This document provides an overview of operational amplifiers and their applications in a course on electrical engineering circuits taught by Professor Greg Kovacs at Stanford University. It covers basic op-amp concepts and configurations including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, and signal processing applications such as integration and differentiation. It also discusses op-amp characteristics, types of op-amps, a brief history of op-amp development, and recommended online resources for learning more. The document is intended to introduce students to operational amplifiers and their uses in electrical circuits.
The document discusses operational amplifiers and their ideal characteristics and common configurations. It describes the ideal op-amp as having infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite gain, and zero offset between the input terminals. It then explains the inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations using two resistors, and derives their closed-loop voltage gain formulas. Finally, it introduces the voltage follower configuration using one resistor with very high value and no feedback resistor, providing unity voltage gain.
The document provides information about operational amplifiers (op-amps). It defines an op-amp as a high-gain amplifier consisting of differential and other stages used to amplify signals and perform math functions. Key characteristics are very high differential gain, high input impedance, low output impedance. The document outlines op-amp components like inputs, outputs, power supplies. It describes stages within an op-amp like the input, intermediate, level shifting and output stages. Performance parameters discussed include input offset voltage, input resistance, open loop gain, output resistance and more. Closed loop and open loop op-amp configurations are explained.
This presentation discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with an introduction to op-amps, their components, and their usefulness for amplifying weak signals. Next, it covers the characteristics and math of ideal and real op-amps. The presentation then describes different types of op-amp circuits and their applications, including filters. It concludes by discussing the history of op-amp development and providing references.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high-gain electronic voltage amplifiers used for mathematical computations. They have differential inputs that amplify the difference between the voltages and provide an output proportional to that difference. Op-amps aim to have infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and other ideal characteristics. They are made up of stages like input, intermediate, level shifting, and output stages. Common applications include audio amplification, instrumentation, and analog computing.
This document discusses the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with a block diagram showing the typical components of an op-amp, including the differential amplifier stage, intermediate stage, level shifting stage, and output stage. It then covers ideal and practical characteristics of op-amps such as high input impedance, low output impedance, high voltage gain, and finite bandwidth. Common op-amp configurations like the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are explained. The document provides detailed descriptions and circuit diagrams to illustrate op-amp characteristics and applications.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) is an integrated circuit that can provide voltage gain and be used as a signal amplifier or comparator. It has high input resistance, virtually infinite voltage gain, and two inputs - inverting and non-inverting - and one output. Common op-amp configurations include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, and comparator. The op-amp is a versatile active component used in various circuit applications.
Negative amplifiers and its types Positive feedback and Negative feedbackimtiazalijoono
Negative amplifiers
What is Feedback?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers
Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier
Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
Principles of Negative Current Feedback
Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback
The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including their history, components, characteristics, configurations, and applications. It describes how op-amps work as differential amplifiers, lists the pins of a common op-amp, and discusses ideal and real characteristics like input/output impedance and gain. It also explains various op-amp configurations like inverting, non-inverting, summing and integrating amplifiers. Finally, it provides examples of op-amp applications in electrocardiogram circuits and piezoelectric transducers.
The document discusses operational amplifiers and their ideal characteristics and common configurations. It describes the ideal op-amp as having infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite gain, and zero offset between the input terminals. It then explains the inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations using two resistors, and derives their closed-loop voltage gain formulas. Finally, it introduces the voltage follower configuration using one resistor with very high value and no feedback resistor, providing unity voltage gain.
The document provides information about operational amplifiers (op-amps). It defines an op-amp as a high-gain amplifier consisting of differential and other stages used to amplify signals and perform math functions. Key characteristics are very high differential gain, high input impedance, low output impedance. The document outlines op-amp components like inputs, outputs, power supplies. It describes stages within an op-amp like the input, intermediate, level shifting and output stages. Performance parameters discussed include input offset voltage, input resistance, open loop gain, output resistance and more. Closed loop and open loop op-amp configurations are explained.
This presentation discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with an introduction to op-amps, their components, and their usefulness for amplifying weak signals. Next, it covers the characteristics and math of ideal and real op-amps. The presentation then describes different types of op-amp circuits and their applications, including filters. It concludes by discussing the history of op-amp development and providing references.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high-gain electronic voltage amplifiers used for mathematical computations. They have differential inputs that amplify the difference between the voltages and provide an output proportional to that difference. Op-amps aim to have infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and other ideal characteristics. They are made up of stages like input, intermediate, level shifting, and output stages. Common applications include audio amplification, instrumentation, and analog computing.
This document discusses the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with a block diagram showing the typical components of an op-amp, including the differential amplifier stage, intermediate stage, level shifting stage, and output stage. It then covers ideal and practical characteristics of op-amps such as high input impedance, low output impedance, high voltage gain, and finite bandwidth. Common op-amp configurations like the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are explained. The document provides detailed descriptions and circuit diagrams to illustrate op-amp characteristics and applications.
The operational amplifier (op-amp) is an integrated circuit that can provide voltage gain and be used as a signal amplifier or comparator. It has high input resistance, virtually infinite voltage gain, and two inputs - inverting and non-inverting - and one output. Common op-amp configurations include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, and comparator. The op-amp is a versatile active component used in various circuit applications.
Negative amplifiers and its types Positive feedback and Negative feedbackimtiazalijoono
Negative amplifiers
What is Feedback?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers
Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier
Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
Principles of Negative Current Feedback
Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback
The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including their history, components, characteristics, configurations, and applications. It describes how op-amps work as differential amplifiers, lists the pins of a common op-amp, and discusses ideal and real characteristics like input/output impedance and gain. It also explains various op-amp configurations like inverting, non-inverting, summing and integrating amplifiers. Finally, it provides examples of op-amp applications in electrocardiogram circuits and piezoelectric transducers.
Presentation on Op-amp by Sourabh kumarSourabh Kumar
Visit Andro Root ( http:\\www.androroot.com ) for Tech. news and Smartphones.
Presentation on Op-amp(Operational Amplifier) by Sourabh kumar. B.tech Presentation,
Here are the steps to solve this:
1) VZ = VBE3 (zener voltage is equal to BJT base-emitter voltage)
2) Using KVL: -VZ + VBE3 + IE3RE = 0
3) Simplify: IE3RE = 0
4) IE3 is constant
Therefore, with a zener diode replacing R2, the current IE3 (and thus IT) remains constant regardless of load or temperature variations. The zener diode acts to stabilize the BJT base-emitter voltage, keeping the current constant.
The operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a basic building block of analog electronic circuits that amplifies the difference between its input terminals. It has very high gain, typically around 100,000, and its output depends on the difference between the voltages at its two input terminals. By using negative feedback, most of the open-loop gain is canceled out, making the op-amp useful for various applications like non-inverting and inverting amplifiers, adders, integrators, and differentiators. An ideal op-amp has infinite gain, bandwidth, and input impedance and zero output impedance. Practical op-amps have limitations compared to the ideal but can still perform signal amplification and processing functions.
The document summarizes the design and analysis of the uA741 operational amplifier, which was one of the most popular op-amps ever made. It describes the op-amp's stages including input, gain, and output stages. It also analyzes the op-amp's DC bias point, small signal behavior through frequency and transient analysis, and how it performs under variations through Monte Carlo analysis. The document shows that the uA741 design is robust to changes in components and operates as intended across a wide range of conditions.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
This document reports on the design and simulation of an audio amplifier circuit. Key specifications of the amplifier include a voltage gain of 76db, input impedance greater than 10k ohms, lower cutoff frequency of 2.572Hz, and upper cutoff frequency of 852.56kHz. The circuit uses BJT transistors in three gain stages and a complementary-symmetry Darlington pair power stage. Simulation results show the circuit meets specifications for gain, frequency response, input resistance, and voltage swing. Some challenges included achieving the needed 15V voltage swing but this was resolved using variable resistors.
Eeg381 electronics iii chapter 2 - feedback amplifiersFiaz Khan
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and the four basic feedback topologies:
1) Series-shunt feedback for voltage amplifiers
2) Shunt-series feedback for current amplifiers
3) Series-series feedback for transconductance amplifiers
4) Shunt-shunt feedback for transresistance amplifiers
It also covers negative feedback voltage amplifiers, including calculating closed-loop gain, gain desensitivity, and bandwidth extension due to feedback. An example problem is worked through to demonstrate these concepts.
An operational amplifier (op-amp) can function as a voltage comparator due to its high gain and balanced difference input. When the non-inverting input is at a higher voltage than the inverting input, the op-amp outputs the most positive voltage, and when the non-inverting input drops below the inverting input, it outputs the most negative voltage. However, using an op-amp as a comparator has disadvantages compared to a dedicated comparator, such as slower propagation delays, lack of internal hysteresis, increased current without feedback, and compatibility issues with digital logic.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) consists of two PN junctions formed by sandwiching either a p-type or n-type semiconductor between two opposite types. It has three sections - the emitter, base, and collector. Current flows due to both electrons and holes, making it a bipolar device. The base is lightly doped and very thin to allow charge carriers to easily move from the emitter to the collector. BJTs can be used as amplifiers because the collector current is controlled by the base current.
This document describes different types of waveforms that can be generated by a function generator. It discusses how triangular, square, and sine waves are produced. For triangular waves, the function generator charges and discharges a capacitor to produce a linear ramp waveform. A square wave is created using an integrator circuit that causes the output to switch between saturation voltages. Sine waves can be approximated from triangular waves using a resistor-diode network to nonlinearly scale the output.
An amplifier raises the level of a weak signal without changing its wave shape or frequency. Amplification is needed because signals from transducers like microphones are very weak and must be amplified before being fed to speakers. There are three main configurations for transistor amplifiers: common base, common emitter, and common collector. The common emitter configuration is commonly used as an amplifier because it has suitable input/output impedances and offers current, voltage, and power gain. Proper biasing of the transistor is also important to ensure it operates in the active region and allows faithful amplification of input signals without distortion of the output.
This document provides an overview of field effect transistors (FETs), including their advantages over bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), construction, operation, characteristics, and types. The key types discussed are junction FETs (JFETs), metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs), which come in depletion and enhancement varieties, and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). JFETs and MOSFETs are described as voltage-controlled devices with high input impedance. IGBTs combine aspects of MOSFETs and BJTs. Common configurations like common source are also covered.
This is a presentation of Electronic Devices and Circuits course on Amplifiers with Feedback circuits.
AMPLIFIER:
an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.
FEEDBACK:
process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as feedback.
The document discusses various applications of operational amplifiers as comparators and other circuits. It describes how op-amps can be used as zero-level detectors, nonzero-level detectors, and how hysteresis can reduce noise effects in comparators. It also discusses summing amplifiers, averaging amplifiers, scaling adders, and how op-amps can be configured as integrators and differentiators.
The document presented an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs) given by Group 12. It defined an OP-AMP as an integrated circuit that amplifies input voltage through high gain. It described OP-AMP characteristics like high open-loop gain, large input resistance, and small output resistance. Common OP-AMP applications presented included comparators, integrators, differentiators, filters, and oscillators. Circuit diagrams were provided for low-pass filters, high-pass filters, and band-pass filters built using OP-AMPs.
Presentation on Op-amp by Sourabh kumarSourabh Kumar
Visit Andro Root ( http:\\www.androroot.com ) for Tech. news and Smartphones.
Presentation on Op-amp(Operational Amplifier) by Sourabh kumar. B.tech Presentation,
Here are the steps to solve this:
1) VZ = VBE3 (zener voltage is equal to BJT base-emitter voltage)
2) Using KVL: -VZ + VBE3 + IE3RE = 0
3) Simplify: IE3RE = 0
4) IE3 is constant
Therefore, with a zener diode replacing R2, the current IE3 (and thus IT) remains constant regardless of load or temperature variations. The zener diode acts to stabilize the BJT base-emitter voltage, keeping the current constant.
The operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a basic building block of analog electronic circuits that amplifies the difference between its input terminals. It has very high gain, typically around 100,000, and its output depends on the difference between the voltages at its two input terminals. By using negative feedback, most of the open-loop gain is canceled out, making the op-amp useful for various applications like non-inverting and inverting amplifiers, adders, integrators, and differentiators. An ideal op-amp has infinite gain, bandwidth, and input impedance and zero output impedance. Practical op-amps have limitations compared to the ideal but can still perform signal amplification and processing functions.
The document summarizes the design and analysis of the uA741 operational amplifier, which was one of the most popular op-amps ever made. It describes the op-amp's stages including input, gain, and output stages. It also analyzes the op-amp's DC bias point, small signal behavior through frequency and transient analysis, and how it performs under variations through Monte Carlo analysis. The document shows that the uA741 design is robust to changes in components and operates as intended across a wide range of conditions.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
This document reports on the design and simulation of an audio amplifier circuit. Key specifications of the amplifier include a voltage gain of 76db, input impedance greater than 10k ohms, lower cutoff frequency of 2.572Hz, and upper cutoff frequency of 852.56kHz. The circuit uses BJT transistors in three gain stages and a complementary-symmetry Darlington pair power stage. Simulation results show the circuit meets specifications for gain, frequency response, input resistance, and voltage swing. Some challenges included achieving the needed 15V voltage swing but this was resolved using variable resistors.
Eeg381 electronics iii chapter 2 - feedback amplifiersFiaz Khan
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and the four basic feedback topologies:
1) Series-shunt feedback for voltage amplifiers
2) Shunt-series feedback for current amplifiers
3) Series-series feedback for transconductance amplifiers
4) Shunt-shunt feedback for transresistance amplifiers
It also covers negative feedback voltage amplifiers, including calculating closed-loop gain, gain desensitivity, and bandwidth extension due to feedback. An example problem is worked through to demonstrate these concepts.
An operational amplifier (op-amp) can function as a voltage comparator due to its high gain and balanced difference input. When the non-inverting input is at a higher voltage than the inverting input, the op-amp outputs the most positive voltage, and when the non-inverting input drops below the inverting input, it outputs the most negative voltage. However, using an op-amp as a comparator has disadvantages compared to a dedicated comparator, such as slower propagation delays, lack of internal hysteresis, increased current without feedback, and compatibility issues with digital logic.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) consists of two PN junctions formed by sandwiching either a p-type or n-type semiconductor between two opposite types. It has three sections - the emitter, base, and collector. Current flows due to both electrons and holes, making it a bipolar device. The base is lightly doped and very thin to allow charge carriers to easily move from the emitter to the collector. BJTs can be used as amplifiers because the collector current is controlled by the base current.
This document describes different types of waveforms that can be generated by a function generator. It discusses how triangular, square, and sine waves are produced. For triangular waves, the function generator charges and discharges a capacitor to produce a linear ramp waveform. A square wave is created using an integrator circuit that causes the output to switch between saturation voltages. Sine waves can be approximated from triangular waves using a resistor-diode network to nonlinearly scale the output.
An amplifier raises the level of a weak signal without changing its wave shape or frequency. Amplification is needed because signals from transducers like microphones are very weak and must be amplified before being fed to speakers. There are three main configurations for transistor amplifiers: common base, common emitter, and common collector. The common emitter configuration is commonly used as an amplifier because it has suitable input/output impedances and offers current, voltage, and power gain. Proper biasing of the transistor is also important to ensure it operates in the active region and allows faithful amplification of input signals without distortion of the output.
This document provides an overview of field effect transistors (FETs), including their advantages over bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), construction, operation, characteristics, and types. The key types discussed are junction FETs (JFETs), metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs), which come in depletion and enhancement varieties, and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). JFETs and MOSFETs are described as voltage-controlled devices with high input impedance. IGBTs combine aspects of MOSFETs and BJTs. Common configurations like common source are also covered.
This is a presentation of Electronic Devices and Circuits course on Amplifiers with Feedback circuits.
AMPLIFIER:
an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.
FEEDBACK:
process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as feedback.
The document discusses various applications of operational amplifiers as comparators and other circuits. It describes how op-amps can be used as zero-level detectors, nonzero-level detectors, and how hysteresis can reduce noise effects in comparators. It also discusses summing amplifiers, averaging amplifiers, scaling adders, and how op-amps can be configured as integrators and differentiators.
The document presented an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs) given by Group 12. It defined an OP-AMP as an integrated circuit that amplifies input voltage through high gain. It described OP-AMP characteristics like high open-loop gain, large input resistance, and small output resistance. Common OP-AMP applications presented included comparators, integrators, differentiators, filters, and oscillators. Circuit diagrams were provided for low-pass filters, high-pass filters, and band-pass filters built using OP-AMPs.
Understand the “magic” of negative feedback and the characteristics of ideal op amps.
Understand the conditions for non-ideal op amp behavior so they can be avoided in circuit design.
Demonstrate circuit analysis techniques for ideal op amps.
Characterize inverting, non-inverting, summing and instrumentation amplifiers, voltage follower and first order filters.
Learn the factors involved in circuit design using op amps.
Find the gain characteristics of cascaded amplifiers.
Special Applications: The inverted ladder DAC and successive approximation ADC
The document provides an introduction to operational amplifiers (op-amps). It defines an op-amp as an inexpensive and versatile building block that can perform many functions through amplification and feedback. The document outlines key op-amp concepts including its block diagram, input and feedback modes, and applications in areas like filtering and signal processing. It explains that negative feedback is important for stability and controlling the relationship between input and output signals.
An operational amplifier, also known as an op-amp, is a high-gain differential amplifier with high input impedance and low output impedance. It has two input ports (inverting and non-inverting) and one output port. Op-amps can be used in single-ended or double-ended input configurations, with the output voltage determined by the difference or average of the input voltages multiplied by the differential or common-mode gain of the amplifier. Common applications include inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Typical specifications for the LM741 op-amp include a voltage gain of 2 million, bandwidth of 6 kHz, and common mode rejection ratio of 90 dB.
Rec101 unit ii (part 2) bjt biasing and re modelDr Naim R Kidwai
This document discusses biasing of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) including different biasing configurations such as fixed bias, emitter bias, voltage divider bias, and collector feedback. It explains how setting the operating or quiescent point on the transistor characteristics curve is important for proper amplification. The concepts of cutoff, saturation and active regions are covered. Equations for analyzing common emitter, common base and common collector configurations are provided. An example calculation of the collector current and voltage at the operating point is shown. Finally, bias stability and factors affecting it are briefly discussed.
1. The op-amp circuit consists of an input stage, intermediate stage, and output stage, as well as biasing circuits.
2. The input stage uses a differential amplifier configuration to provide high input impedance. The intermediate stage provides voltage gain.
3. The output stage is typically class AB to reduce crossover distortion, using a voltage source to provide constant base voltage for the transistors.
This document presents an overview of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with an introduction to op-amps, followed by their circuit symbol, pin diagram, important terms and equations. It describes the ideal properties of an op-amp, as well as non-ideal behaviors. Applications discussed include analog to digital converters, current sources, and zero crossing detectors. Advantages are listed as versatility and uses in various circuits. Disadvantages include limitations in power and load resistance.
Cyclo converter design for hf applications using h-bridge invertercuashok07
The document describes a project to design a cyclo-converter with an RLC load. Key points:
1. The proposed design uses a single input multiple output system with a diode rectifier and H-bridge series resonant inverter to obtain multiple outputs from a single input with reduced switching losses.
2. An RLC load is used to obtain a resonant frequency of 30kHz and maintain constant voltage and current at the load with unity power factor.
3. MATLAB will be used to simulate the power circuit and a PIC16F877 microcontroller with Keil software will be used to control the circuit.
The document provides data and information about the TDA8511J integrated circuit, which contains 4 single-ended power amplifiers that each produce 13 watts of output power. It has features like short-circuit protection, diagnostic capabilities, and requires few external components. The IC is intended for use in multimedia applications and active speaker systems. Key specifications are provided, along with a block diagram showing its internal components and connections.
This document provides instructions and information for a basics of electricity/electronics workshop. It lists required parts and supplies that can be purchased from Jameco.com and describes key concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. It also explains how to identify the positive and negative terminals of a power supply using a multimeter, and how breadboards work by connecting columns of holes vertically and rows horizontally to allow testing circuits. The document provides an overview of basic electronic components like wires, diodes, and transistors that will be used in examples and experiments in the workshop.
This document describes the design of a water level alarm indicator circuit. The circuit uses an NE555 timer IC, resistors, capacitors, a buzzer, and a 12V battery. It functions as an astable multivibrator where the operating frequency depends on the water level between two probes - no water means no connection and no beeping, water connecting the probes completes the circuit and causes beeping. The circuit provides a simple and low-cost way to audibly alert when water in a tank reaches a certain level.
This document provides an introduction to basic electronics concepts including batteries, circuits, series and parallel circuits, resistors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), transistors, and capacitors. It explains key terms like voltage, current, resistance, and capacitance. Several experiments are described that allow the reader to explore these concepts hands-on using a breadboard, battery, resistors, LEDs, transistors, and capacitors. The goal is to help absolute beginners understand fundamental electronics.
The document provides an overview schedule and learning objectives for an electronics workshop. The schedule includes installing Arduino software, an introduction to electronics theory, working on practical Arduino projects, and individual consultations. The objectives are to learn basics of electronics, the Arduino programming language, prototyping methods, and how to convert analog to digital values and vice versa. The document then provides primers on various electronics concepts like digital vs analog, Ohm's law, voltage, current, resistance, components, signals, design patterns, and discusses topics like charlieplexing, PWM, and sensors/actuators.
This document describes a wireless switch circuit control system that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) to detect hand gestures and switch electronic appliances on and off. When a hand is placed over the LDR, it causes the circuit to toggle a JK flip-flop, changing the output and switching the appliance. The circuit provides contactless switching to reduce electric shocks while allowing children to safely operate devices. It uses common electronic components like an LDR, capacitor, resistor, transistor, diode and operational amplifier.
THIS IS COMPELTE VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY PROJECT, HELP YOU YOU TO UNDERSTAND. WE DESIGNED THE CIRCUIT ON PROTEUS AND ITS PICTURE IS IN PROTEUS.IT WILL GIVE YOU BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VOLTAGE.
This simple circuit uses a red LED, 390 ohm resistor, and 9V battery to test electrical components and connections. The brightness of the LED indicates the resistance: bright for low resistance below 1kΩ, dim for medium resistance of a few kΩ, and off for high resistance over 10kΩ. By touching the crocodile clips to the parts being tested, it can check if strips, wires, and connections are continuous or broken. It also allows testing common electronic components to identify faults.
Electronics schematic circuits for the hobbyistNaga Tejaswi
The document provides instructions and circuit diagrams for several electronics hobby projects of varying complexity, ranging from simple circuits like an audio pre-amplifier to more advanced projects like an automatic battery charger. It assumes the reader has a basic knowledge of electronics and provides sources for further learning. Instructions are provided for building, testing, and adjusting each circuit to ensure proper functioning.
To design and analyze the sound detector circuit.
Objective: - To analyze the sound detection using quad op-amp and getting the output across the led.
The LM324series consists of four independent High-gain, internally frequency-compensated operational amplifiers. Designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over aWide range of voltages
This document provides an overview of basic electronics components and circuits. It begins with an introduction to passive components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. It then covers analog circuits using transistors and operational amplifiers. The document provides details on circuit analysis and different types of filters. It explains concepts like resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. Examples of common circuits are also presented like voltage dividers, rectifiers, and amplifiers.
This document provides information on the LPC662 low power CMOS dual operational amplifier:
- It is ideal for single supply operation from +5V to +15V with rail-to-rail output swing and input common-mode range including ground.
- Key features include micropower operation (<0.5mW), high voltage gain (120dB), low input offset voltage (3mV), and ultra low input bias current (2fA).
- Applications include high-impedance buffer, precision current-to-voltage converter, long-term integrator, high-impedance preamplifier, active filter, sample-and-hold circuit, and peak detector.
This article discusses different power electronics devices that are in use like power diodes, power thyristors, power transistors, IGBT, GTO, IGCT and others. This article will give a basic view of these devices and their operations.
This document provides an overview of common electronic components, including conductors, switches, resistors, diodes, light emitting diodes (LEDs), transformers, transistors, and capacitors. It describes their basic functions and characteristics, such as how resistors impede current flow, diodes only allow current to flow in one direction, and capacitors can store and release voltage. The document also introduces basic circuit concepts like series and parallel connections and their effects on voltage and current.
This document describes an automatic street light circuit that uses an LDR (light dependent resistor) to turn lights on and off based on ambient light levels. The circuit includes an LDR, resistors, LED bulb, transistors, battery, and other components arranged on a PCB board. When the LDR detects darkness, it allows current to flow through the transistor and energize a relay, turning on the light. In light conditions, the LDR cuts off the current, turning off the light. Applications include street lights, parking lots, gardens, and other outdoor lighting that can be automatically controlled to save energy.
The document describes building a 5V regulated DC power supply using a breadboard and various electronic components. It discusses the components used including a transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitor, voltage regulator IC, LED light, and load resistor. It provides circuit diagrams and explains the procedure to connect the components and measure the voltages at different points in the circuit. The goal is to design a basic 5V regulated power supply and measurements show the voltage is regulated to around 5V as desired.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
2 op-amp concepts
1. Operational Amplifiers:
Basic Concepts
Prof. Greg Kovacs
Department of Electrical Engineering
Stanford University
2. Design Note: The Design Process
• Definition of function - what you want.
• Block diagram - translate into circuit functions.
• First Design Review.
• Circuit design - the details of how functions are
accomplished.
– Component selection
– Schematic
– Simulation
– Prototyping of critical sections
• Second Design Review.
• Fabrication and Testing.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 2
4. Parts Kit Guide
LT1175 LT1011
Adjustable Comparator
Negative
Voltage AD654 V-F
Regulator LT1167 Converter
Instrum.
Sockets Amp
7805 +5V
Regulator
Yellow LEDs MJE3055 NPN
Power Transistor
Bright Red LEDs 555 Timer
IRLZ34 Logic-Level Power
LM334 Temp. Sensor MOSFET (N-Chan)
CdS Cell LT1036 Voltage
Regulator +12/+5
SFH300-3B LT1033 Voltage
Phototransistor Regulator 3A Negative,
LT1056 Op- LTC1064-2 Adjustable
Amps Switched
Capacitor
Filter
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 4
5. Each set of five pins are shorted
together internally so you can
make multiple connections to one
i.c. pin or component lead...
Each of the long rows of pins is shorted
together so you can use them as power
supply and ground lines...
Protoboards...
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 5
6. USE decoupling capacitors (typically
0.1 µF) from each power supply rail to
ground. This is essential to prevent
unwanted oscillations.
The capacitors locally source and sink
currents from the supply rails of the
chips, preventing them from “talking”
to each other and their own inputs!
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 6
7. Point-To-Point Soldering
On A Ground-Planed Board
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 7
8. What Is an Op-Amp Anyway?
OBJECTIVES (Why am I sitting in this classroom?)
• To obtain a practical understanding of what operational
amplifiers (“op-amps”) are and some applications they
can be used for.
• To understand the basic op-amp circuit configurations.
• To understand the basic characteristics (good and bad)
of op-amps before measuring some of them in the lab.
• To keep your parents happy!
"We don't need need no education....
We don't no education...."
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 8
9. The Ideal Op-Amp
1) The input impedance is
infinite - i.e. no current ever
V1 flows into either input of the
op-amp.
A(V2-V1)
+ 2) The output impedance is
V2
- zero - i.e. the op-amp can
drive any load impedance to
any voltage.
3) The open-loop gain (A) is
infinte.
The Op-Amp produces an output
voltage that is the difference between 4) The bandwidth is infinite.
the two input terminals, multiplied by
the gain A... 5) The output voltage is zero
when the input voltage
difference is zero.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 9
10. Types of Op-Amps
• Single • Low power
• Dual • Low noise
• Quad • Low offset
• High power
• High voltage
NICE
• High speed
HAT!
Traditional costumes of
analog circuit designers.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 10
11. A Bit of History...
• The first Op-Amps were invented during the time
of the Second World War...
• Dr. C. A. Lovell of Bell Telephone Laboratories
introduced the Op-Amp...
• George A. Philbrick independently introduced a
single vacuum tube operational amplifier in 1948.
• SO, Op-Amps are NOT new!
• The ever-popular 741 monolithic Op-Amp was
designed by Dave Fullagar in 1967....
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 11
12. The First "Real" OpAmp -> The K2-W
+300 VDC
510K NE-68
220K
680K
1M
7.5pF
12AX7
- Vin 12AX7
NE-68
Vout
+ Vin 221K
9.1K
220K 2.2M 120K
4.7M
500pF
-300 VDC
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 12
14. The K2-W Tube OpAmp
• Invented by Julie Loebe and George Philbrick (early 1950's)
• The first "mass production" OpAmp...
• Cost (in 1950's) approximately $22.00...
• Basic specifications comparison to 741 and LT1037...
Parameters K2-W OpAmp 741 OpAmp LT1037
OpAmp
Power Supplies +/- 300 VDC, +/- 15V +/- 15V
6.3 VAC
(filaments)
Open-Loop 1.5X104 5X10 4 30X106
Gain
Vout Swing +/- 50V +/- 12V +/- 13.5 V
Iout +/- 1 mA 25 mA 25 mA
Idrain 5 mA (no load) 1.7 mA 2.7 mA
RL(min) 50 KΩ none (SC none (SC
protect) protect)
Slew Rate +/- 12 V/µSec +/- 0.5 V/µS 15 V/µS
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 14
15. Good Op-Amp Web Sites
• www.linear-tech.com
• www.national.com
• www.burr-brown.com
• www.maxim-ic.com
• www.intersil.com
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 15
16. Cool New Project/Design
Website:
www.designnotes.com
Submit your favorite circuit or program. Every
month the best design entry (judged by your
peers), wins $100 in cash! Monthly winners are
eligible for the $1200 Grand Prize!
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 16
18. Op-Amp Datasheets for EE122:
Some Example Devices
• LM741 (basic)
• LT1056 (JFET input)
• LMC660 (CMOS - low power)
• LT1220/1221 (fast)
• LM675 (medium power)
• LM12 (high power)
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 18
19. The Ideal Op-Amp In SPICE
Use a voltage-controlled voltage source:
EXXXXXXX N+ N- NC+ NC- GAIN
Eout 3 0 1 2 100K
2 V1
A(V2-V1) 3
+
1 V2
-
0
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 19
20. Feedback: What is it and Where
Can I Get Some?
NEAT THINGS YOU CAN DO TO AN AMPLIFIER BY
USING FEEDBACK (OF THE NEGATIVE KIND...)
2
• The gain of the circuit is made less sensitive to
the values of individual components.
• Nonlinear distortion can be reduced.
• The effects of noise can be reduced.
• The input and output impedances of the
amplifier can be modified.
• The bandwidth of the amplifier can be extended.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 20
21. WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH OP-AMPS?
• Feed the hungry. • Save the dolphins.
• Amplify signals. • Differentiate signals.
• Heal the sick. • Pay off the deficit.
• Buffer signals. • Sum multiple signals.
• End global warming. • Make music very loud!
• Integrate signals.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 21
23. Analog
Hacker’s Bible
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 23
24. THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
V- = VOUT
V- VOUT
VIN V+ VOUT = AV+ - V-
What is it good for? A V+
VOUT =
1+A
Buffering a high-impedance signal to "beat"
Heisenberg... You don't load it down when you
1
measure it...
It has the best bandwidth of any op-amp circuit.
Some op-amps need to be COMPENSATED for
stable unity-gain operation (more later....).
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 24
25. THE INVERTING AMPLIFIER
R2
i fb
R1 R2
AV = −
VIN V- VOUT
i in V+ R1
The V- terminal is referred to as a "virtual ground"... Why is that?
VOUT = A( 0 − V− )
thus, Due to NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK!!!!
VOUT VOUT
V− = ≈ =0
A ∞
THIS IS A KEY POINT!!!
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 25
26. Op-Amp Application: CLIPPER
(or "Fuzz Box")
Mellow Tunes
Heavy Metal
IN R2
OUT
R1
Input signal must be large
enough to turn on diodes...
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 26
27. THE NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
R2
i2
R1
V-
V+ VOUT
i1
VIN
A key point to note here is that the V- node is not a virtual
ground in this configuration!
The important thing to consider is that the voltage
difference between V+ and V- is kept near zero. In other
words, V- VIN.
R2
AV = 1+
R1
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 27
28. THE SUMMING AMPLIFIER
R1
V1 Rf
i
1 R2
V2 if
R3 V-
V3
R4 V+ VOUT
V4
Rf Rf Rf
VOUT = −V1 − V2 − L − VN
Vn Rn R1 R2 RN
or,
Vi
VOUT = −Rf ∑
i
Ri
What is it good for?
Summing multiple input signals in any
proportion desired (determined by the relative
values of the input resistors.
Averaging signals (do you know how?).
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 28
30. Instrumentation Amplifier
• Very high input impedance.
• Gain can be set with only one resistor.
• Can optimize CMRR.
R4 2R2
A V = − 1+
R3 R1
Source: Sedra, A. S., and
Smith, K. C., “Microelectronic
Circuits,” Oxford, 1998.
For one-resistor gain adjust, set R4 = R3 and fix R2.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 30
31. Op-Amp Application: EKG
Filter (0.04 - 150 Hz)
Instrumentation Amplifier
Source: Webster, J. G.,
“Medical Instrumentation:
Application and Design,”
Houghton Mifflin, 1978.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 31
32. A Safe Heart Signal Interface
Polar™ heart-rate transmitter - provides magnetically coupled bursts of 5 kHz energy that
mark the start of each heartbeat (i.e., you don’t get the actual waveform).
www.polarusa.com
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 32
34. THE INTEGRATOR
Need R2 to make the integrator "leaky"...
R2
Otherwise small DC offsets would
charge it up (and up, and up!!!!).
C1
For DC inputs: R1
VIN V-
VOUT
VOUT V+
= - R2
i in
VIN R1
For AC inputs:
What is it good for?
iin = ifb
Triangle wave generation.
Ramp generation ('scopes!). vin = - C1 v out
d
Math (yuk) as it used to be done! R1 dt
What kind of filter is this? vout = - 1 vindt
R1 C1
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 34
35. OP-AMP INTEGRATOR SIMULATION
R2
Op-Amp Integrator Simulation
*YOU fill in the component values!
C1
R1 1 2 ?
CI2 2 3 ?
1 R1 2
R2 2 3 ? VIN V-
E1 3 0 0 2 100K 3 VOUT
i in V+
Vin 1 0 pulse(-1 1 0 5nS 5nS 500uS 1mS)
.TRAN 100uS 10mS 0
.probe
.end V(3) V(1)
10V
V
0.0V
-10V
0.0S 2mS 4mS 6mS 8mS 10mS
tran3 TIME mS
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 35
37. THE DIFFERENTIATOR
R2
R1 is needed to limit the high-frequency
C1 if
gain (noise may be small, but it can have R1
V-
VIN
a very large derivative!). V+ VOUT
i in
vout = - R2 C1 dvin
Design the circuit to be used dt
below this frequency
fmax = 1
2π R1 C1
What kind of filter is this?
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 37
38. INTEGRATOR/DIFFERENTIATOR
SIMULATION
V(3) V(1)
V(6)
2V
V
0.0V
-2V
10mS 11mS 12mS
tran2 TIME mS
Why don't you get out what you put in?
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 38
39. "REAL" OP-AMPS DO EAT
QUICHE
What You WANT What You GET
1) The input impedance is infinite
1) The input impedance is infinite NO, but it is often GIGA
NO, but it is often GIGA
--i.e. no current ever flows into
i.e. no current ever flows into or TERA !!
or TERA
either input of the op-amp.
either input of the op-amp.
2) The output impedance is zero --
2) The output impedance is zero NO, but is can be a few
NO, but is can be a few
i.e. the op-amp can drive any
i.e. the op-amp can drive any ohms in many cases!
ohms in many cases!
load impedance to any voltage.
load impedance to any voltage.
3) The open-loop gain (A) is
3) The open-loop gain (A) is NO, but it is usually
NO, but it is usually
infinte.
infinte. several million!
several million!
4) The bandwidth is infinite.
4) The bandwidth is infinite. NO, usually several MHz.
NO, usually several MHz.
5) The output voltage is zero
5) The output voltage is zero NO, offset voltages exist,
NO, offset voltages exist,
when the input voltage
when the input voltage but can be trimmed.
but can be trimmed.
difference is zero.
difference is zero.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 39
40. SLEW RATE
Op-Amps can only swing their outputs Simulated slew-rate-limited
so fast... unity-gain amplifier with a
If you try an make them go faster, they UA741 op-amp
try, but you get a limiting rate of
change, the SLEW RATE!
3.9 µS to swing 2 V
2.0V gives a slew rate of
0.5 V/µS
0.0V
-2.0V
0us 5us 10us 15us 20us
Measuring the V(1) V(2)
SLEW RATE of Time
a lobster using
Exit Add_trace Remove_trace X_axis Y_axis Plot_control
a piece of Display_control Macros Hard_copy Cursor Zoom Label
Bungie-cord...
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 40
41. Slew Rate Example - Rising
LM741 (slow) and LT1056, ±15V Supplies, 2k Load, 1
VPP Squarewave Input (locally terminated into 50 ).
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 41
42. Slew Rate Example - Falling
LM741 (slow) and LT1056, ±15V Supplies, 2k Load, 1
VPP Squarewave Input (locally terminated into 50 ).
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 42
44. Gain-Bandwidth Product is Constant
This animation shows the how the bandwidth of an op-amp in the inverting configuration
increases as the gain is decreased.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 44
45. OPEN-LOOP CHARACTERISTICS
OF "REAL" OP-AMPS
3 dB frequency fu is VERY LOW!
1.0M
This frequency is determined
by the "Dominant Pole" of the
100K op-amp.
If negative feedback is applied,
fu may be shifted to much
10K
1.0h 3.0h 10h 30h 100h
higher frequencies
V(5)/ V(1)
Frequency
fu
Unity-gain frequency fT can be
100
VERY HIGH (many MHz)!
For unity-gain connected op-
1.0 amps, fu is the same as fT.
For any other gain, fT can be
determined by using the GAIN-
10m BANDWIDTH PRODUCT
100Kh 300Kh 1.0Mh 3.0Mh 10Mh
V(5)/ V(1) Frequency fT
fT fU =
Closed − Loop _Gain
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 45
46. STABILITY AND COMPENSATION
With negative feedback, if the input of
the amplifier receives a -180° out-of-
phase replica of the output signal
(via the feedback circuit) you end up
with OSCILLATIONS!!!!
All op-amps have a high-frequency
roll-off determined by several poles.
This means that eventually, you will
hit -180° phase! The key to
STABILITY is to ensure that this This effect is
happens when the gain has fallen off worse at lower
to less than 1! gains because
MORE SIGNAL IS
This can be accomplished by FED BACK!
DELIBERATELY rolling off the
amplifier using a COMPENSATION
CAPACITOR!
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 46
48. EXAMPLE OF USING A "REAL"
OP-AMP MACROMODEL
X1 1 2 3 4 2 UA741 NOTE:
Vplus 3 0 15V 1) You declare an "instance"
Vminus 0 4 15V of your macromodel with a
Vin 1 0 AC 1 0 name that begins with "X"
.AC DEC 100 1hz 10MEG
.probe 2) You have to explicitly
.end define the power supplies.
1.0M
100
10m
1.0h 100h 10Kh 1.0Mh 10Mh
V(5)/V(1)
Frequency
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 48
49. SPAM ZAPPED WITH PHOTONS!
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 49
50. CONCLUSION
• Op-Amps are useful for lots of things.
• Op-Amps deliver a lot of performance for peanuts!
• Op-Amp circuits are generally fairly intuitive if you
remember the basic "rules" of op-amp operation!
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 50