Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 1 life begins with cells
โขDownload as PPT, PDFโข
15 likesโข7,054 views
This chapter provides an introduction to cell biology by discussing how all living things are made of cells and how cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. It describes the key components of cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles, and how cells carry out essential functions like obtaining energy and building cell structures. The chapter establishes cell biology as the study of cell structure and function to understand the nature of life.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 20 regulating the eukaryoti...
This chapter discusses how eukaryotic cells regulate progression through the cell cycle. It covers the key cyclin-dependent kinases that drive the cell cycle forward at specific checkpoints. External signals can stimulate or inhibit these cyclin-dependent kinases to promote or block cell cycle progression at different phases.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 5 molecular genetic techniques
This chapter discusses molecular genetic techniques used to study and manipulate DNA and genes. It covers methods such as cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gene expression analysis that are commonly employed in molecular and cell biology research. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 6 genes, genomics, and chro...
This chapter from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" discusses genes, genomics, and chromosomes. It covers topics such as the structure and organization of genes and genomes, as well as chromosome structure and behavior during cell division.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 8 post-transcriptional gene...
This chapter discusses how gene expression can be regulated after transcription through post-transcriptional mechanisms. These mechanisms include RNA processing, export from the nucleus, translation, and RNA degradation. Together, these processes allow for fine-tuned control of protein production from expressed genes.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 2 chemical foundations
This chapter provides the chemical foundations of molecular cell biology. It discusses the basic chemical building blocks that make up living organisms, including atoms, bonds, and macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. The chapter lays out the fundamental chemistry concepts that are essential to understanding cellular structure and function.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 4 basic molecular genetic m...
This chapter discusses basic molecular genetic mechanisms. It is from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish et al., published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter focuses on fundamental processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation that are key to understanding molecular genetics.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 10 biomembrane structure
This chapter discusses the structure of biomembranes. Biomembranes are made of a lipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins. The lipid bilayer forms a barrier that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. Proteins perform important functions like transporting molecules across the membrane and acting as receptors to receive signals.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 16 cell signaling ii signal...
This chapter discusses signaling pathways that control gene activity. Signaling pathways transmit signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus and trigger changes in gene expression. These pathways are crucial for processes like cell growth, proliferation, and death in response to external signals and intracellular conditions.
Recommended
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 20 regulating the eukaryoti...
This chapter discusses how eukaryotic cells regulate progression through the cell cycle. It covers the key cyclin-dependent kinases that drive the cell cycle forward at specific checkpoints. External signals can stimulate or inhibit these cyclin-dependent kinases to promote or block cell cycle progression at different phases.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 5 molecular genetic techniques
This chapter discusses molecular genetic techniques used to study and manipulate DNA and genes. It covers methods such as cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gene expression analysis that are commonly employed in molecular and cell biology research. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 6 genes, genomics, and chro...
This chapter from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" discusses genes, genomics, and chromosomes. It covers topics such as the structure and organization of genes and genomes, as well as chromosome structure and behavior during cell division.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 8 post-transcriptional gene...
This chapter discusses how gene expression can be regulated after transcription through post-transcriptional mechanisms. These mechanisms include RNA processing, export from the nucleus, translation, and RNA degradation. Together, these processes allow for fine-tuned control of protein production from expressed genes.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 2 chemical foundations
This chapter provides the chemical foundations of molecular cell biology. It discusses the basic chemical building blocks that make up living organisms, including atoms, bonds, and macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. The chapter lays out the fundamental chemistry concepts that are essential to understanding cellular structure and function.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 4 basic molecular genetic m...
This chapter discusses basic molecular genetic mechanisms. It is from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish et al., published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter focuses on fundamental processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation that are key to understanding molecular genetics.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 10 biomembrane structure
This chapter discusses the structure of biomembranes. Biomembranes are made of a lipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins. The lipid bilayer forms a barrier that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. Proteins perform important functions like transporting molecules across the membrane and acting as receptors to receive signals.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 16 cell signaling ii signal...
This chapter discusses signaling pathways that control gene activity. Signaling pathways transmit signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus and trigger changes in gene expression. These pathways are crucial for processes like cell growth, proliferation, and death in response to external signals and intracellular conditions.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 18 cell organization and mo...
This chapter discusses how microtubules and intermediate filaments help organize and move cells. Microtubules form the mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during cell division and also serve as tracks for motor proteins that transport vesicles and organelles within cells. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help maintain cell shape.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 22 the molecular cell biolo...
This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms that govern development in multicellular organisms. It covers topics such as how cells differentiate during development through changes in gene expression and how signaling between cells allows for precise spatial patterns during embryogenesis. The chapter aims to explain development at the molecular and cellular level.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 3 protein structure and fun...
This chapter discusses protein structure and function. Proteins are made of amino acids and have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The structure of a protein determines its function in the cell.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 17 cell organization and mo...
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and participate in processes like cytokinesis and muscle contraction.
Molecular.biology.of.the.cell.alberts.6th.ed
PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL 1
Chapter 1 Cells and Genomes 1
Chapter 2 Cell Chemistry and Bioenergetics 43
Chapter 3 Proteins 109
PART II BASIC GENETIC MECHANISMS 173
Chapter 4 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes 173
Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 237
Chapter 6 How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein 299
Chapter 7 Control of Gene Expression 369
PART III WAYS OF WORKING WITH CELLS 439
Chapter 8 Analyzing Cells, Molecules, and Systems 439
Chapter 9 Visualizing Cells 529
PART IV INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL 565
Chapter 10 Membrane Structure 565
Chapter 11 Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Electrical
Properties of Membranes 597
Chapter 12 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting 641
Chapter 13 Intracellular Membrane Traffic 695
Chapter 14 Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 753
Chapter 15 Cell Signaling 813
Chapter 16 The Cytoskeleton 889
Chapter 17 The Cell Cycle 963
Chapter 18 Cell Death 1021
PART V CELLS IN THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT 1035
Chapter 19 Cell Junctions and the Extracellular Matrix 1035
Chapter 20 Cancer 1091
Chapter 21 Development of Multicellular Organisms 1145
Chapter 22 Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal 1217
Chapter 23 Pathogens and Infection 1263
Chapter 24 The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 1297
Glossary G: 1
Index I: 1
Tables The Genetic Code, Amino Acids T: 1
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 14 vesicular traffic, secre...
This chapter discusses three important cellular processes: vesicular traffic, secretion, and endocytosis. Vesicular traffic involves transporting molecules within a cell using membrane-bound vesicles. Secretion is the process by which cells export molecules. Endocytosis is the opposite of secretion and involves cells taking molecules from outside the cell into vesicles inside the cell.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 7 transcriptional control o...
This chapter discusses how gene expression is controlled at the transcriptional level. It covers the basic mechanisms that regulate when and how often genes are transcribed from DNA into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase. Key players involved in transcriptional control include transcription factors, promoters, enhancers, silencers and chromatin structure.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 12 cellular energetics
This chapter discusses cellular energetics from the textbook Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish et al. It covers how cells obtain energy from breaking down glucose and other nutrients to power their functions and activities through cellular respiration. The chapter also examines how cells store energy in molecules like ATP and use this stored energy to drive various energy-requiring processes in the cell.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 11 transmembrane transport ...
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. Ions and molecules must cross the membrane to enter or exit the cell, which they do through transport proteins embedded in the membrane. The chapter will cover the different types of transport proteins and mechanisms that facilitate the movement of these substances across the membrane.
Chromosome structure
This document discusses chromosome structure and organization. It begins by listing components of chromosomes like centromeres, telomeres, and origins of replication. It then describes how genes are organized between centromeres and telomeres in eukaryotes. Genes can be relatively short with few introns in lower eukaryotes, and longer with many introns in higher eukaryotes. The document also discusses the differences between chromosomes and chromatin, homologous chromosome pairs, autosomes and sex chromosomes, and types of heterochromatin and euchromatin.
Endosymbiotic Theory Short Lecture
1) The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells developed from ancient prokaryotic cells when aerobic prokaryotes were engulfed by anaerobic hosts, providing oxygen utilization and enabling the hosts to survive.
2) Evidence supporting this includes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and replicate like prokaryotes.
3) Modern examples like Crithidia deanei show endosymbionts containing their own DNA but replicating inside host cells and being passed to daughter cells, supporting the endosymbiotic origin of organelles.
Cell cycle of Xenopus
Guided by Prof. Gayathri M. for the course 'Cell Biology and Biochemistry' at VIT University, Fall Semester 2016.
Eukaryotic cell cycle
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. In G1, cells grow and prepare for DNA replication. In S phase, DNA replication occurs as the DNA duplicates. In G2, cells continue to grow and prepare for mitosis. M phase consists of mitosis, where duplicated chromosomes separate, and cytokinesis, where the cell cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells each with an identical set of chromosomes. Checkpoint controls ensure conditions are right before progressing between phases.
Chapter 22 The Origin of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes arose during the Proterozoic eon through endosymbiotic relationships between ancient bacteria and archaea. The nuclear genome is derived from an archaeon that engulfed a bacterium, while the mitochondrial genome comes from alpha-proteobacteria that was engulfed by the nascent eukaryotic cell. Chloroplast genomes originate from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotes via endosymbiosis. DNA sequencing supports the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Endosymbiotic theory (2)
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic cells engulfing other prokaryotic cells via endocytosis. Over time, the engulfed cells evolved into membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes similarities between these organelles and prokaryotes like circular DNA, ribosomes, and binary fission. The theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and explains the origin of eukaryotic cells and certain organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
A prelude to genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
the theory provides an explanation for the presence and source of organellar genome in eukaryotic cell
Cell senescence
This presentation provides an overview of Cell senescence, Aging, Theories of Aging,principle of senescence, Mechanism of action, Factors, Diseases caused due to this action, Senescence and cancer, Insulin signalling cascade, Telomere shortening.
introduction to molecular biology
The document provides an overview of molecular biology, including its key components and history. It discusses three domains of life categorized based on cellular complexity. Molecular biology is defined as the study of gene structure and function at the molecular level, including DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation. Major events outlined include discoveries of DNA and RNA structure, restriction enzymes, gene cloning, and the ongoing human genome project.
Molecular biology and its application in food biotechnology
Molecular biology and its application in food biotechnology descript the rule of cell and DNA in bioprocess as basic of biotechnology.
Prions , prions diseases & pcr
Prions are infectious proteins that can replicate by converting normal prion proteins (PrP-sen) into an abnormal disease-causing form (PrP-res). PrP-res accumulates and forms amyloid fibers that are toxic to cells and ultimately cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). While prions do not contain genetic material, they propagate by inducing PrP-sen to adopt the abnormal PrP-res conformation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, allowing minute amounts of DNA to be analyzed. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA to separate and copy the strands
22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds - Wade 7th
This document summarizes Chapter 22 of an organic chemistry textbook. It discusses various reactions of carbonyl compounds including alpha substitution, condensations with aldehydes/ketones/esters, and keto-enol tautomerism. Specific reactions covered include halogenation, aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, malonic ester synthesis, and acetoacetic ester synthesis. Mechanisms are provided for reactions such as enolate formation, aldol addition, Claisen condensation and decarboxylation of alkylmalonic acids. Examples are given to illustrate reactions like the malonic ester synthesis and alkylation of acetoacetic ester.
24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins - Wade 7th
Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins and differ in their side chains. Protein structure is organized in four levels - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure refers to the complete 3D conformation of the protein.
More Related Content
What's hot
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 18 cell organization and mo...
This chapter discusses how microtubules and intermediate filaments help organize and move cells. Microtubules form the mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during cell division and also serve as tracks for motor proteins that transport vesicles and organelles within cells. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help maintain cell shape.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 22 the molecular cell biolo...
This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms that govern development in multicellular organisms. It covers topics such as how cells differentiate during development through changes in gene expression and how signaling between cells allows for precise spatial patterns during embryogenesis. The chapter aims to explain development at the molecular and cellular level.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 3 protein structure and fun...
This chapter discusses protein structure and function. Proteins are made of amino acids and have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The structure of a protein determines its function in the cell.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 17 cell organization and mo...
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and participate in processes like cytokinesis and muscle contraction.
Molecular.biology.of.the.cell.alberts.6th.ed
PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL 1
Chapter 1 Cells and Genomes 1
Chapter 2 Cell Chemistry and Bioenergetics 43
Chapter 3 Proteins 109
PART II BASIC GENETIC MECHANISMS 173
Chapter 4 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes 173
Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 237
Chapter 6 How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein 299
Chapter 7 Control of Gene Expression 369
PART III WAYS OF WORKING WITH CELLS 439
Chapter 8 Analyzing Cells, Molecules, and Systems 439
Chapter 9 Visualizing Cells 529
PART IV INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL 565
Chapter 10 Membrane Structure 565
Chapter 11 Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Electrical
Properties of Membranes 597
Chapter 12 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting 641
Chapter 13 Intracellular Membrane Traffic 695
Chapter 14 Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 753
Chapter 15 Cell Signaling 813
Chapter 16 The Cytoskeleton 889
Chapter 17 The Cell Cycle 963
Chapter 18 Cell Death 1021
PART V CELLS IN THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT 1035
Chapter 19 Cell Junctions and the Extracellular Matrix 1035
Chapter 20 Cancer 1091
Chapter 21 Development of Multicellular Organisms 1145
Chapter 22 Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal 1217
Chapter 23 Pathogens and Infection 1263
Chapter 24 The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 1297
Glossary G: 1
Index I: 1
Tables The Genetic Code, Amino Acids T: 1
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 14 vesicular traffic, secre...
This chapter discusses three important cellular processes: vesicular traffic, secretion, and endocytosis. Vesicular traffic involves transporting molecules within a cell using membrane-bound vesicles. Secretion is the process by which cells export molecules. Endocytosis is the opposite of secretion and involves cells taking molecules from outside the cell into vesicles inside the cell.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 7 transcriptional control o...
This chapter discusses how gene expression is controlled at the transcriptional level. It covers the basic mechanisms that regulate when and how often genes are transcribed from DNA into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase. Key players involved in transcriptional control include transcription factors, promoters, enhancers, silencers and chromatin structure.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 12 cellular energetics
This chapter discusses cellular energetics from the textbook Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish et al. It covers how cells obtain energy from breaking down glucose and other nutrients to power their functions and activities through cellular respiration. The chapter also examines how cells store energy in molecules like ATP and use this stored energy to drive various energy-requiring processes in the cell.
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 11 transmembrane transport ...
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. Ions and molecules must cross the membrane to enter or exit the cell, which they do through transport proteins embedded in the membrane. The chapter will cover the different types of transport proteins and mechanisms that facilitate the movement of these substances across the membrane.
Chromosome structure
This document discusses chromosome structure and organization. It begins by listing components of chromosomes like centromeres, telomeres, and origins of replication. It then describes how genes are organized between centromeres and telomeres in eukaryotes. Genes can be relatively short with few introns in lower eukaryotes, and longer with many introns in higher eukaryotes. The document also discusses the differences between chromosomes and chromatin, homologous chromosome pairs, autosomes and sex chromosomes, and types of heterochromatin and euchromatin.
Endosymbiotic Theory Short Lecture
1) The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells developed from ancient prokaryotic cells when aerobic prokaryotes were engulfed by anaerobic hosts, providing oxygen utilization and enabling the hosts to survive.
2) Evidence supporting this includes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and replicate like prokaryotes.
3) Modern examples like Crithidia deanei show endosymbionts containing their own DNA but replicating inside host cells and being passed to daughter cells, supporting the endosymbiotic origin of organelles.
Cell cycle of Xenopus
Guided by Prof. Gayathri M. for the course 'Cell Biology and Biochemistry' at VIT University, Fall Semester 2016.
Eukaryotic cell cycle
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. In G1, cells grow and prepare for DNA replication. In S phase, DNA replication occurs as the DNA duplicates. In G2, cells continue to grow and prepare for mitosis. M phase consists of mitosis, where duplicated chromosomes separate, and cytokinesis, where the cell cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells each with an identical set of chromosomes. Checkpoint controls ensure conditions are right before progressing between phases.
Chapter 22 The Origin of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes arose during the Proterozoic eon through endosymbiotic relationships between ancient bacteria and archaea. The nuclear genome is derived from an archaeon that engulfed a bacterium, while the mitochondrial genome comes from alpha-proteobacteria that was engulfed by the nascent eukaryotic cell. Chloroplast genomes originate from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotes via endosymbiosis. DNA sequencing supports the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Endosymbiotic theory (2)
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic cells engulfing other prokaryotic cells via endocytosis. Over time, the engulfed cells evolved into membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes similarities between these organelles and prokaryotes like circular DNA, ribosomes, and binary fission. The theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and explains the origin of eukaryotic cells and certain organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
A prelude to genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
the theory provides an explanation for the presence and source of organellar genome in eukaryotic cell
Cell senescence
This presentation provides an overview of Cell senescence, Aging, Theories of Aging,principle of senescence, Mechanism of action, Factors, Diseases caused due to this action, Senescence and cancer, Insulin signalling cascade, Telomere shortening.
introduction to molecular biology
The document provides an overview of molecular biology, including its key components and history. It discusses three domains of life categorized based on cellular complexity. Molecular biology is defined as the study of gene structure and function at the molecular level, including DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation. Major events outlined include discoveries of DNA and RNA structure, restriction enzymes, gene cloning, and the ongoing human genome project.
Molecular biology and its application in food biotechnology
Molecular biology and its application in food biotechnology descript the rule of cell and DNA in bioprocess as basic of biotechnology.
Prions , prions diseases & pcr
Prions are infectious proteins that can replicate by converting normal prion proteins (PrP-sen) into an abnormal disease-causing form (PrP-res). PrP-res accumulates and forms amyloid fibers that are toxic to cells and ultimately cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). While prions do not contain genetic material, they propagate by inducing PrP-sen to adopt the abnormal PrP-res conformation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, allowing minute amounts of DNA to be analyzed. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA to separate and copy the strands
What's hot (20)
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 18 cell organization and mo...
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 18 cell organization and mo...
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 22 the molecular cell biolo...
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 22 the molecular cell biolo...
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 3 protein structure and fun...
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 3 protein structure and fun...
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 17 cell organization and mo...
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 17 cell organization and mo...
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 14 vesicular traffic, secre...
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 14 vesicular traffic, secre...
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 7 transcriptional control o...
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 7 transcriptional control o...
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 12 cellular energetics
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 12 cellular energetics
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 11 transmembrane transport ...
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 11 transmembrane transport ...
ย
Molecular biology and its application in food biotechnology
Molecular biology and its application in food biotechnology
ย
More from Nattawut Huayyai
22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds - Wade 7th
This document summarizes Chapter 22 of an organic chemistry textbook. It discusses various reactions of carbonyl compounds including alpha substitution, condensations with aldehydes/ketones/esters, and keto-enol tautomerism. Specific reactions covered include halogenation, aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, malonic ester synthesis, and acetoacetic ester synthesis. Mechanisms are provided for reactions such as enolate formation, aldol addition, Claisen condensation and decarboxylation of alkylmalonic acids. Examples are given to illustrate reactions like the malonic ester synthesis and alkylation of acetoacetic ester.
24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins - Wade 7th
Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins and differ in their side chains. Protein structure is organized in four levels - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure refers to the complete 3D conformation of the protein.
23 - Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses carbohydrates and nucleic acids. It begins by describing how carbohydrates like starch and cellulose are synthesized by plants from glucose. Carbohydrates are then classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides based on whether they can be hydrolyzed into one, two, or many glucose units. The chapter also covers nucleic acids like RNA and DNA, which are polymers of ribose or deoxyribose linked by phosphate groups and bonded to nitrogenous bases. DNA consists of two antiparallel strands bonded through base pairing between complementary bases.
25 - Lipids - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses lipids, which are organic compounds that are nonpolar or only slightly polar. There are several types of lipids, including waxes, fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins, and terpenes. Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol and include fats and oils. Phospholipids are glycerides with a phosphate group and are major components of cell membranes. Steroids include cholesterol, sex hormones, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds derived from fatty acids. Terpenes are composed of repeating five-carbon
20 - Carboxylic Acids - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It defines carboxylic acids as containing a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group. Carboxylic acids can be aliphatic or aromatic. Common and IUPAC naming methods are introduced. The chapter discusses the structures, properties, acidity, and reactions of carboxylic acids including esterification, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and amides. Spectroscopic data of carboxylic acids is also summarized.
18 - Ketones and Aldehydes - Wade 7th
1) The document summarizes key concepts about ketones and aldehydes from an organic chemistry textbook chapter, including their structures, nomenclature, physical properties, reactions, and industrial uses.
2) Methods of synthesizing ketones and aldehydes are discussed, including oxidation of alcohols, Friedel-Crafts acylation, and reactions of nitriles, acid chlorides, and carboxylic acids.
3) Common reactions of ketones and aldehydes described include nucleophilic addition, hydration, imine and acetal formation, reductions, and oxidations.
21.1 - Part 1 Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives - Wade 7th
This document provides an overview of carboxylic acid derivatives including esters, amides, nitriles, acid halides, anhydrides, and lactones/lactams. It discusses their structures, naming conventions, physical properties such as boiling points and solubility, and spectral data from techniques like IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Key characteristics and reactions of each derivative type are summarized.
19 - Amines - Wade 7th
The document summarizes key points about amines from Chapter 19 of an organic chemistry textbook. It discusses the biological activity of some common amines, including their roles as neurotransmitters or vitamins. It classifies amines as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary based on the number of alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen. The document also outlines IUPAC naming conventions for amines, describes their structures, properties like boiling points and solubility, and common reactions like acylation, alkylation, and nucleophilic substitution.
21.2 - Part 2 Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives. It describes the addition-elimination mechanism and how more reactive derivatives can be converted to less reactive ones. Specific reactions covered include converting acid chlorides to anhydrides, esters, or amides. It also discusses hydrolysis, reduction, reactions of esters, amides, and nitriles, and how these transformations are important in organic synthesis and biochemical processes.
16 - Aromatic Compounds - Wade 7th
This document summarizes key concepts about aromatic compounds from Chapter 16 of Organic Chemistry. It discusses the discovery of benzene and its resonance structures, explaining that benzene is a resonance hybrid with delocalized pi electrons. Hรผckel's rule is introduced, stating that compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic and those with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of benzene and other aromatic compounds such as heterocycles and polycyclic aromatics.
14 - Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses ethers, epoxides, and sulfides. It describes the structures, properties, nomenclature, synthesis, and reactions of these compounds. Ethers have the general formula R-O-R' and are named based on the alkyl groups attached to the oxygen. Epoxides are cyclic ethers also known as oxiranes. Sulfides are analogous to ethers but contain a sulfur atom rather than oxygen. Methods for synthesizing ethers include the Williamson ether synthesis and reactions of alcohols with alkyl halides or tosylates. Epoxides can be synthesized from alkenes using peroxycarboxylic acids. Ethers, epoxides and
15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy - Wad...
This document discusses conjugated systems and ultraviolet spectroscopy. It begins by defining conjugated and isolated double bonds. It then discusses the stability and heat of hydrogenation of conjugated systems. It introduces molecular orbitals and illustrates them for ethylene and 1,3-butadiene. It discusses the Diels-Alder reaction and its mechanism, stereochemistry, endo rule, and examples. It concludes by discussing ultraviolet spectroscopy, how conjugation affects absorption wavelengths, and provides examples of UV absorptions based on structure.
12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry - Wade 7th
The document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques for determining the structure of organic compounds. It discusses the basics of infrared spectroscopy including the types of molecular vibrations that can be observed in the infrared region. Specific functional groups like C-H, C=O, O-H, and N-H are described along with their characteristic absorption frequencies. The document also covers fundamentals of mass spectrometry including how molecules are ionized and fragmented, and how the resulting mass spectrum can provide molecular weight and clues about functional groups present.
11 - Reactions of Alcohols - Wade 7th
This document summarizes reactions of alcohols including oxidation, substitution, reduction, dehydration, and other reactions. It discusses oxidation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols using various reagents like PCC and chromium reagents. It also covers substitution reactions using halides, tosylates, and thionyl chloride. Dehydration to alkenes and ether formation are discussed. Unique reactions of diols like pinacol rearrangement and periodate cleavage are presented. Esterification and phosphate ester synthesis are also summarized.
10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols - Wade 7th
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 10 of Organic Chemistry regarding alcohols. It discusses the structure of alcohols and water, classification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. It also covers IUPAC nomenclature for naming alcohols, and common names. Physical properties like boiling points and solubility in water are described. Methods for synthesizing alcohols are summarized, including hydration of alkenes, use of organometallic reagents like Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents, and reduction of carbonyl groups.
13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR is a powerful tool for determining organic structures. It detects various nuclei including 1H, 13C, 15N, 19F and 31P. NMR works by applying an external magnetic field which causes nuclear spin states to split into different energy levels. Absorption of radiofrequency photons causes spin flipping between these states. The chemical environment of nuclei affects the energy required for absorption, allowing structures to be elucidated. Key concepts covered include chemical shifts, spin-spin splitting, integration and coupling constants.
17 - Reactions of Aromatic Compounds - Wade 7th
The document summarizes key concepts about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions from Chapter 17 of an organic chemistry textbook. It discusses mechanisms and factors that influence the reactivity and products of reactions like bromination, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene and substituted benzenes. The effects of different substituents on the aromatic ring in determining whether they activate or deactivate the ring toward electrophilic attack are explained.
09 - Alkynes - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses alkynes, carbon-carbon triple bonded compounds. It covers the structure, properties, nomenclature and various reactions of alkynes. Key points include: alkynes have the general formula CnH2n-2; acetylene is the simplest alkyne and has a linear structure due to sp hybridized carbons; terminal alkynes are more acidic than internal alkynes; common reactions include hydration, hydroboration-oxidation, oxidation and ozonolysis.
08 - Reactions of Alkenes - Wade 7th
This chapter discusses various addition reactions of alkenes, including electrophilic and free radical additions. Electrophilic additions follow Markovnikov's rule, adding the electrophile to the carbon with the greater number of hydrogens. Free radical additions proceed anti-Markovnikov. Other reactions covered include hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-demercuration, halohydrin formation, epoxidation, and hydrogenation. Mechanisms are provided for each reaction type.
06 - Alkyl Halides ,Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination - Wade 7th
The reaction of a tertiary alkyl halide will proceed by an SN1 or E1 mechanism to give a mixture of products. In the absence of a strong nucleophile or base, the rate-determining step is formation of the tertiary carbocation intermediate. Rearrangements and elimination may then occur to form substituted alkene products.
More from Nattawut Huayyai (20)
22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds - Wade 7th
22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds - Wade 7th
ย
24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins - Wade 7th
24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins - Wade 7th
ย
21.1 - Part 1 Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives - Wade 7th
21.1 - Part 1 Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives - Wade 7th
ย
21.2 - Part 2 Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives - Wade 7th
21.2 - Part 2 Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives - Wade 7th
ย
15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy - Wad...
15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy - Wad...
ย
12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry - Wade 7th
12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry - Wade 7th
ย
10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols - Wade 7th
10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols - Wade 7th
ย
13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Wade 7th
13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Wade 7th
ย
06 - Alkyl Halides ,Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination - Wade 7th
06 - Alkyl Halides ,Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination - Wade 7th
ย
Recently uploaded
Diversity Quiz Prelims by Quiz Club, IIT Kanpur
Prelims of Diversity Quiz, conducted by Quiz Club, IIT Kanpur in collaboration with Unmukt on 22 June 2024.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
Aims and objectives of national policy on information and communication technology(ICT) in school education in india
KHUSWANT SINGH.pptx ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT KHUSHWANT SINGH
INDIA`S OWN LITERARY GENIUS MR.KHUSHWANT SINGH WAS TRULY A VERY BRAVE SOUL AND WAS AWARDED WITH THE MAGIC OF WORDS BY GOD.
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
How to Fix [Errno 98] address already in use
This slide will represent the cause of the error โ[Errno 98] address already in useโ and the troubleshooting steps to resolve this error in Odoo.
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER JEE PYQ
NIPER JEE QUESTIONS
MOST FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTIONS
NIPER MEMORY BASED QUWSTIONS
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
Information and Communication Technology in Education
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Recently uploaded (20)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
ย
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
ย
KHUSWANT SINGH.pptx ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT KHUSHWANT SINGH
KHUSWANT SINGH.pptx ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT KHUSHWANT SINGH
ย
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
ย
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
ย
Information and Communication Technology in Education
Information and Communication Technology in Education
ย
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
ย
Molecular Cell Biology Lodish 6th.ppt - Chapter 1 life begins with cells
- 1. Lodish โข Berk โข Kaiser โข Krieger โข Scott โข Bretscher โขPloegh โข Matsudaira MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 Life Begins with Cells ยฉ 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company Copyright 2008 ยฉ W. H. Freeman and Company