15.ppt

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GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN &
CRANIAL NERVES # 1
MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY,
9TH EDITION, CHAPTER # 14
Exercise #20
Page # 249

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NOTE:
 THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
 THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY
GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR PRACTICUMS /
QUIZZES.
 STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR READING THEIR
TEXBOOK (S) AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED
DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE
SYLLABUS

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OBJECTIVES
– Identifying the major regions of the brain and
state their function.
– Identifying the meninges.
– Locating and naming selected cranial nerves.

 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)- BRAIN & SPINAL CORD

 PERIPFERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)- NERVES & ASSOCITED
 GANGLIA
 CEREBRAL HEMIPHERES- 2 HALF OF THE CEREBEUM, RIGHT & LEFT
 DIVIDED BY LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
 GYRI (PLURAL)- THICK AREAS
 GYRUS- (SINGULAR)- FOLDS
 PRECENTRAL GYRUS
 POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
 FISSURES: DEEP GROOVES
 SULCI- SHALLOW GROOVES SEPARATING GYRI
 SULCY- PLURAL
 SULCUS- SINGULAR
 LONGITUDINAL FISSURE- IT SEPARATES THE RIGHT & LEFT
 HEMISPHERES
 CENTRAL SULCUS- IT DIVIDES THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERS IN
 ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR

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 LATERAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES
 FROM TEMPORAL LOBE
 PARIETO OCCIPITAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES THE PARIETAL LOBE
 FROM OCCIPITAL LOBE
 FRONTAL LOBE- FROM CENTRAL SULCUS ANTERIORLY
 PREFRONTAL CORTEX- MOST ANTERIOR PART OF THE FRONTAL LOBE
 F- CENTER OF THE INTELECT FOR RAZONALIZATION
 TEMPORAL LOBE- UNDER THE TEMPORAL BONES UNDER THE
 LATERAL SULCUS
 PARIETAL LOBE- UNDER THE PARIETAL BONES & BEHIND THE
 FRONTAL LOBE
 OCCIPITAL LOBE- POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM
 UNDER OCCIPITAL BONE

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 PRE CENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS BEFORE THE CENTRAL SULCUS
 (ORANGE IN MODEL)
 IT CONTEINS THE PRIMARY MOTOR AREA-
 F- TO CONTROL VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENT
 POSTCENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS AFTER THE CENTRAL SULCUS
 (LAVANDER IN MODEL)
 IT CONTEIS THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA
 F- TO RECEIVE SENSORY INFO FROM GENERAL
 SENSORY RECEPTORS EX- TOUCH, PAIN, TEMP
 SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA-
 BEHIND THE POST CENTRAL GYRUS (LAVANDER)
 F- TO INTERPRET SENSORY INFORMATION
 BROCA’S AREA- CONTEIS THE SPEECH CENTER
 F- TO CONTROL MUSCLES OF SPEECH

4/3/2022 ALFONSO A. PINO. MD. 7

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TURN THE MODEL OVER
 OLFACTORY BULBS- THE BULBS TO THE FRONT
 F- CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL
 OLFACTORY TRACS – WHERE THE BULB ARE ATTACHED TO
 F- TO CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL
 OPTIC CHIASMA- WHERE THE OPTIC NERVES CROSS (IN THE MIDDLE)
 OPTIC TRACTS- FROM OPTIC NERVES BACK TO THE BRAIN
 F- TO CARRY VISUAL INFORMATION
 PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOFISIS)-
 F- TO PRODUCE MANY HORMONES
 MAMiILARY BODIES- (ORANGE & WHITE IN MODEL)
 F-TO CARRY SMELL IMPULSE

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OPEN THE BRAIN IN HALF
 CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES- POSTERIOR PART OF THE PONS
 F- TO CARRY MOTOR INFORMATION
 PONS- CONNECTS THE CEREBRUM WITH THE CEREBELUM
 F-RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO CEREBELLUM & THALAMUS
 AND CONTAIN BREATHING CENTER
 SUBCONSCIOUS SOMATIC & VISCERAL MOTOR CENTERS

 MEDULA OBLONGATA-
 F- RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO THALAMUS & BRAIN STEM
 TO CONTROL VITAL SIGNS (BLOOD PRESSURE,
 HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE)

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 Corpora cuadrigemina-
 2 superior colliculies-
 F- to process visual sensation for visual reflex
 To control reflex mov of eyes, head & neck
 2 inferior colliculies-
 F- to process auditory sensation for auditory reflex
 To control reflex mov of head, neck, &
 trunk (loud voice)
 Corpus callosum-
 F-to carry info between cerebral hemispheres
 Fornix- tracts of white matter that connects limbic system

 Septum pellucidum- it separates the lateral Ventricles (1 & 2)
 Thalamus- from anterior commisure to pineal gland

 F- relays & processing centers for sensory information
 Intermediate mass-(brown model);
 F- to connect both sides of the thalamus
Hypothalamus- from superior to the optic
 chiasm to posterior margin of mammillary bodies
 F- to control emotions- feeding, hunger & thirst centers
 Autonomic f-heart rate, blood pressure,
 Respiration & digestive funct
 To secrete hormones (adh, oxytocine)
 To control circadian rhythms

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Epithalamus (pineal body- or gland)-
F- to produce melatonin h
Setting circadian rhythm
Timming human sexual maturation
Protects brain against free radicals
Location- lies posterior portion of roof of 3rd ventricle
Cerebellum-
Vermis- (narrow band of cortex along the middline)
F- to separate right & left cerebellar hemispheres
arbor vitae- white mater of cerebellum
Function of cerebellum- adjust postural movement balance and
equilibrium
Programming fine tuning movement to make movements smoo

THE CEREBELLUM

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THE CEREBELLUM (ARBOR VITAE)

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MENINGES
 Meninx= membrane: for protection
 Cranial meninges
 (From exrternal to internal)
 Dura mater- endosteal layer
 Dural sinus
 Dura mater- meningeal layer
 Subdural space
 Arachnoid mater
 Subarcnoid space contains csf
 Pia mater- for nourishment cerebral cortex

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CRANIAL MENINGES (CONTINUATION)
 Dura mater
 Falx cerebri- formed by dura mater along
 longitudinal fissure
 F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres
 Superior sagital sinus- venous sinus within the falx cerebri
 Tentorium cerebelli- on top of the cerebellum
 F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres from those of the
cerebellum

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VENTRICLES
 Function of the ventricles- to contain CSF
 Lateral ventricles (1 & 2)
 3rd ventricle
 Interventricular foramen- to connect lateral
 ventricle with 3rd ventricle
 Cerebral aqueduct- to connect 3rd ventricle
 with fourth ventricle
 Fourth ventricle
 Choroid plexus- function- it contains the ependimal
 cells for production of CSF

CRANIAL NERVES
 I- olfactory n- (not seen in charts, just in model)
 F- special sensory, to carry smell impulse
 II- optic n- special sensory, to carry visual info
 III- oculomotor-motor-to control movement of the muscles of the
eyes
 IV-troclear-motor, eye movement (superior oblique muscles of the
eyes
 V-trigeminal- (sensory & motor)- to face chewing muscles
 VI-abducens-motor- eye movement. Loc : pons & medulla
 F- lateral rectus muscle of the eyes
 VII- facial-(sensory & motor)-
 F- muscles of facial expression
 Carries motor info for face

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 VIII- vestibulococlear n- special sensory
 Vestibular branch- balance & equilibrium
 Cochlear branch- hearing
 IX- glosopharyngeal n- sensory & motor-
 Head & neck
 X- vagus n- sensory & motor-
 Organs in thorax & abdomen
 XI-accessory n- motor-
 Neck, upper back, trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles
 XII- hypoglossal n- motor- tongue movement

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OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
OLFACTORY FIBERS
OLFACTORY BULB
OLFACTORY TRACT
(chapter #17)

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Parasympathetic or craniosacral division-
 To maintain body under resting conditions
 Preganglionic neuron: located in CNS, found in brain and
 sacral part of spinal cord (s2-s4)
 Pregaglionic fibers: from CNS to ganglia
 Intramural or terminal ganglion- contain ganglionic neurons
 postganglionic fibers: from ganglia to organ
 Sympathetic or thoraco lumbar division-
To put the body in alert state
Preganglionic neuron: in CNS (spinal cord t1-l2)
White ramus communicans: contain preganglionic unmyelinatesd fibers
Splanchnic nerves – preganglionic fibers
Sympathetic chain ganglia: contain ganglionic neurons
collateral ganglion: contain ganglionic neurons
Gray ramus communicans: contain postganglionic unmylinated fibers

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REMEMBER!
GO TO THE TUTORING ROO
AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS.
ROO 3326.

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