As seen above, income has variable effects on diet quality, modified by the food environment.
To encourage consumption of nutritious foods, the strongest way is to lower their own prices.
25
26. Food Envdiets: Convenience
This is a new addition to the “food environment” definitions that have been used before
When time is a scarce resource, convenience may be even more important that the dollar cost of food.
US literature: taste, cost, and convenience are major factors affecting food choices (Drewnowski 2003, Glanz et al. 1998)
International literature: very little emphasis per se
Distance to markets can be prohibitive
Perishable foods and refrigeration?
Women’s time
Highly constrained
Reducing women’s time burdens often discussed as a principle of improving nutrition through agriculture
26
27. Food Envdiets: Desirability
Purpose of marketing is to affect desirability
Not only direct approaches, also “nudging”
“Quality” has been a term used in other food environment definitions
sad-looking produce not very desirable
American consumer perceptions of broccoli: “Overcooked, soggy.” “Hiding under cheese.” “Told not to leave the table until I eat it.” (NYT)
27
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/magazine/broccolis-extreme-makeover.html
32. Existing measures of the food environment
Reviewed existing measures, and reviews of them
Vision to marry thinking in US community nutrition with international nutrition
Hundreds of indicators/methods
The majority focus on geographical aspects of the food environment, such as counts of the number of food stores or restaurants within a specific area; the nearest distance to food stores or restaurants
32
33. What is needed
The primary need is a measure of availability and affordability of the components of a diverse, nutritious diet. This could be an objective or a subjective measure.
33
34. Does it exist
Healthy Eating Index – food supply
Limited resonance with agriculture
Save the Children “Cost of Diet” tool
Complex; need to know which components of the diet are relatively expensive
Optifood
Intended to identify opportunities for BCC, not to show costs of various food groups
INFORMAS (Lee et al.) conclude that a new framework needs to be developed for monitoring food prices (and they propose one)
Based on “healthy” and “less healthy” foods, not specific food groups that could be affected by local agriculture
WFP VAM and monitoring of staple prices
Could adapt methods to many foods
Capacity of ag extension on regular market surveys to get useful data?
34
35. Need to develop
Objective measure of prices of various food groups
Methods for aggregating data and coming to a price representing the whole food group need to be developed/standardized/mainstreamed
take cues from the minimum food basket methodology
Subjective measure?
Have a food list and simply ask people if they are able to buy it regularly (if they wanted it)
35
36. Convenience and desirability measures?
Time/Distance to markets
Kinds of markets easiest to access
Preparation time of foods
Attitude measures about foods (to capture desirability)
INFORMAS: Food retail and food promotion
36
37. Key questions
How to develop reliable, feasible, objective and/or subjective measures of availability and affordability of diverse, nutritious diets
Under which circumstances should they be part of ag-nutr M&E
How to measure all aspects (convenience and desirability?) and parts of the food environment (market, farm, and natural environments). Several measures or one?
37
38. Summary
Income has no direct effect on consumption; it is always modified by the food environment. (and also by who controls the income.)
The food environment can be defined as availability, affordability, convenience, and desirability of various foods.
There are many ways the food environment has been measured. Few are relevant to apply internationally in rural areas.
The primary need is a measure of affordability of the components of a diverse diet. (Objective or a subjective measure.)
Other non-market parts of the food environment (farm, wild) also need to be understood.
These measures could benefit agriculture-nutrition program design and evaluation.
Track impact on food environments
Understand likely effect of income on diets
Inform design of agriculture-nutrition programs
38