10. 身体診察Targeted Examination
• 起立性低血圧
• 神経診察
• Romberg
• Dix-Hallpike maneuver
• HINTS • Head-Impulse:Saccadeなし
• Nystagmus:垂直性or回旋性or注視方向性眼振
• Test of Skew:眼球偏倚あり
いずれかがあれば、中枢性に感度100%、特異度96%の報告
発症初期の中枢性めまいの除外にMRIよりも優れている
http://www.kaltura.com/index.php/extwidget/preview/partner_id/797802/uiconf_id/
27472092/entry_id/0_b9t6s0wh/embed/auto
Kattah JC. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI
diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke. 2009;40(11):3504–3510.
参照:手技動画
11. Dizziness: Approach to Evaluation and Management:
Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(3):154-162.
検査
•慢性疾患のある患者(高血圧、糖尿病)は採血
•示唆されればECG, ホルターECG、頸動脈エコー
•神経学的異常がなければ、画像検査と検体検査の推奨はされ
ていない。難聴を含め神経学的異常があれば、CTやMRI
Post RE, Dickerson LM. Dizziness: a diagnostic approach. Am Fam Physician.
2010;82(4):361–368, 369.
12. Dizziness: Approach to Evaluation and Management:
Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(3):154-162.
Take home message
• めまいにおいて、中枢性など緊急疾患を見逃さない。
• 診察はTiTrATE
Timing, Trigger, Targeted examination
• 起立性低血圧
• 神経診察
• Romberg
• Dix-Hallpike maneuver
• HINTS
• 反復発作性
• 持続性
HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging
Jorge C Kattah 1, Arun V Talkad, David Z Wang, Yu-Hsiang Hsieh, David E Newman-Toker
Affiliations expand
PMID: 19762709
PMCID: PMC4593511
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.551234
Free PMC article
Abstract
Background and purpose: Acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) is often due to vestibular neuritis but can result from vertebrobasilar strokes. Misdiagnosis of posterior fossa infarcts in emergency care settings is frequent. Bedside oculomotor findings may reliably identify stroke in AVS, but prospective studies have been lacking.
Methods: The authors conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study at an academic hospital. Consecutive patients with AVS (vertigo, nystagmus, nausea/vomiting, head-motion intolerance, unsteady gait) with >or=1 stroke risk factor underwent structured examination, including horizontal head impulse test of vestibulo-ocular reflex function, observation of nystagmus in different gaze positions, and prism cross-cover test of ocular alignment. All underwent neuroimaging and admission (generally <72 hours after symptom onset). Strokes were diagnosed by MRI or CT. Peripheral lesions were diagnosed by normal MRI and clinical follow-up.
Results: One hundred one high-risk patients with AVS included 25 peripheral and 76 central lesions (69 ischemic strokes, 4 hemorrhages, 3 other). The presence of normal horizontal head impulse test, direction-changing nystagmus in eccentric gaze, or skew deviation (vertical ocular misalignment) was 100% sensitive and 96% specific for stroke. Skew was present in 17% and associated with brainstem lesions (4% peripheral, 4% pure cerebellar, 30% brainstem involvement; chi(2), P=0.003). Skew correctly predicted lateral pontine stroke in 2 of 3 cases in which an abnormal horizontal head impulse test erroneously suggested peripheral localization. Initial MRI diffusion-weighted imaging was falsely negative in 12% (all <48 hours after symptom onset).
Conclusions: Skew predicts brainstem involvement in AVS and can identify stroke when an abnormal horizontal head impulse test falsely suggests a peripheral lesion. A 3-step bedside oculomotor examination (HINTS: Head-Impulse-Nystagmus-Test-of-Skew) appears more sensitive for stroke than early MRI in AVS.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of Interest Statement:
No conflicts of interest. None of the authors have any financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work.
Head Impulse test:正対する賢者の鼻を注視してもらいつつ,患者の頭を20°回旋し, 素早く顔を正面に戻す(反対方向に回すと首の筋を痛める).
目が行き過ぎて中央に戻れば異常で前庭神経障害を示唆する.患側へ頭を振ったときに目が行き過ぎる.
中枢性なら前庭眼球反射は正常.ただしAICA(anterior inferior cerebellar artery)の障害なら異常になってしまう.発症初日は 見つけやすいが,前庭神経は慣れてくるので,日が経つと陽性に出にくくなる.感度98%,特異度85%.
Nystagmus
Test of Skew (斜偏位):正対する検者の鼻を注視してもらいつつ,左右の目をパッパッと手掌等で交互に隠すと,目が垂直に偏位したら中枢性.時計回り(右目が上がり,左目が下がる)に動けば橋部より下の病変,反時計回り(右目が下がり,左目が上がる)なら橋部より上の病変.