Communication involves interaction between individuals using voice, speech, and language. Speech is the physical act of talking using muscles to produce sounds that form words. Language refers to a set of shared rules that allow people to express ideas in a meaningful way. Children develop these skills from birth through ages 6, with critical periods in the first 3 years when exposure to speech and language helps the brain develop abilities to communicate.

2. Communication stands for the
medium of interaction between the
two or more individuals
Voice, Speech, and Language are the
tools we use to communicate
with each other.

3.  Voice is the sound we make as air from our lungs
is pushed between vocal cord in our larynx,
causing them to vibrate and produce sound.
 Speech is talking, It involves the coordinated
muscle actions of the Tongue, Lips, Jaw, and Vocal
tract to produce the recognizable sounds that
make up language.

4.  Language is a set of shared rules
that allow people to express their
ideas in a meaningful way.

5.  Speech is making the sounds that become words,
the physical act of talking.
 Speech refers to the actual sound of spoken
language.
 Speech is the Oral form of communicating.
 Speech is Talking: using the muscles of the tongue,
lips, jaw and vocal tract in a way to produce the
recognizable sounds that make up language.
(Contd)


6.  Speech is the verbal means of communication.
Speech consists of the following:
 Articulation
 How speech sounds are made (e.g., children must
learn how to produce the "r" sound in order to say
“Rabbit" instead of “Labbit").
 (Contd)

7.  Fluency
 The rhythm and continuity of speech
(hesitations or stuttering can affect
fluency).
 (Contd)

8.  Language may be expressed verbally or by
making symbols, writing, or expressed with
gestures like Eye blinking or Mouth
Movements and Body Language, used to
communicate meaning and understanding
what others say.
 (Contd)

9.  Composition of the Language includes the
following socially shared rules:
 What words mean (e.g., “Water" will refer to the
transparent drinking liquid)
 How to make new words (e.g., friend, friendly,
unfriendly)
 (Contd)

10.  How to arrange the words together (e.g., “Ali
works on Computer” rather than “Ali
computer on works")
 What word combinations are best in what
situations (e.g., “Don’t jump off the roof.
You will definitely get yourself hurt” if the
first directions are ignored)

11.  Speech and Language Disorder
 “A communication disorder such as
Stuttering, Impaired Articulation, Language
Impairment, or a Voice Impairment that
adversely affects a child’s educational
performance.”
 (Contd)

12.  When a person is unable to produce Speech
sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with
his or her voice, then he or she has a Speech
Disorder.
 Difficulties in Pronouncing words, or Articulation
disorders, and Stuttering are examples of Speech
Disorders.

13.  Speech disorders may be of two varieties:
 1. Articulation (the production of sounds)
 2. Phonological Processes (sound patterns).
 An Articulation Disorder may take the form of
substitution, omission, addition, or distortion of
normal speech sounds.

14.  Phonological Process disorders may
involve more systematic difficulties with the
production of particular types of sounds,
such as those made in the back of the
mouth, like “q” and “x”.

15.  Apraxia of speech is the acquired
form of Motor Speech Disorder
mostly caused by Brain injury, or
Stroke.
 Problems in fluent speaking is its
main manifestation.

16.  Dysarthria is a motor Speech Disorder that results
from a Neurological injury.
 Some types stem from Central damage, while other
stem from Peripheral Nerve Damage.
 Difficulties may appear in the shape of respiratory
problems, or vocal functioning.

17.  Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder refers
to the problems when the tongue is forced
forward inappropriately during speech.
 This is typical in infants.

18.  Stuttering is a disruption in the fluency of an
individual’s speech.
 It begins in childhood and may persist over a
lifetime.
 Stuttering is a form of disfluency; which becomes
a problem as it impedes successful communication
between two parties.
 Disfluencies may be due to repetitions of sounds,
or extension of speech sounds, or words.

19.  Language Disorder stands for the condition when a
child has problems in expressing needs, ideas, or
information, or in understanding what others say.

 When a person has trouble in understanding others
(Receptive Language), or sharing thoughts, ideas,
and feelings completely (Expressive Language), it
is regarded as Language Disorder.

20.  Improper use of words and their Meanings,
 Inability to express Ideas,
 Inappropriate Grammatical Patterns,
 Reduced Vocabulary, and
 Inability to follow Directions.

21.  Causes of speech and language disorders include
 Hearing loss,
 Neurological Disorders,
 Brain Injury,
 Intellectual Disabilities,
 Drug Abuse,

22.  Speech and language are the skills we use to
communicate with others.
 We develop these skills during the first years
of life.
 By age 6, most children learn the basics.
 Talking and reading to the child are very
helpful in boosting these skills.

23.  A child who lives in the environment of
speech and language all the time usually
learns language skills faster.
 Talking to and reading before the child have
significant effect on how well the child is able
to communicate later.

24.  The first 3 years of life, when brain is
developing and maturing, is the most critical
period for acquiring speech and language
skills.
 These skills develop best in a world that is rich
with sounds, sights, and consistent exposure
to the speech and language of others.
 (Contd)

25.  There appear to be critical periods for speech
and language development in infants and young
children when the brain is best able to absorb
language.

 If these critical periods are allowed to pass
without exposure to language, it will be more
difficult to learn.
 (Contd)

26.  Birth
 Language learning starts at birth. Even new babies
are aware of the sounds in the environment.
 They listen to the speech of those close to them,
and frighten or cry if there is an unexpected noise.
 Loud noises awake them, and they become "still" in
response to new sounds.
 (Contd)

27.  0-3 months
 Between 0-3 months babies learn to turn to you
when you Speak, and Smile when they hear your
voice.
 In fact, they seem to Recognise your Familiar
Voice, and will become silent at the new sound
which is not familiar to them.
 They will often respond to Comforting Tones
whether the voice is familiar or not.

28.  4-6 Months
 During this period babies respond to the word
“No".
 They are also responsive to changes in your tone of
voice, and to sounds other than speech.
 For example, they can be attracted by toys and
other objects that make sounds, enjoy music and
rhythm, and look in an interested way for the
source of all new sounds.

29.  7-12 Months
 The timeframe between 7 to 12 months is exciting and
fun.
 Baby now listens when spoken to, turns and looks at
your face when called by name, and discovers the fun of
games.
 It is in this period that you realise that he or she
recognises the names of familiar objects ("Daddy",
“Mummy”, and begins to respond to requests ("Give Me")
and questions ("More Juice?").

30.  1-2 years
 Now the baby points to the pictures in a book
when you name them, and can point to a few body
parts when asked (Nose, Eyes, Hand).
 S/he can also follow simple commands ("Push it!",
“Give me”, "Don't touch; it's hot!") and so on.

 (Continued)

31.  1-2 years
 Understand Simple Questions ("Where is your
Mummy?", “Do you want water?", "What is in your
pocket?").
 The child now likes Listening Simple Stories and
enjoys it when you Sing Songs or Say Rhymes.
 This is a stage in which s/he wants the same
story, rhyme or game Repeated Many Times.

32.  2-3 years
 By now the child will understand Two Stage
Commands ("Get your socks and put them in the
basket") and

 Understand contrasting concepts or meanings like
Hot/Cold, Stop/Go, In/On and Nice/Bad.
 (Continued)

33.  2-3 years
 During this period, s/he Notices Sounds
like the Telephone or Doorbell ringing and
 May Point or Become Excited, get you to
answer, or attempt to answer themselves.

34.  3-4 years
 The child three or four year old understands
simple "Who?", "What?" and "Where?" questions,
and
 Can Hear and Respond to you when you call from
another room.
 This is an age where Hearing Difficulties may
become evident.

35.  4-5 years
 Children in this age range Enjoy Stories and can
Answer Simple Questions about them.
 S/he hears and understands nearly everything
that is said (Within Reason) at home or at pre-
school or day care centre.
 Your child's ability to hear properly should not be
in doubt.

36.  If you are in doubt about your child's hearing, see
a Clinical Audiologist.
 If you are in doubt about language comprehension,
see a Speech-Language Pathologist / Speech and
Language Therapist.

37. ANY ?
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