Ch.16 america looks to the future

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Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Chapter 16
US History: Civil War to the Present
The End of the 20th
Century
The Big Idea
The United States and the world faced many new challenges at the end of the 20th century.
Main Ideas
•Major global changes took place during the presidency of George H. W. Bush.
•During Bill Clinton’s presidency, the nation experienced scandal, economic growth, and the rise
of terrorist threats.

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Chapter 16
1988 Election
•Reagan’s vice president, George H. W. Bush, defeated Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis
after a hard-fought campaign.
Cold War Ends
•Mikhail Gorbachev continued reforms in the Soviet Union while pro-democracy movements
gained strength in Eastern Europe.
•October 1989, East Germans overthrew Communist government and new government agreed to
open borders.
— November 9, East and West Berliners smashed through the Berlin Wall, a symbol of
the Cold War.
•Soon, several Soviet republics declared independence and the Soviet Union broke apart,
marking the end of the Cold War.
Main Idea 1: Major global changes took place during the presidency of George H. W.
Bush.

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Chapter 16
The Persian Gulf War
• Iraq’s brutal dictator, Saddam Hussein, invaded neighboring oil-rich Kuwait.
• United Nations called for immediate withdrawal.
– President Bush began assembling a coalition of nations to drive Iraq from
Kuwait.
• UN coalition launched Operation Desert Storm when Hussein refused to withdraw.
– Air offensive led by U.S. generals Norman Schwarzkopf and Colin Powell, the
highest-ranking African American ever to serve in U.S. military.
• After a six-week bombing campaign, UN forces invaded Kuwait and Iraq soon agreed to a
cease-fire.
– About 22,300 Iraqi soldiers and civilians were killed
– UN forces lost around 223 soldiers, 148 of which were American
– More than 35,000 American women served in the war in non-combat
positions.

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Chapter 16
1992 Election
•Republican candidate: President George H. W. Bush
— Americans supported his handling of the Gulf War.
•Democratic candidate: Arkansas governor Bill Clinton
— Told voters he would focus on improving the struggling U.S. economy
•Clinton won a three-way race against Bush and Ross Perot, who ran as an independent
candidate.
Main Idea 2: During Bill Clinton’s presidency, the nation experienced scandal,
economic growth, and the rise of terrorist threats.

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Chapter 16
Clinton and Congress
• Under President Clinton’s leadership Congress
− Passed a budget to reduce the deficit by cutting spending and raising taxes; and
− Supported the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which eliminated trade
barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
• In 1994 congressional elections, Republicans won a majority in Congress for the first time
since 1952.
− House minority leader Newt Gingrich spearheaded the victory with promotion of a set of
policies called the Contract with America, promising lower taxes and smaller government.

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Chapter 16
Clinton’s Second Term
• In 1996 election, Clinton won a second term by defeating Senator Bob Dole of Kansas.
• Second Term was dominated by questions about Clinton’s personal and official conduct.
– Charged with having an inappropriate relationship with a White House
intern and then lying about it under oath
• In 1998 the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton, but the Senate acquitted
him of charges.
– Scandal damaged Clinton’s public image.

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Chapter 16
A Dangerous World
•Collapse of Soviet Union left the United States as the world’s only superpower.
•Clinton appointed Madeleine Albright as the first woman to be secretary of state.
– Helped adapt U.S. foreign policy
•United States worked to protect global peace and democracy
–Helped to negotiate an end to war in Balkan region of Europe after former
nation of Yugoslavia broke apart
• Terrorism– the use of violence by individuals or small groups to advance political goals–
became a major issue in the 1990s.
–April 1995– American terrorists bombed an Oklahoma federal building, killing
168 people.
–1998– Hundreds killed in a bomb attacks on U.S. embassies in Africa.
–Increasingly deadly attacks were made by extremist Islamic groups.

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Chapter 16
George W. Bush in Office
The Big Idea
George W. Bush led the country in response to terrorist attacks and through domestic challenges.
Main Ideas
•George W. Bush won the disputed 2000 presidential election.
•Americans debated the future of the War on Terror that began after terrorists attacked the
United States.
•The nation faced difficult challenges during President Bush’s second term.

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Chapter 16
Main Idea 1: George W. Bush won the disputed 2000 presidential election.
• United States at peace and enjoying economic prosperity at time of 2000 election.
• Democratic candidate: Vice President Al Gore
–Said he would use budget surplus for education and health care
• Republican candidate: Texas governor George W. Bush, son of former President George H.
W. Bush
–Promised to return budget surplus to taxpayers in the form of tax cuts
• Voting was very close
–It became clear that Florida’s twenty-five electoral votes would determine
the outcome of the election.
–Popular vote in Florida was so close that state law required the votes to be
recounted.

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Chapter 16
Bush’s Early Days in Office
•Caused lasting bitterness between Democrats
and Republicans.
•Bush appointed Colin Powell to key position of
secretary of state, the first African American to
hold the office.
•Signed into law $1.35 trillion tax-cut plan
•Signed into law a reform plan called No Child
Left Behind, creating a national set of
educational standards and increasing school
funding
Election Disputes
• Machine recount found Bush received a
few hundred more votes than Gore.
• Gore supporters demanded a recount by
hand to ensure proper counting.
• Supreme Court ruled that manual recounts
could not ensure all votes would be
counted in the same way.
• Florida’s votes went to Bush, making him
the first president in more than 100 years
to win the electoral vote while receiving
fewer popular votes.
Election Results

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Chapter 16
Main Idea 2: Americans debated the future of the War on Terror that began after
terrorists attacked the United States.
• On September 11, 2001, terrorists seized four commercial planes, intending to fly them
into major targets.
– Two planes crashed into and destroyed the World Trade Center, an
important business center in New York City.
– One plane crashed into the Pentagon– the headquarters of the Department
of Defense located just outside Washington, D.C.
– A fourth plane crashed in a Pennsylvania field after passengers began
fighting back against the terrorists.
• Thousands of Americans were killed in the attacks, including emergency rescue workers.

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Chapter 16
The Nation Pulls Together
• The tragedy brought Americans together.
–There was an outpouring of support from foreign leaders and U.S. citizens.
• President Bush promised to find and punish those responsible for the attacks.
• U.S. officials determined that the hijackers were members of a fundamentalist Islamic
terrorist group called al Qaeda, or “the Base.”
–Led by a wealthy Saudi Arabian exile, Osama bin Laden
–Group based in Afghanistan where the Taliban, an extreme Islamic
government, ruled the country
• Taliban leaders refused to turn over bin Laden, and the United States prepared for military
action.

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Chapter 16
The Fight Against Terrorism
• In October 2001 the United States began air strikes in Afghanistan.
• By December U.S. forced had driven Taliban from power and captured many al Qaeda
members.
– Began helping Afghanistan to rebuild and establish a democratic
government
• In 2002 UN inspectors were sent to Iraq to ensure that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein
fulfilled his promise to give up weapons of mass destruction– chemical, biological, or
nuclear weapons that can kill thousands.
– Saddam interfered with inspectors’ work.
– UN members could not agree on how to handle the crisis.
• On March 23, 2003, the United States and a coalition of allies launched an attack on Iraq.
• By December 2003 Saddam’s government had collapsed and Saddam was captured.
– U.S. officials began working with Iraqis to establish a democratic
government.
–Violence continued.

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Chapter 16
Debates at Home
• War in Iraq caused fierce debate at home.
– Supporters of the war argued that removing Hussein from power was an
important part of the war on terror.
– Critics doubted that Saddam had posed a serious threat to the United States
as no weapons of mass destruction were found and no concrete ties to al
Qaeda could be proved.
• Democratic nominee: Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts
– Argued that Bush rushed into war.
• Republican nominee: President George Bush
– Insisted that the war had made Americans safer and brought freedom to
millions of Iraqis.
• Bush won the election with 286 electoral votes to Kerry’s 251.

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Chapter 16
Main Idea 3: The nation faced difficult challenges during President Bush’s second
term.
• After the 2004 election, four of the president’s cabinet members stepped down.
– Condoleezza Rice became the first African American woman to be appointed
secretary of state.
– Alberto Gonzales became the first Hispanic attorney general.
• In 2005 two vacancies opened on the Supreme Court, and President Bush nominated
replacements.
• Bush’s administration faced major domestic challenges in August 2005 when Hurricane
Katrina hit the Gulf Coast region.
– New Orleans was hardest hit, where thousands of residents who weathered
the storm in the city were left with few or no resources and no way to
evacuate.
– Many criticized the local, state, and federal governments for what they
believed was an inadequate response to the crisis.
– The Bush administration worked to step up the response to states hardest
hit by the disaster.

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Chapter 16
The Road Ahead
The Big Idea
The United States continues to grow and change as we move ahead in the 21st
century.
Main Ideas
•The American economy and job market are changing.
•Technological advances continue to solve everyday problems.
•The Americans are a diverse people united by shared ideals.

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Chapter 16
Main Idea 1: The American economy and job market are changing.
•Americans have many concerns for the future.
– Terrorism and continuing violence in Iraq
– Economy and availability of jobs
– Health care costs, education, immigration, and the environment
– Growing national debt
•American economy and job market have experienced important ups and downs.
–1990s– stock market boomed and unemployment fell to its lowest level in 30
years.
–In the late 1990s when the Internet companies and high-tech firms that
helped drive the stock market up failed to turn a profit, the stock market
dropped and unemployment rose.
–American manufacturing industry is on decline.
–U.S. is moving toward becoming a service economy in which most people
have jobs providing services rather than producing goods.

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Chapter 16
Globalization
• Globalization– growing connections among economies and cultures all over the world– is
an ongoing change in the U.S. economy.
– Multinational corporations, companies that do business in more than one
country, play an important role.
– In 1995 more than 120 nations joined to form the World Trade Organization
to promote international trade by removing political and economic barriers
among nations.
• Americans have different opinions on how globalization will affect the United States.
– Supporters believe it will lead to increased U.S. exports, new jobs, and a
stronger economy.
– Opponents worry that Americans will lose jobs as U.S. companies move
operations to countries where wages are lower.

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Chapter 16
Main Idea 2: Technological advances continue to solve everyday problems.
• Technological innovation continues to have dramatic effects on life in the United States
and around the world.
• The Internet has changed everyday life.
– It is a global system of computer networks in which people anywhere in the
world can communicate and share information.
– Makes accessing and sharing of information fast and easy.
– The Information Revolution developed as Internet use exploded in the
1990s.
– Excitement helped fuel the economic boom of the 1990s.
– Internet use continues to grow rapidly around the world today.

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Chapter 16
Environment
•In the 1980s, the United States and more than
100 other nations banned the use of chemicals
that were harming the ozone layer– a thin
layer of gas in the atmosphere that blocks
harmful solar rays.
•Scientists are working to develop better
understanding of global warming, climate
change affecting the entire world.
Other Technological Advances
Medical Research
•Important advances in understanding
genetics and illness
•In 2003, scientists completed the Human
Genome Project identifying the genes in
human DNA.
•Scientists continue the fight against AIDS,
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, as
they develop new drugs and treatments.

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Chapter 16
Mechanical Innovation
• Concerns about global warming and high oil prices have encouraged development of new
transportation technologies.
– Development of hybrid cars that use less gas because they run partially on
batteries.
– Development of vehicles that run entirely on hydrogen, releasing no
pollution into the air.
• Looking to space
– In 2003 NASA landed robotic vehicles on Mars.
– Human exploration continues on the International Space Station and
through manned shuttle flights.

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Chapter 16
Main Idea 3: The Americans are a diverse people united by shared ideals.
• American population will continue to grow and change through the 21st century.
– U.S. Census Bureau reports that U.S. population is more ethnically diverse
than ever before.
– Immigration patterns influence change.
• Diversity in America grows
• Americans of all backgrounds share belief in many basic ideals.
– Commitment to ideals of freedom, equality, and justice
– Dedication to responsibilities of citizenship
– Hopes and dreams of the future

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Chapter 16
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