The document summarizes food resources and agriculture. It discusses the major sources of food for humans as croplands, rangelands, and fisheries. It then describes two main types of agriculture - industrialized agriculture which uses high inputs and traditional agriculture which is more common in developing nations. Traditional agriculture can be intensive or subsistence. The document also discusses some issues with modern industrialized agriculture such as fertilizer and pesticide problems, water logging, and salinity.

2. FoodResources
 Food refers to anything eaten by manwhichgives
energy and which is able to
needs forgrowth of human
meet
body
physiological
Importanceof food
 Food is a source of energy for man.It is used for
maintaining all body processes and activities.
forphysical and mental development
forprotectionand regulationof body needs.
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Food is any substance, that composed of the carbohydrates,
water, fats and proteins, that is either drunk or eaten by any
animal, including the humans, for nutrition or pleasure. Items
considered for food may be sourced from plants and animals.

3. Food Resources
The 3 major sources of food for humans are: - the croplands, the
rangelands and fisheries.
The croplands provide the bulk amount of food for human. Yet though
there are 1000s of edible plants in the Earth, solely 4 essential crops
(potatoes, rice, wheat and corn) account for many of the caloric
consumption of human beings. Few animals are raised for milk, meat
and eggs (for example. poultry, cattle and pigs) are as well the
croplands are fed grain.
The rangelands provide a different source of milk and meat from
animals grazing (for example: goats, cattle and sheep).
The fisheries provide fish which are a major source of animal protein in
the Earth, particularly in coastal areas and Asia. As people become
more affluent, they incline to consume more cheese, milk, meat and
eggs.

4. Types of Food Resources
In the food resources, there are 2 kinds of food
production are as follows: -
1. The industrialized agriculture.
2. The traditional agriculture.

5. Industrialized Agriculture
The industrialized agriculture is called high input agriculture
since it uses large amounts commercial fertilizers for field, the
pesticides, fossil fuels and water. The large fields of monoculture
(single crops) are planted and the plants are selectively covered
to produce high productions. Large amounts of grain farmed by
this process as well further the production of large numbers in
feedlots of livestock animals.
Most of the food made by industrialized processes is traded by
farmers for profit and this kind of food production is most
common in modernized nations because of the involvement of
high expenses and technology. Still, the large industrialized
plantations specializing in a single cash pasture (for example.
crop specifically advanced for profit such as coffee, coca,
bananas) are found in some developing nations.

6. Traditional Agriculture
The traditional agriculture is the most widely used form of production
of food, happening mostly in developing nations. This can be
classified later as either traditional intensive agriculture or traditional
subsistence and the differences between the 2 involve the relational
amounts of food produced and resources input. The subsistence
agriculture practices only animal and human labor and only
produces enough food for the families of farmer's.
The traditional, intensive agriculture uses more labor of animal and
human, irrigated water and fertilizers. This may as well involve
growing processes such as intercropping designed to maintain soil
fertility rate. The intercropping involves planting 2 crops at the same
time (for example, nitrogen-fixing legume crop with a grain pasture).
Increased production resulting from the more intensive processes
provides sufficient food for the farmer's family and for marketing to
other people in the local region.

7. Sources of food
Princeton societies obtained food mainly
gathering and hunting.
 Modern societies obtain food through
 cultivation through agriculture
 Domesticationof animals
 Fishing
 World food supply
through
 Ancient period : Through gathering and hunting.
 Agricultural Revolution : with the application of
science and technologyworld food supply increased
remarkably.

9. World food supply
It includes the adoption of
 Mixed farming
 Good irrigation facilities
 Control of soil erosion
 Qualityseeds
 Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
 Good agricultural implements
 Availabilityof storageand market facilities
 Green Revolution : Resulted in remarkable increase in
food production which made a country self sufficient.
The qualityof food also improved.

10. World food Problems
 Large Population - Inspiteof green revolution itcould
not meet the needs of growing population. agricultural
land got lootdue urbanization.
 Energy : Farmers cannotafford fertilizers and
pesticides.
 Land, weatherand climate : Agriculture is a gamble on
climaticconditions
 Absence of food securitywhich depends on
 food availability
 purchasing power

12. Food Problems in India
The principle causes of food-shortage in India
• Want of improved methods of cultivation
science and technology
Povertyand lack of purchasing power
Tillers are not in feasts
Excessivegrowth of population
Lack of cold storage facility
through
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Wastage of food for ignorance of preserving method
Wastage of food in wrong process of cooking

15. How to solve the food problem of India
Introductionof improved method of cultivation based
on science and technology
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• Improvementof financial and educational
Indian cultivators
Balancing thedemand with supply
Checking populationgrowth
Increasing productionof food grains
statusof
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Protection of food from rats, insecticides etc.
Judiciousdistributionof available supplies
Proper publicdistribution
Proper transport facilities

16. Over Grazing
Live stock is an important source food in many
countries including India meat and milk are obtained

from live stock. Hence live stock less to be fed on
grazing lands.
Adverseeffectsof overgrazing :
Over Grazing Removes the Vegetation coverof
Plant population regeneration capacity is lost
Exposes the soil
Exposive leading to less production
Leads tosoil erosion
Leads towater infiltration capacityof soil
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the soil .

18. Effects of Modern agriculture
 Modern agriculture refers to carrying on agriculturewith
the intensive use of irrigation facilities,
 chemical fertilizers, highyielding varietiesof qualityseeds,
pesticides and insecticides
 modern form machinerywith aview toobtain higher
agricultural productivity and production.
 It’s also called as green revolution.
Benefitsof modernagriculture:
 Contributed to highyields of agricultural crops.
 Created awareness, interest among farmers for
implementation of better techniques.
 Improved income for the farmers.
 Rasied the standard of living of farmers.
 Increased employment opportunities.
 Increased theeconomy of a country
.

19. Adverse impact of Modern agriculture
Fertilizer related problems.
Excessive usageof chemical fertilizers lead toa micro
nutrient imbalance in the soil resulting in low
production.
Nitrogen and phosphorus used in agricultural fields is
washed off and released to the neighbouring water
bodies which causes eutrophication
Pesticide related problem.
Excessive usageof pesticides killed notonly the
targeted pestsand – insects butalso non targeted
species which are useful foragricultural crops and
ecosystem
Affected the qualityof food crops resulting in adverse
human health.
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2.
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20. Adverse impact of Modern agriculture
3. Water Logging
 excess watergets accumulated in the fields due to
inadequatedrainage facilities
 It is because of over irrigation of agricultural fields by
farmers.
 Mechanical strength of water logged soil is reduced.
4. Salinity
 Use of salinewater for irrigation
 Presence of excess salt in the soil
 Reduced crop production
5. Genetic diversityof Agricultural crops

21. Fertilizer related problems
Micronutrient imbalance: Chemical fertilizers have nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) which are essential
macronutrients. Excessive use of fertilizers cause micronutrient
imbalance. For example, excessive fertilizer use in Punjab and Haryana
has caused deficiency of the micronutrient Zinc in the soils, which is
affecting productivity of the soil.
Nitrate Pollution: Nitrogenous fertilizers applied in the fields often
leach deep into the soil and ultimately contaminate the ground water. The
nitrates get concentrated in the water and when their concentration
exceeds 25 mg/L, they become the cause of a serious health hazard
called "Blue Baby Syndrome" or methaemoglobinemia. This disease
affects the infants to the maximum extent causing even death.

22. Eutrophication: A large proportion of nitrogen and
phosphorus used in crop fields is washed off along with runoff
water and reach the water bodies causing over nourishment of the
lakes, a process known as Eutrophication. (Eu=more,
tropic=nutrition). Due to Eutrophication the lakes get invaded by
algal blooms. These algal species grow very fast by rapidly using up
the nutrients. The algal species quickly complete their life cycle and
die thereby adding a lot of dead matter. The fishes are also killed
and there is lot of dead matter that starts getting decomposed.
Oxygen is consumed in the process of decomposition and very
soon the water gets depleted of dissolved oxygen. This further
affects aquatic fauna and ultimately anaerobic conditions are
created where only pathogenic anaerobic bacteria can survive.
Thus, due to excessive use of fertilizers in the agricultural fields the
lake ecosystem gets degraded.

23. Pesticide related problems: Thousands of types of pesticides are used in
agriculture. The first generation pesticides include chemicals like
sulphur, arsenic, lead or mercury to kill the pests. They have number of
side effects as discussed below:
Creating resistance in pests and producing new pests: About 20
species of pests are now known which have become immune to all types
of pesticides and are known as "Super pests".
Death of non-target organisms: Many insecticides not only kill the
target species but also several non-target species that are useful to us.
Biological magnification: Many of the pesticides are non-biodegradable
and keep on accumulating in the food chain, a process called biological
magnification. This is very harmful.

24. Water Logging: Over irrigation of croplands by farmers
for good growth of their crop usually leads to water logging.
Inadequate drainage caused excess water to accumulate
underground and gradually forms a continuous column with the
water table. Under water-logged conditions, pore-spaces in the
soil get fully drenched with water and the soil- air gets depleted.
The water table rises while the roots of plants do not get
adequate air for respiration, Mechanical strength of the soil
declines, the crop plants get lodged and crop yield falls. In
Punjab and Haryana, extensive areas have become water-logged
due to adequate canal water supply or tube-well water.
Preventing excessive irrigation, sub-surface drainage technology
and bio-drainage with trees like Eucalyptus are some of the
remedial measures to prevent water-logging.

25. Salinity Problem: At present one third of the total cultivable
land area of the world is affected by salts. Saline soils are
characterized by the accumulation of soluble salts like sodium
chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride etc.
in the soil profile. Their electrical conductivity is more than 4 ds/m. So
dic soils have carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, the pH usually
exceed 8.0 and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) is more
than 15%.
Remedy
(i)The most common method for getting rid of salts is to flush them out
by applying more good quality water to such soils.
(ii) Another method is laying underground network of perforated
drainage pipes for flushing out the salts slowly.

26. Case studies
Salinity and water logging in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan:
The first alarming report of salt-affected wasteland formation due to irrigation practices
came from Haryana in 1858.
Several villages in Panipat, and Delhi lying in Western Yamuna Canal were suffering
from salinity problems.
The floods of 1947, 1950, 1952, 1954-55 in Punjab resulted in aggravated water
logging with serious drainage problems.
Introduction to canal irrigation in 3.3 m ha in Haryana resulted in raise in water table
followed by water-logging and salinity in many irrigated areas as a result of fall in crop
productivity.
Rajasthan too has suffered badly in this regard following the biggest irrigation project
"Indhra Gandhi Canal Project".