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While more food is being produced globally than ever before, many people still experience hunger and starvation. Economic and distribution factors play a large role in this. The Green Revolution in the 1960s increased crop yields but developing nations could not afford the new technologies and machinery required. Poor farmers in these countries grow cash crops they can sell for more money instead of food for their own consumption. As a result, hunger is exacerbated by governmental and economic pressures as well as natural causes like drought and overpopulation.
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Food resources
- 15 plant and 8 animal species supply 90% of global food, with wheat, rice, and corn providing half of all calories. 66% of people rely mainly on these grains.
- There are two main types of food production: industrialized agriculture which uses large amounts of chemicals and fossil fuels to grow monocultures, and traditional agriculture which is still practiced by most people globally.
- Population growth, degradation of cropland, and declining resources are exacerbating global food problems, though food production has doubled since 1940 and global undernutrition has decreased significantly in recent decades.
Food resources ppt
Food is essential for human life and comes from a variety of sources. The main food resources are agricultural crops like wheat and rice, domesticated animals for milk and meat, and aquaculture for fish and seafood. However, world food problems involve chronic hunger, malnutrition, and undernourishment that impact millions of people each year due to complex interactions between food production, population growth, and other factors. Improving food production requires maximizing agricultural land use through techniques like crop rotation, introducing disease-resistant varieties, and integrating traditional and modern agricultural methods.
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Food resources
Food and food resources are essential for life. Plants and animals are the two main natural sources of food. Plants serve as food resources for herbivores and omnivores, with India's main agricultural products being cereals, pulses, spices, beverages, vegetables, and fruits. Animals and birds are a major food source for carnivores and omnivores, providing meat, eggs, milk, honey, and oils. However, growing problems with world food supplies exist due to increasing population, wealth, and environmental degradation combined with insufficient growth in irrigation and fertilizer.
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Food is essential for survival but many around the world do not have reliable access to enough nutritious food. Hunger exists in degrees from acute to chronic to hidden and is caused by factors like drought, poverty, and unequal access to resources. Around 925 million people do not have enough to eat, with 65% living in just seven highly populated countries. Tree planting is proposed as a solution to prevent further loss of arable land and help increase future food production, though it will take time. Achieving global food security and nutrition will require sustainable and equitable food systems.Food Resources
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Food resources
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Food resources ppt
Food is essential for human life and comes from a variety of sources. The main food resources are agricultural crops like wheat and rice, domesticated animals for milk and meat, and aquaculture for fish and seafood. However, world food problems involve chronic hunger, malnutrition, and undernourishment that impact millions of people each year due to complex interactions between food production, population growth, and other factors. Improving food production requires maximizing agricultural land use through techniques like crop rotation, introducing disease-resistant varieties, and integrating traditional and modern agricultural methods.
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In this presentation i have discussed about the importance of food resources, world food problems and changes caused in agriculture and its impact and also it will clearly explain about the condition in Indian food economy. it will also explain a overgrazing in the land
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The document discusses the role of science in agriculture. It notes that agriculture faces challenges from factors like climate change, competition for land, and pests and diseases. Science can help address these challenges by developing new crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, using precision agriculture to optimize resource use, and better understanding issues like the environmental impacts of pesticides. The document argues that maintaining the UK's position as a global leader in agricultural technology and innovation will require increased collaboration, investment, and attracting talented people into the agriculture sector.
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Economic development and income levels impact food consumption patterns between developed countries (DCs) and less developed countries (LDCs) in several ways:
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The document summarizes information about global food production and issues. It notes that a small number of plant and animal species provide the majority of human calories, with grains like wheat and rice being most common. Industrial agriculture produces most food worldwide using fossil fuels and chemicals, while traditional methods still feed many people. Issues around food include population growth reducing available resources, malnutrition in various forms, and environmental impacts of production.
Aquaponics
Aquaponics has the potential to help address the global food crisis by providing a sustainable food source. The world population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050 but current agricultural systems will be unable to feed everyone. Aquaponics is a closed-loop system where fish waste fertilizes hydroponically grown plants, and the plants help purify the water. Compared to traditional farming, aquaponics uses less water, land, and no pesticides while providing higher yields. If implemented on a large-scale using renewable energy, aquaponics could help feed more people without further stressing the environment or requiring additional cleared land.
Feeding the World in 2050: Trade-offs, synergies and tough choices for the li...
Presented by Jimmy Smith, ILRI Director General, at the 22nd International Grassland Congress, Sydney, Australia, 15−19 September 2013
Food security in world 2050
The document discusses food security challenges facing the world by 2050. Key points include:
- Global food production must increase 70% by 2050 to feed a rising population expected to reach 9.1 billion.
- Hunger currently affects over 821 million people worldwide and billions lack reliable access to nutritious food.
- Factors exacerbating food insecurity include population growth, changing diets, climate change, water scarcity, soil erosion, and plateauing crop yields.
- Solutions proposed are closing yield gaps, raising water productivity, balancing calorie and nutrient needs, reducing food waste, and supporting young farmers. UN agencies are working on programs like Zero Hunger to end hunger by 2030.
Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docx
Cultural Anthropology
Getting Food
Cultural Anthropology
Food-getting activities take precedence over all other survival needs, including reproduction, social control, defense, and transmission of knowledge to the next generation
Cultural Anthropology
In our society food-getting strategies are simplified – we merely need to go to the supermarket
Video:
"'Freegans' Take Green to Extreme"
Cultural Anthropology
But for some of the world, the level of food-getting takes up more time and is much more labor-intensive. It is called subsistence economics.
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is a situation where basically all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their family as their main activity
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is how humans obtained their food for millions of years by foraging for their subsistence – e.g. gathering plants, nuts, berries, scavenging, hunting and fishing
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging is much less common today
As a subsistence style, it is used today by hunter-gatherers, who make up only about 5 million people on the planet
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging for plant life – gathering plants, berries, seeds, nuts and tubers is more common in areas close to the equator as compared to northern latitudes such as the Arctic, where plant life is scarce
Video:
"Hunter-Gatherers"
Cultural Anthropology
In northern climates, since plants are scarce, hunting is more predominant
See an Inuit (Eskimo) hunter in Northern Canada in the classic anthropological film “ “Nanook of the North” (1922)
Foragers
Foragers actually spend less time obtaining food than most other types of food-getters
!Kung adults of Southern Africa spend just 17 hours a week on average getting food
Characteristics of Foragers
Foragers generally have small communities with no class differences
Getting Food: General Features of Food Collectors
A survey of 180 food-collecting societies indicates that there is a lot of variation with regard to which food-getting activity is most important to the society. Gathering is the most important activity for 30 percent of the surveyed societies, hunting for 25 percent, and fishing for 38 percent.
*
Food Production
Most of the world does not forage for food but produces it in one fashion or another
3 types of food production; horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
No food production strategy is perfect, as the videos illustrate
Video:
'Women’s Horticulture Group in Burkina Faso"
Food Production
Horticulturalists have relatively small plots of land
Often use hand tools instead of machines
May also raise small animals; pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
Getting Food: Food Production
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Main Horticultural Method - Shifting cultivation
.
5.2 Food production and consumption system in Europe
The document summarizes key aspects of the European food production and consumption system, including:
1) It has become highly industrialized and globalized, with power concentrated in few large companies and retailers.
2) This system relies heavily on fuel, causes environmental issues like biodiversity loss and pollution, and unsustainable meat production.
3) Ensuring sufficient, healthy food for a growing population in a sustainable way is a challenge, as current consumption levels in many places are too high. Fair trading relationships along the supply chain are also important socio-ethical issues.
Food Security Philipgi
The document discusses several issues related to global and Indian food security including population growth, depletion of resources, loss of agricultural land, climate change impacts, dependence on fertilizers and imported seeds, post-harvest losses, water scarcity, impact of biofuels, and land acquisitions in developing countries for biofuel production. It advocates for restoring the agricultural cycle through organic farming practices, developing self-sufficient farms, shifting to more sustainable food and crop patterns, and greater community involvement in urban horticulture and conservation efforts.
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5.2 Food production and consumption system in Europe
5.2 Food production and consumption system in Europe
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Metric system (1)
The document provides information about the metric system, including:
1) It is known as the SI system and is based on units of 10 with prefixes indicating multiples of 10.
2) It establishes standards for exact quantities of length, volume, mass, and time that people agree to use for comparison.
3) Derived units are obtained by combining SI units, like density which is mass divided by volume.
26sec3
The document discusses different types of carbonyl compounds including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. It covers their structures, naming conventions, properties, examples and how they are related through oxidation-reduction reactions. Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen, while ketones have the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon groups. Carboxylic acids contain both a carbonyl and hydroxyl group. Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl is replaced by an alkoxy group from an alcohol.
26sec2
Alcohols contain an -OH functional group called a hydroxyl group. They are classified based on the number of carbon groups attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl. Alcohols exhibit hydrogen bonding and solubility in water. Common alcohols include isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and ethanol. Ethers have the general formula R-O-R and are named by alphabetizing the two carbon groups. Examples include diethyl ether, which was historically used as an anesthetic.
26sec4
Polymers are large molecules formed from smaller molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymers: addition polymers and condensation polymers. Addition polymers are formed when unsaturated monomers react through addition reactions, examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride. Condensation polymers are formed through condensation reactions with the loss of water or another small molecule, examples include polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, and Kevlar. Plastics are identified by code numbers that indicate the type of polymer resin used, such as PETE for polyethylene terephthalate in water bottles.
Ch 17 alternative energy sources
Solar energy is the sun's energy that is harnessed and can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels. The sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions, with a small amount of mass converted to a large amount of energy. Only a tiny fraction of the sun's energy reaches Earth, mostly as infrared and visible light. This solar energy can be converted into thermal or electrical energy through the use of solar panels and collectors. While solar energy is clean and free, its intermittent nature and high costs have limited its widespread adoption. New technologies aim to improve solar energy storage to increase its viability as a renewable alternative energy source.
26sec3
The document discusses different types of carbonyl compounds including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. It provides their definitions and functional groups. Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen, while ketones have the carbonyl group bonded to two carbons. Carboxylic acids contain both a carbonyl and hydroxyl group. Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl is replaced by an alkoxy group from an alcohol. Oxidation and reduction reactions are also discussed, where oxidation involves a loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen.
26sec2
Alcohols contain an -OH functional group called a hydroxyl group. They are classified based on the number of carbon groups attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl. Alcohols exhibit hydrogen bonding and solubility in water. Common alcohols include isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and ethanol. Ethers have the general formula R-O-R and are named by alphabetizing the two carbon groups. Examples include diethyl ether, which was historically used as an anesthetic.
26sec1
The document discusses functional groups and substitution reactions in organic chemistry. It defines functional groups as specific arrangements of atoms that are capable of characteristic chemical reactions. It notes that organic compounds are best classified by their functional groups. It provides examples of common functional groups like alkyl groups and halogen substituents. It also describes substitution reactions where one atom or group replaces another, such as a halogen replacing hydrogen to form a halocarbon.
26sec4
Polymers are large molecules formed from smaller molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymers: addition polymers and condensation polymers. Addition polymers are formed when unsaturated monomers react through addition reactions, examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride. Condensation polymers are formed through condensation reactions with the loss of water or another small molecule, examples include polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, and Kevlar. Plastics are identified by code numbers that indicate the type of polymer resin used, such as PETE for polyethylene terephthalate in water bottles.
16.2
Nuclear reactors are designed to generate electricity through nuclear fission. The core holds nuclear fuel rods and control rods, and uses coolant to generate steam that turns turbines to produce electricity. When uranium-239 is split in the active reactor zone, it produces plutonium-239 through a fission reaction harness by Einstein's equation relating mass and energy. Cooling towers then cool the steam for recycling in the process.
Ch 16
Nuclear energy involves subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons that make up atoms. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons but can have different numbers of neutrons, forming isotopes. Unstable isotopes become stable through radioactive emissions like alpha, beta, and gamma radiation of varying penetrating power that can be stopped by materials like skin, foil or concrete.
Ch 16 notes env.bio
This document contains questions about atomic structure, radioactivity, nuclear fission reactions, nuclear reactors, and nuclear waste. It asks about the subatomic particles that make up atoms, isotopes, radioactive decay, and the three types of radiation. It also asks about the process of nuclear fission, including what it is, what it produces, and how it can be depicted in a diagram. Finally, it addresses nuclear waste storage and disposal issues, as well as some historical nuclear accidents and their causes and impacts.
28.3
Fission and fusion are two types of nuclear reactions. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei like U-235, releasing energy. It can be uncontrolled, as in atomic bombs, or controlled in nuclear power plants using moderators and control rods. Fusion combines light nuclei like hydrogen into heavier elements like helium and releases even more energy, but requires extremely high temperatures found in stars like the sun or experimental facilities on Earth.
28.2
Stable nuclei exist in the "band of stability" based on their neutron to proton ratio. Those with too many neutrons undergo beta decay to become more stable, while those with too many protons either capture electrons or emit positrons to become more stable. All nuclei above atomic number 83 are radioactive and undergo alpha decay. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time for half of it to decay, and varies greatly between isotopes. Nuclear transformations can occur naturally through radioactivity or artificially by bombarding nuclei with particles, allowing one element to be transformed into another.
28.1
This document summarizes key aspects of nuclear radiation and radioactive decay:
1) Radioactive decay occurs as unstable radioactive isotopes spontaneously emit radiation and decay into stable isotopes, releasing large amounts of energy in the process.
2) There are three main types of radiation emitted - alpha, beta, and gamma rays - which differ in their penetrating abilities and what they are composed of.
3) Radioactive decay challenges Dalton's atomic theory, which stated atoms are indivisible, as it involves atomic nuclei breaking down and emitting particles.
28.4
Ionizing radiation such as X-rays and radiation from radioisotopes can knock electrons off atoms and produce ions, but cannot be detected by human senses. Devices like Geiger counters, scintillation counters, and film badges can be used to detect and measure different types of ionizing radiation. Radiation has many uses including detecting trace elements, diagnosing and treating diseases like cancer, and tracing chemical reactions and the movement of substances in the body using radioactive tracers.
25sec4
This document discusses different types of hydrocarbon compounds. Cyclic hydrocarbons contain carbon chains attached to form rings, and are called "cyclo-" compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain unsaturated carbon rings called arenes, with the simplest being benzene. Benzene has a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds, and exhibits resonance due to the location of these bonds. Benzene derivatives are possible by substituting the ring with other groups like methyl, ethyl, or multiple groups including ortho, meta, and para positions.
25sec5
Natural gas and petroleum are fossil fuels formed from marine life buried in ocean sediments millions of years ago. Natural gas is primarily methane but also contains other alkanes like ethane and propane. It burns cleanly and is used widely for energy. Petroleum contains more complex hydrocarbons and must be refined to separate useful fractions like gasoline. Coal was formed from decaying plants over millions of years and ranges from peat to anthracite based on carbon content and other properties. It releases pollutants when burned but provides an important source of fuel.
25sec3
There are different types of isomerism including structural isomers, stereoisomers, geometric isomers, and optical isomers. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures. Stereoisomers have the same molecular structure but different arrangements of atoms in space. Geometric isomers differ in the geometry of substituted groups around a double bond, which can be in trans or cis configurations. Optical isomers contain asymmetric carbons and exist as left or right-handed stereoisomers.
25sec2
Alkenes and alkynes are types of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the general formula CnH2n. They are named with the suffix -ene and the double bond is given the lowest possible number. Alkynes contain carbon-carbon triple bonds and have the formula CnH2n-2. Acetylene is the simplest alkyne and is commonly used as fuel in torches.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 1. 14.2 World Food Supply