1. Chapter 1: Intro
Outline
A. Anatomy
a. Microscopic
b. Macroscopic (gross)
i. Comparative Anatomy:
ii. Developmental
iii. Embryology
iv. Regional
v. Surface
vi. Systemic
vii. Pathologic
viii. Radiographic
ix. Surgical
Definition of Anatomy
A. What is the study of body structure called?
a. Anatomy: “to cut apart” and “identify body parts”
B. What discipline studies the function of the body?
a. Physiology
C. Anatomy and physiology discipline are ____
a. Interrelated
D. What are the two major types of anatomy?
a. Gross (macroscopic): internal/external body parts/organs seen by the naked eye.
b. Microscopic: tiny anatomical structures such as tissues and cells.
i. Medical terms for cell and tissues
1. Cytology and histology
Gross Anatomy Subdisciplines
1. Comparative Anatomy: comparing human structures to different species
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2. a.
2. Developmental: structure changes from fetus to adulthood
a.
3. Embryology: developmental changes taking place before birth happens.
a.
4. Regional: “what part”
a. Studies all structure in a single region
i. Dermatologist : all skin
ii. Cardiologist: all heart
5. Surface:
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3. a. Superficial: all layer
b. Deep: internal layer
6. Systemic: structure is involved in specific activity
a. Digestion:
b. Circulatory
c. Respiratory
d. Lymphatic
7. Pathologic: structure changes happening from a disease
8. Radiographic: looking at structure seeing thru medical imaging
9. Surgical: landmark before and after surgery
Body Organization : AMC-o-Tooso
1. Atoms: smallest unit of matter that has “distinct” chemical properties
2. Molecules: two or more atoms covalently (shared) bonded together
3. Cells: basic structure/function of life
4. Organelles: structure inside a cell with special function
5. Tissue: Group of similar cells working together to perform a function
6. Organs: two or more tissues working together to perform a function
7. Organ System: Group of related organs with a common function
8. Organism: a living individual
Characteristics of living organism:
1. Organization: structure order from small to large
2. Metabolism (ENERGY): chemical reaction for building up and breaking down
chemical compounds.
3. Growth and development: size and specialization (reproductive system)
4. Responsiveness: sensation and reaction
5. Adaptation: changes that take place to increase survival and reproductive success
6. Regulation: Homeostasis: maintaining balance
a. “State of maintaining a constant internal environment”
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4. 7. Reproduction: cell (more blood cell) or organismal level ( more humans).
11 distinct organ systems:
1. The integumentary system
a. functions to enclose internal body structures and is the site of many sensory
receptors. Some organs of this system include skin, hair, and nails.
2. The skeletal system
a. supports the body and enables movement (with the help of the muscular system).
Bones are the major organs of this system.
3. The muscular system
a. enables movement (with the help of the skeletal system) and also helps to
maintain body temperature. Skeletal muscles are the major organs of this system,
which are connected to bones by tendons.
4. The nervous system
a. detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses. The
main organs that perform these functions are the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
nerves.
5. The endocrine system
a. is responsible for secreting hormones to regulate bodily processes. Some major
organs of the endocrine system include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries.
6. The cardiovascular system
a. delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues while also removing wastes, and helps to
equalize temperature in the body. This is accomplished by the heart and blood
vessels.
7. The lymphatic system
a. functions to return fluids back to the blood and defends the body against
pathogens. Major structures and organs of this system include the thymus, lymph
nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic vessels.
8. The respiratory system
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5. a. delivers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body. The nasal
cavity, trachea, and lungs all work together to carry out these functions.
9. The digestive system
a. processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested foods.
Some organs of the digestive system include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, large
intestine, and small intestine.
10. The urinary system
a. controls water balance in the body and removes wastes from the blood and
excretes them. The kidneys and bladder are major organs of this system.
11. The reproductive system
a. produces sex hormones and gametes. The male reproductive system also
functions to deliver gametes to the female, while the female reproductive system
supports an embryo/fetus until birth and produces milk for an infant. Organs of
the male reproductive system include the epididymis and testes. Organs of the
female reproductive system include the mammary glands, ovaries, and the uterus.
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