This document discusses various methods of measuring force and torque. It describes several common force and torque measurement devices. Scales, spring scales, cantilever beams, load cells, and dynamometers are some of the main instruments covered. Load cells can operate hydraulically, pneumatically, or with strain gauges to translate an applied force into a pressure or electrical resistance measurement. Dynamometers discussed include Prony brakes, rope brakes, hydraulic dynamometers, and eddy current dynamometers, which all work to absorb the power output of an engine being tested.
This ppt contains the information regarding the measurement of force and various instruments that are used for the measurement of force. This a topic in the fifth unit of Metrology and instrumentation for the third mechanical in JNTUACEP.
for detailed information or video of this ppt just follow the youtube link attached below
https://youtu.be/aCMXmWc2poU
Measurement of force and torque and pressure standardsMech-4u
Measurement of Force and Torque and pressure Standards,
Measuring Methods,
study of different types of forces and torque Measuring systems.
Description and working Principle of different types of Transducers for Measuring Pressure.
This ppt contains the information regarding the measurement of force and various instruments that are used for the measurement of force. This a topic in the fifth unit of Metrology and instrumentation for the third mechanical in JNTUACEP.
for detailed information or video of this ppt just follow the youtube link attached below
https://youtu.be/aCMXmWc2poU
Measurement of force and torque and pressure standardsMech-4u
Measurement of Force and Torque and pressure Standards,
Measuring Methods,
study of different types of forces and torque Measuring systems.
Description and working Principle of different types of Transducers for Measuring Pressure.
ME 313 Mechanical Measurements and Instrumentation is a followup course on ME-312 Machine Design. Design and implementation of measurement systems, signal conditioning and formatting. Dr. Bilal Siddiqui teaches this course every spring at DHA Suffa University.
PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF MILLING TOOLS DYNAMOMETERsathish sak
A Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from a work piece by advancing (or feeding) in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool.
A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, torque, or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM).
Definition of Metrology, Scientific or fundamental metrology, Applied or Industrial Metrology, Legal Metrology, Need of Inspection, Process of Measurement, Direct measurement, indirect measurement, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Measurement, Instruments and Classification of Instruments, selection of measuring instruments,
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Reverse Engineering
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
CMM is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.
CMM Applications
Types of CMM
Cantilever Type
Moving bridge type
Fixed bridge type
Column type
Gantry type
Horizontal arm type
Portable type
1. Cantilever Type of CMM
2. Moving Bridge type
3.Fixed bridge type
4. Column type CMM
5. Horizontal arm type CMM
6. Gantry type CMM
Types of Probe
Contact probe
Hard probe
Switching probes
Measuring probes
Non-contact probes
Laser probe
Vision probe
Hard Probe
It has a variety of probe tip shape and size based on the application.
Ball/Spherical shape probe used for establishing surface locations.
Tapered or conical probe used for locating holes.
Cylindrical probe used for checking slots and holes in sheet metal.
Switching Probes
3. Measuring Probes
2. Vision Probe
CAUSES OF ERRORS IN CMM
1. Measuring the angle of a component.
2. Checking the sloping angle of a vee-block.
3. Measuring the angle of a cone or taper gauges.
4. Precise angular settings for machining operations.
Mechanical Engineering : Engineering mechanics, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
GATE 2015, GATE EXAM, GATE ONLINE CLASSES, GATE COACHING, GATE MATERIALS , GATE BOOKS, GATE PDF BOOKS, THE GATE ACADEMY, Mechanical Engineering GATE MATERIALS
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Measurement. (I-Scheme III Sem. Diploma in Mechanical Engg.)
Ch. no. 2. displacement, force & torque measurement.
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Prepared by Prof. Amol Yashwant Kokare Sir
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
ME 313 Mechanical Measurements and Instrumentation is a followup course on ME-312 Machine Design. Design and implementation of measurement systems, signal conditioning and formatting. Dr. Bilal Siddiqui teaches this course every spring at DHA Suffa University.
PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF MILLING TOOLS DYNAMOMETERsathish sak
A Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from a work piece by advancing (or feeding) in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool.
A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, torque, or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM).
Definition of Metrology, Scientific or fundamental metrology, Applied or Industrial Metrology, Legal Metrology, Need of Inspection, Process of Measurement, Direct measurement, indirect measurement, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Measurement, Instruments and Classification of Instruments, selection of measuring instruments,
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Reverse Engineering
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
CMM is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.
CMM Applications
Types of CMM
Cantilever Type
Moving bridge type
Fixed bridge type
Column type
Gantry type
Horizontal arm type
Portable type
1. Cantilever Type of CMM
2. Moving Bridge type
3.Fixed bridge type
4. Column type CMM
5. Horizontal arm type CMM
6. Gantry type CMM
Types of Probe
Contact probe
Hard probe
Switching probes
Measuring probes
Non-contact probes
Laser probe
Vision probe
Hard Probe
It has a variety of probe tip shape and size based on the application.
Ball/Spherical shape probe used for establishing surface locations.
Tapered or conical probe used for locating holes.
Cylindrical probe used for checking slots and holes in sheet metal.
Switching Probes
3. Measuring Probes
2. Vision Probe
CAUSES OF ERRORS IN CMM
1. Measuring the angle of a component.
2. Checking the sloping angle of a vee-block.
3. Measuring the angle of a cone or taper gauges.
4. Precise angular settings for machining operations.
Mechanical Engineering : Engineering mechanics, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
GATE 2015, GATE EXAM, GATE ONLINE CLASSES, GATE COACHING, GATE MATERIALS , GATE BOOKS, GATE PDF BOOKS, THE GATE ACADEMY, Mechanical Engineering GATE MATERIALS
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Measurement. (I-Scheme III Sem. Diploma in Mechanical Engg.)
Ch. no. 2. displacement, force & torque measurement.
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Prepared by Prof. Amol Yashwant Kokare Sir
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. Measurement and Industrial
Instrumentation
ME 3225
Credit: 3.00
Md. Shariful Islam
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Presented By
Measurement of Force and Torque
2. Force
In science, force is the push or pull on an object with mass that
causes it to change velocity (to accelerate). Force represents as a
vector, which means it has both magnitude and direction. (push,
pull, stretch, squeeze, catch, twist)
3. Force
Measurement
Methods of measuring force
Balancing the unknown force against known gravitational force due to
standard mass. Scales and balances works based on this principle.
Applying unknown force to an elastic member and measuring the
deflection on calibrated force scale or the deflection may be measured by
using a secondary transducers. i.e. Spring scale, cantilever beam,
Providing ring etc.
Translating the force to a fluid pressure and then measuring the resultant
pressure and then force. Hydraulic and pneumatic load cells works on this
principle.
Applying force to known mass and then measuring the resulting
acceleration.
Balancing a force against a magnetic force which is developed by
interaction of magnet and current in coil.
9. Hydraulic
Load Cell
Basic Principle of Hydraulic Load cell
When a force is applied on a liquid medium contained in a
confined space, the pressure of the liquid increases.
This increase in pressure of the liquid is proportional to the
applied force.
Hence a measure of the increase in pressure of the liquid
becomes a measure of the applied force when calibrated.
10. Hydraulic
Load Cell
Operation of Hydraulic Load Cell
The force to be measured is applied to the piston.
The applied force moves the piston downwards and deflects the
diaphragm and this deflection of the diaphragm increases the pressure in
the liquid medium (oil).
This increase in pressure of the liquid medium is proportional to the
applied force.
The increase in pressure is measured by the pressure gauge which is
connected to the liquid medium.
The pressure is calibrated in force units and hence the indication in the
pressure gauge becomes a measure of the force applied on the piston.
13. Pneumatic
Load Cell
Pneumatic load cells also operate on force balance principle.
The force is applied to applied one side of a diaphragm of
flexible material and balanced by pneumatic pressure on the
other side.
The counteracting pressure is proportional to the force and is
displayed on a pressure dial.
At this stage, the corresponding pressure indicated by the
pressure gauge becomes a measure of the applied force when
calibrated.
16. Strain Gauge
Load Cell
When steel cylinder is subjected to a force, it tends to change
in dimension.
On this cylinder, if the strain gauges are bonded, the strain
gauge also is stretched or compressed, causing a change in its
length and diameter.
This change in dimension of the strain gauge causes its
resistance to change.
This change in resistance or output voltage of the strain gauge
becomes a measure of applied force.
19. Torque
It represents the amount of twisting effort, and numerically it equals the
product of force and the moment arm or the perpendicular distance from
the point of rotation (fulcrum) to the point of application of force.
Consider a wheel rotated by the force F applied at radius r. Torque or
twisting moment is then given by
T=F × r
Thus measurement of torque is intimately related to force measurement
You generate torque any time you apply a force using a wrench.
Tightening the lug nuts on the wheels of your car is a good example of
torque.
20. Torque
Measurement
Torque measuring devices are called as dynamometers.
Torque measurement is usually associated with determination
of mechanical power
Where,
N = Speed in rpm.
T =Torque developed (N-m) = F(W)*R
R = Radius from the center to the point of application of
force (m)
kw
NT
power
1000
*
60
2
21. Torque
Measurement
(Types of Dynamometers)
Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two types.
Power Absorption Dynamometers: Power Absorption
dynamometers measure and absorb the power output of the
engine to which they are coupled. The power absorbed is
usually dissipated as heat by some means. Examples of power
absorption dynamometers are Prony brake dynamometer, Rope
brake dynamometer, Eddy current dynamometer, Hydraulic
dynamometer, etc.
Power Transmission Dynamometers: In power transmission
dynamometers the power is transmitted to the load coupled to
the engine after it is indicated on some scale. These are also
called torque meters.
23. Prony Brakes
Prony Brake is one of the simplest dynamometers for measuring power
output (brake power).
It attempts to stop the engine using a brake on the flywheel and measure
the weight which an arm attached to the brake will support, as it tries to
rotate with the flywheel.
The Prony brake shown in the above consists of a wooden block, frame,
rope, brake shoes and flywheel.
It works on the principle of converting power into heat by dry friction.
Spring-loaded bolts are provided to increase the friction by tightening the
wooden block.
The whole of the power absorbed is converted into heat and hence this
type of dynamometer must the cooled.
The brake power is given by the formula
Brake Power (bp) = 2π NT
Where T = Weight applied (W) × distance (l)
26. Rope Brake
Dynamometer
The rope brake as shown in figure is another device for measuring brake
power of an engine.
It consists of some turns of rope wound around the rotating drum
attached to the output shaft.
One side of the rope is connected to a spring balance and the other side
to a loading device. The power is absorbed in friction between the rope
and the drum. Therefore drum in rope brake requires cooling.
Rope brake dynamometers are cheap and can be constructed quickly but
brake power can’t be measured accurately because of change in
the friction coefficient of the rope with a change in temperature.
The brake power is given by the formula
Brake Power (bp) = π DN (W − S)
Torque = (W-S)*R
where D is the brake drum diameter,
W is the weight of the load and
S is the spring balance reading.
29. Hydraulic
Dynamometer
A hydraulic dynamometer as shown in the figure works on the principle of
dissipating the power in fluid friction rather than in dry friction.
Hydraulic dynamometer consists of an impeller or inner rotating member
coupled to the output shaft of the engine.
The impeller in this dynamometer rotates in a casing filled with a fluid.
Due to the centrifugal force developed in the outer casing, tends
to revolve with the impeller, but is resisted by a torque arm supporting the
balance weight.
The frictional forces generated between the impeller and the fluid are
measured by the spring balance fitted on the casing.
The heat developed due to the dissipation of power in Hydraulic
dynamometer is carried away by a continuous supply of the working
fluid.