Red Flags
l Age of onset less than 20 years or more than 55 years
l Recent history of violent trauma
l Constant progressive, non mechanical pain (no relief
with bed rest)
l Thoracic pain
l Past medical history of malignant tumor
l Prolonged use of corticosteroids
l Drug abuse, immunosuppression, HIV 6
l Systemically unwell
l Unexplained weight loss
l Widespread neurological symptoms
(including cauda equina syndrome)
l Structural deformity
l Fever 1
4