The document provides an overview schedule and learning objectives for an electronics workshop. The schedule includes installing Arduino software, an introduction to electronics theory, working on practical Arduino projects, and individual consultations. The objectives are to learn basics of electronics, the Arduino programming language, prototyping methods, and how to convert analog to digital values and vice versa. The document then provides primers on various electronics concepts like digital vs analog, Ohm's law, voltage, current, resistance, components, signals, design patterns, and discusses topics like charlieplexing, PWM, and sensors/actuators.

1. Schedule:
1. Install Arduino and upload a sketch
2. Intro. to Electrickery
3. Break < 12.30pm!
4. Arduino HW/SW
5. Practical Project
6. Individual Consulations

2. Today you will achieve the following:
Learn the basics of electronics theory.
Learn the Arduino programming language.
Learn about prototyping methods.
Make a component breadboard compatible.
Convert an analog input into a digital value.
Convert a digital value into a pseudo-analog output.

3. Introduction to
Electrickery
A short primer by
Justin James Clayden

4. Where it lies
Analog
electronics
Digital
electronics
Digital electronics is a limited subset of analog electronics

5. What we’ll cover
Digital
electronics
Analog
electronics
We’ll need some analog electronics knowledge

6. examples
Digital micro-controllers PWM
Analog power
sensors
audio potentiometers
We’ll need some analog electronics knowledge

7. Schematics
• Simplest representation of a circuit. A single schematic can
be implemented in any number of ways.
conductor
power source
switch light
resistor

8. Conductivity
Conductors allow the flow of
electrons, i.e. current
Resistors retard the flow of
electrons
Insulators prevent the flow of
electrons

9. The idea of Work
• Electrons have an energy that can do work
• Grossly- the production of heat
• Subtly- the actuation of logic

10. The Couloumb
• Approximately equal to 6.241 x 10 18
elementary particles.
• One C passing past one point per second is
known as an Ampere.

11. Electron motivation
• How motivated?
• Result of motivation
• Impediment to motivation

12. The key concepts
• Potential Difference (PD)
• Current
• Resistance

13. Better known as..
• Volts
• Amps
• Ohms

14. The classic scenario
• A potential difference (some Volts) causes
• some current to flow through
• some resistance

15. Ohm’s Law
• A fixed voltage will cause a greater
• current to flow, given a smaller
• resistance

16. Ohm’s Law
• A greater voltage is required to cause a
• fixed current to flow through a greater
• resistance

17. Ohm’s Law
• The greater the voltage,
• the greater the current will flow for a
• fixed resistance

18. Ohm’s Law
V
I R

19. Ohm’s Law
V=IxR
I =V / R R =V / I

20. Voltage as P.D.
• A Potential Difference is quite simply a
difference in energy potential between two
points in a circuit
• No difference, no P.D. and no current
• Two points might be at 5V, but there will be
no P.D.

21. AC/DC
• Seminal rock band
• Alternating Current / Direct Current
• Incompatible!
• Rectification converts to DC
• Where is the GND line?

22. High/low Voltages
• Static (eg lightning) Millions+ of Volts
• Substations - 10,000’s of Volts
• G.P.O. - 240 V
• Motors, etc - 12-24 V
• Digital circuits - 5V
• Low power digital - 1.2-3.3V
• Microphone signals - thousandths of volts

23. Kirchoff’s Law
c
a b
c
Current c = a + b

24. Conventional Current
• Throwback to earliest days of electronics
• Charge was thought to flow from +ve to
-ve
• Many schematics still obey this
convention

25. Compound quantities
• Watt
• Farad
• Amp Hour

26. Derived quantities
• 1 Watt = 1 Amp @ 1 Volt
• Farad = 1 Coulomb @ 1 Volt
• 1 Amp = 1 Coulomb/sec
• 1 Amp Hour = 1 Amp used over an hour

27. Restrictions
• Ohm’s Law is a formula; we deal in reality
• Rated Maximums
• Current carrying capacity
• Heat dissipation
• Voltage limits

28. Signals
• In a 5V digital system, the 2 states are 5v and
0v
• Using an oscilloscope to visualise digital
(and analog) signals is extremely helpful

29. Components
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Diodes
• Relays
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuits

30. Components
• Resistors - resist the flow of current
• Capacitors - store charge
• Diodes - allow one way passage of current
• Relays - can switch a large current from a
small one (eg 5V to 12V to 240V)
• Transistors - act as switches / amplifiers
• IC’s - many components in one

31. Components
• Resistors - like mathematical constants
• Capacitors - smoothing, buffering
• Diodes - circuit protection
• Relays - can switch a large current from a
small one
• Transistors - NPN / PNP
• IC’s - modules

32. Design Patterns
Three of my most often used,
easy to apply design patterns

33. 3 patterns
• Voltage Divider
• Power Decoupler
• “Charlieplexing”

34. Voltage Divider
simplest case:
5v
500 Ohms
= 5 * 500 / 1000
= 2.5v
500 Ohms
0v

35. Voltage Divider
3/7 ratio:
5v
300 Ohms
= 5 * 700 / 1000
= 3.5v
700 Ohms
0v

36. Voltage Divider
extreme case:
5v
1 Ohms
= 5 * 999 / 1000
= 4.995v
999 Ohms
0v

37. Power Decoupler
- for power stability
5v
+
50-500 uF
0v

38. Power Decoupler
- for signal stability
5v
+ +
50-500 uF 1-10 uF
0v

39. Power Decoupler
- for higher frequencies
5v
+ +
50-500 uF 1-10 uF .01 - .1 uF
0v

40. “Charlieplexing”
x*y LEDs from x+y pins
Eg 6+7 pins
gives 42 LEDs

41. “Charlieplexing”
detail
L.E.D.

42. “Charlieplexing”
lighting 0,0: step 1
col 0: 5v col 1: 0v
row 0: 0v
row 1: 0v

43. “Charlieplexing”
lighting 0,0: step 2
col 0: 5v col 1: 0v
row 0: 0v
row 1: 5v

44. “Charlieplexing”
summary
• x*y LEDs from x+y pins
• to light LED {x,y} :
• put 5v on column x and 0v on all other
columns
• put 0v on row y and 5v on all other
rows
• reversing these steps avoids glitches
• can light an entire column

45. Discussables
• Charlieplexing for input
• PWM
• Sensors/Actuators
• IR
• analogue inputs
• LED driver