The deposition of Richard Ii in pictures. The art of England in the 14th century with emphasis on the influences of the so-called International Gothic and Giottoesque. The extravagance of Richard the II and his jewels.
8. f2014 Henry VIII Marriages - Anne of Cleves, Jane Seymour, Catherine HowardRobert Ehrlich
This document provides biographical information about Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Jane Seymour - three of Henry VIII's wives. It discusses their backgrounds, educations, court positions, marriages to Henry VIII, and eventual fates. For Anne of Cleves, it summarizes her German upbringing, portrait by Holbein, short-lived marriage to Henry that was later annulled, and life after as the "King's Honored Sister." For Catherine Howard, it outlines her family connections and sexual abuse as a young lady-in-waiting, secret relationships prior to marrying Henry, and indictment on charges of adultery. For Jane Seymour, it notes her English upbringing, role as lady-in
Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was born in 1157 in Oxford to King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. As the third child, he was not expected to become king. Richard later revolted against his father with his brothers but was defeated. After Henry II's death, Richard succeeded him as King of England. He went on to lead the Third Crusade but failed to retake Jerusalem for Christians before the crusade ended with a treaty allowing pilgrims access.
Elizabeth 1 was born in 1533 and became queen in 1559 at age 25. She never married but treated marriage proposals as matters of foreign policy to build alliances. Her foreign policy aimed to block threats from Spain. She supported privateers like Francis Drake and defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Economically, she enacted Poor Laws and saw expansion of trade and the East India Company. Religiously, she established the Church of England to unite Protestants and distance from Rome. She brought England prominence in Europe and started its global empire.
Edward the Elder succeeded his father, King Alfred, and continued fighting the Vikings with help from his sister Aethelflead, Lady of Mercia. Aethelflead ruled Mercia after her husband's death, leading armies to recover lands and building fortresses. King Edward was impressed with Aethelflead and sent his son Athelstan to be raised by her. Athelstan conquered Northumbria and became the first King of England, uniting the peoples of Britain for the first time since Roman rule. He established coins, laws, and a centralized government divided into shires ruled by earls overseen by sheriffs. This brought unprecedented peace and prosperity for 50 years.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 in England to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She became queen in 1558 at age 25 and faced many challenges during her reign, including wars with Spain and maintaining England's Protestant religious policies. Elizabeth established the Church of England which helped shape England's national identity and remained influential after her death in 1603 at age 69.
The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry VII establishing financial independence for the Crown, Henry VIII breaking with the Catholic Church and making himself head of the new Church of England, Edward VI continuing Protestant reforms, Mary I attempting to return England to Catholicism and burning Protestants, and Elizabeth I establishing the Church of England and facing threats from Catholic Spain. Overall, the Tudor period saw major religious changes and the rise of the power of the English monarchy.
Elizabeth 1 & the Politics of the Elizabethan EraPatrick
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She never married but was a strong Protestant ruler who supported the arts. During her reign, England had various political conflicts with Catholic Spain over religion and trade, as well as with Catholic Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare's plays were popular during this time and performed regularly for the queen, though their relationship was professional rather than close. The character of Portia in The Merchant of Venice shares similarities with Elizabeth I as a strong female leader.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She received an education in many languages and subjects. Although she had a difficult relationship with her sister Mary, after Mary's death Elizabeth took the throne at age 25. During her reign, Elizabeth helped establish England as a major power through defeating the Spanish Armada and providing strong leadership through religious, political, and economic challenges, despite facing some corruption and unrest at the end of her rule.
8. f2014 Henry VIII Marriages - Anne of Cleves, Jane Seymour, Catherine HowardRobert Ehrlich
This document provides biographical information about Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Jane Seymour - three of Henry VIII's wives. It discusses their backgrounds, educations, court positions, marriages to Henry VIII, and eventual fates. For Anne of Cleves, it summarizes her German upbringing, portrait by Holbein, short-lived marriage to Henry that was later annulled, and life after as the "King's Honored Sister." For Catherine Howard, it outlines her family connections and sexual abuse as a young lady-in-waiting, secret relationships prior to marrying Henry, and indictment on charges of adultery. For Jane Seymour, it notes her English upbringing, role as lady-in
Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was born in 1157 in Oxford to King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. As the third child, he was not expected to become king. Richard later revolted against his father with his brothers but was defeated. After Henry II's death, Richard succeeded him as King of England. He went on to lead the Third Crusade but failed to retake Jerusalem for Christians before the crusade ended with a treaty allowing pilgrims access.
Elizabeth 1 was born in 1533 and became queen in 1559 at age 25. She never married but treated marriage proposals as matters of foreign policy to build alliances. Her foreign policy aimed to block threats from Spain. She supported privateers like Francis Drake and defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Economically, she enacted Poor Laws and saw expansion of trade and the East India Company. Religiously, she established the Church of England to unite Protestants and distance from Rome. She brought England prominence in Europe and started its global empire.
Edward the Elder succeeded his father, King Alfred, and continued fighting the Vikings with help from his sister Aethelflead, Lady of Mercia. Aethelflead ruled Mercia after her husband's death, leading armies to recover lands and building fortresses. King Edward was impressed with Aethelflead and sent his son Athelstan to be raised by her. Athelstan conquered Northumbria and became the first King of England, uniting the peoples of Britain for the first time since Roman rule. He established coins, laws, and a centralized government divided into shires ruled by earls overseen by sheriffs. This brought unprecedented peace and prosperity for 50 years.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 in England to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She became queen in 1558 at age 25 and faced many challenges during her reign, including wars with Spain and maintaining England's Protestant religious policies. Elizabeth established the Church of England which helped shape England's national identity and remained influential after her death in 1603 at age 69.
The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry VII establishing financial independence for the Crown, Henry VIII breaking with the Catholic Church and making himself head of the new Church of England, Edward VI continuing Protestant reforms, Mary I attempting to return England to Catholicism and burning Protestants, and Elizabeth I establishing the Church of England and facing threats from Catholic Spain. Overall, the Tudor period saw major religious changes and the rise of the power of the English monarchy.
Elizabeth 1 & the Politics of the Elizabethan EraPatrick
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She never married but was a strong Protestant ruler who supported the arts. During her reign, England had various political conflicts with Catholic Spain over religion and trade, as well as with Catholic Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare's plays were popular during this time and performed regularly for the queen, though their relationship was professional rather than close. The character of Portia in The Merchant of Venice shares similarities with Elizabeth I as a strong female leader.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She received an education in many languages and subjects. Although she had a difficult relationship with her sister Mary, after Mary's death Elizabeth took the throne at age 25. During her reign, Elizabeth helped establish England as a major power through defeating the Spanish Armada and providing strong leadership through religious, political, and economic challenges, despite facing some corruption and unrest at the end of her rule.
The Tudor period in English history lasted from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry Tudor defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, establishing the Tudor dynasty. Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, uniting the warring houses of Lancaster and York. Their son, Henry VIII, ruled for 38 years and was known for marrying six times in his effort to produce a male heir, which led to the English Reformation. The Tudor period ended with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 after she ruled for 44 years.
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
Elizabeth establishes her reign and must navigate between reformer requests for a greatly altered religious ceremony and church decor and the Catholic requests to make changes minimal. The beginnings of English slave trade with the voyage of John Hawkins
Henry VII established a wealthy and powerful English monarchy focused on business over war. Henry VIII broke England from the Catholic Church and made the Church of England independent in order to gain control over the Church. During this Tudor period, England experienced a great artistic renaissance. Henry VIII had six wives and divorced several in order to obtain a male heir after his first wife Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a surviving son. Upon Henry's death, he left the throne to his three children - Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward.
Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses and establishing the Tudor dynasty. Over the next several decades, there were several failed attempts by pretenders like Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck to seize the throne from Henry VII and later Henry VIII. Meanwhile, England established new trade routes following Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1492, and the country prospered under the Tudors as Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England in 1534.
Queen Elizabeth I said "I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England." She was born in 1533, considered illegitimate by Roman Catholics. After her father Henry VIII and sister Mary's deaths, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558 at age 25, ruling for 44 years without marrying or having children. Her reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada, voyages to the Americas preparing England for colonization, and flourishing of the arts.
This document provides biographical information about Henry VIII's six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. It includes details about each wife such as their birthdate, marriage to Henry VIII, children, and cause of death. The document ends with some questions about Henry VIII's wives.
This document provides biographical information about Henry VIII's six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. It includes details about each wife such as their birthdate, marriage to Henry VIII, children, and cause of death. The document ends with some review questions about Henry VIII's wives.
Queen Elizabeth I took the throne after her sister Mary I died. As queen, she established the Church of England through the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, which required English subjects to worship as members of the new Protestant religion. Elizabeth never married in order to maintain her power as a female monarch, but faced threats from Catholic rivals like Mary Queen of Scots and military invasions like the Spanish Armada, which sought to return England to Catholicism.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married but faced pressure to choose a husband from foreign princes like Philip II of Spain and the Duke of Anjou of France. Her half-sister Mary Tudor preceded her after their father Henry VIII disowned Elizabeth upon his death. Elizabeth faced significant religious tensions during her rule between Catholics and Protestants, and she was eventually excommunicated by the Pope. She defeated the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, cementing England's status. Elizabeth died childless at age 69 and was succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland.
The document summarizes the Tudor monarchs of England - Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. It outlines their parents, religion, spouses, and legacies. Specifically, it notes that Henry VIII started the Church of England after divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Mary I, as daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, was a devout Catholic and had 300 Protestants burned at the stake. Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, followed the Anglican faith and brought a period of religious tolerance to England.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 and was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth spent time imprisoned in the Tower of London during the reign of her Catholic sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England and united people of different religions. She gained popularity among the English people and is renowned for defeating the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth never married and died childless at the age of 69, making her the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Queen Victoria is the history icon chosen by the Erasmus Creativity Club students at Small Heath School and Sixth From Centre in Birmingham (UK), who presented their national heroine at the ECLIPSE TPM in Vallbona d'Anoia (Spain)
This document provides biographical information about key figures during the Tudor dynasty in 16th century England, including Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII, Elizabeth of York, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard. It summarizes how Margaret Beaufort helped put her son Henry VII on the throne after the War of the Roses, and describes Henry VII's consolidation of power. It then covers the reign of Henry VIII, including his marriages and divorces in his pursuit of a male heir, as well as the break with Rome and establishment of the Church of England.
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. During her 45-year reign, she transformed England into a strong Protestant nation and established itself as a major power on the world stage through naval victories over Spain. Her defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured England's position as the dominant naval power and established its identity as a sovereign state. Elizabeth also presided over the English Renaissance and fostered the growth of arts and literature during her reign, with playwrights like Shakespeare producing great works. She remained beloved by the English people for restoring stability and prosperity to the nation.
Elizabeth I faced several challenges as Queen of England, including being a female ruler in a time when women did not typically hold such power. She also had to navigate tensions between Catholics and Protestants after the religious changes under her siblings. Additionally, Mary Queen of Scots posed a threat to Elizabeth's rule as Mary had a claim to the English throne. Elizabeth overcame these problems through carefully cultivating her public image, presenting herself as a powerful monarch. She also pursued a moderate religious policy to avoid alienating either Catholics or more radical Protestants. However, Mary Queen of Scots continued to challenge Elizabeth through plots against her, ultimately leading to Mary's execution for treason.
The document summarizes the key monarchs and events of England from 1485 to 1625, spanning the Tudor and Stuart dynasties. Major events included the Protestant Reformation under Henry VIII, who broke with the Catholic church; the reigns of his children Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, who each pursued different religious policies; and the beginning of James I's rule in 1603, during which Puritans grew dissatisfied with the Church of England. Key developments were the Acts of Supremacy establishing the Church of England and the translation of the Bible into English.
Religious settlement of Henry VIII and Elizabeth INafis Kamal
The religious settlements of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were major parts of the English Reformation that established the Church of England's independence from the Catholic Church. Henry VIII passed acts like the Act of Supremacy that made himself the head of the English church and destroyed the Pope's power in England. Elizabeth I later established a religious settlement through the Act of Uniformity and Thirty-Nine Articles that made Protestantism the official faith but allowed some Catholic practices, in an attempt to unite religious divisions in England. These settlements established the monarch as head of the newly formed Church of England and secured its independence from Rome.
1) The document discusses the role of religion in England in the 1700s, with most people being Protestant but the official church being the Church of England led by the king.
2) It describes the Magna Carta signed in 1215 that limited the power of English monarchs and established principles of constitutional law.
3) James VI of Scotland became king of England in 1603 as James I, but the Stuart kings disliked England's democratic traditions and preferred absolute rule, which was unpopular.
Chaucer uses several techniques to characterize the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales, including humor theory, physiognomy, profession, vices, irony/satire, contrast, and depicting them as individuals and types. His characters are portrayed in a realistic yet detached manner, and through them he provides a broad view of 14th century English society. Some techniques like humor theory and physiognomy drew on medieval traditions, while others like portraying complex individual traits were innovative for his time.
The document compares and contrasts the reigns of King Alfred of Wessex and King Æthelred of England in facing the threat from Viking invaders. It notes that while Alfred established burhs and a system of defense that brought peace for 15 years, Æthelred's defenses were commercial centers and he relied on increasing payments to the Vikings for temporary respites. Æthelred also lacked the support of nobles that Alfred had. The document provides context about the political situation and defensive strategies employed in England during this turbulent time.
The Tudor period in English history lasted from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry Tudor defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, establishing the Tudor dynasty. Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, uniting the warring houses of Lancaster and York. Their son, Henry VIII, ruled for 38 years and was known for marrying six times in his effort to produce a male heir, which led to the English Reformation. The Tudor period ended with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 after she ruled for 44 years.
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
Elizabeth establishes her reign and must navigate between reformer requests for a greatly altered religious ceremony and church decor and the Catholic requests to make changes minimal. The beginnings of English slave trade with the voyage of John Hawkins
Henry VII established a wealthy and powerful English monarchy focused on business over war. Henry VIII broke England from the Catholic Church and made the Church of England independent in order to gain control over the Church. During this Tudor period, England experienced a great artistic renaissance. Henry VIII had six wives and divorced several in order to obtain a male heir after his first wife Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a surviving son. Upon Henry's death, he left the throne to his three children - Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward.
Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses and establishing the Tudor dynasty. Over the next several decades, there were several failed attempts by pretenders like Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck to seize the throne from Henry VII and later Henry VIII. Meanwhile, England established new trade routes following Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1492, and the country prospered under the Tudors as Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England in 1534.
Queen Elizabeth I said "I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England." She was born in 1533, considered illegitimate by Roman Catholics. After her father Henry VIII and sister Mary's deaths, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558 at age 25, ruling for 44 years without marrying or having children. Her reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada, voyages to the Americas preparing England for colonization, and flourishing of the arts.
This document provides biographical information about Henry VIII's six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. It includes details about each wife such as their birthdate, marriage to Henry VIII, children, and cause of death. The document ends with some questions about Henry VIII's wives.
This document provides biographical information about Henry VIII's six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. It includes details about each wife such as their birthdate, marriage to Henry VIII, children, and cause of death. The document ends with some review questions about Henry VIII's wives.
Queen Elizabeth I took the throne after her sister Mary I died. As queen, she established the Church of England through the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, which required English subjects to worship as members of the new Protestant religion. Elizabeth never married in order to maintain her power as a female monarch, but faced threats from Catholic rivals like Mary Queen of Scots and military invasions like the Spanish Armada, which sought to return England to Catholicism.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married but faced pressure to choose a husband from foreign princes like Philip II of Spain and the Duke of Anjou of France. Her half-sister Mary Tudor preceded her after their father Henry VIII disowned Elizabeth upon his death. Elizabeth faced significant religious tensions during her rule between Catholics and Protestants, and she was eventually excommunicated by the Pope. She defeated the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, cementing England's status. Elizabeth died childless at age 69 and was succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland.
The document summarizes the Tudor monarchs of England - Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. It outlines their parents, religion, spouses, and legacies. Specifically, it notes that Henry VIII started the Church of England after divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Mary I, as daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, was a devout Catholic and had 300 Protestants burned at the stake. Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, followed the Anglican faith and brought a period of religious tolerance to England.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 and was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth spent time imprisoned in the Tower of London during the reign of her Catholic sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England and united people of different religions. She gained popularity among the English people and is renowned for defeating the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth never married and died childless at the age of 69, making her the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Queen Victoria is the history icon chosen by the Erasmus Creativity Club students at Small Heath School and Sixth From Centre in Birmingham (UK), who presented their national heroine at the ECLIPSE TPM in Vallbona d'Anoia (Spain)
This document provides biographical information about key figures during the Tudor dynasty in 16th century England, including Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII, Elizabeth of York, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard. It summarizes how Margaret Beaufort helped put her son Henry VII on the throne after the War of the Roses, and describes Henry VII's consolidation of power. It then covers the reign of Henry VIII, including his marriages and divorces in his pursuit of a male heir, as well as the break with Rome and establishment of the Church of England.
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. During her 45-year reign, she transformed England into a strong Protestant nation and established itself as a major power on the world stage through naval victories over Spain. Her defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured England's position as the dominant naval power and established its identity as a sovereign state. Elizabeth also presided over the English Renaissance and fostered the growth of arts and literature during her reign, with playwrights like Shakespeare producing great works. She remained beloved by the English people for restoring stability and prosperity to the nation.
Elizabeth I faced several challenges as Queen of England, including being a female ruler in a time when women did not typically hold such power. She also had to navigate tensions between Catholics and Protestants after the religious changes under her siblings. Additionally, Mary Queen of Scots posed a threat to Elizabeth's rule as Mary had a claim to the English throne. Elizabeth overcame these problems through carefully cultivating her public image, presenting herself as a powerful monarch. She also pursued a moderate religious policy to avoid alienating either Catholics or more radical Protestants. However, Mary Queen of Scots continued to challenge Elizabeth through plots against her, ultimately leading to Mary's execution for treason.
The document summarizes the key monarchs and events of England from 1485 to 1625, spanning the Tudor and Stuart dynasties. Major events included the Protestant Reformation under Henry VIII, who broke with the Catholic church; the reigns of his children Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, who each pursued different religious policies; and the beginning of James I's rule in 1603, during which Puritans grew dissatisfied with the Church of England. Key developments were the Acts of Supremacy establishing the Church of England and the translation of the Bible into English.
Religious settlement of Henry VIII and Elizabeth INafis Kamal
The religious settlements of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were major parts of the English Reformation that established the Church of England's independence from the Catholic Church. Henry VIII passed acts like the Act of Supremacy that made himself the head of the English church and destroyed the Pope's power in England. Elizabeth I later established a religious settlement through the Act of Uniformity and Thirty-Nine Articles that made Protestantism the official faith but allowed some Catholic practices, in an attempt to unite religious divisions in England. These settlements established the monarch as head of the newly formed Church of England and secured its independence from Rome.
1) The document discusses the role of religion in England in the 1700s, with most people being Protestant but the official church being the Church of England led by the king.
2) It describes the Magna Carta signed in 1215 that limited the power of English monarchs and established principles of constitutional law.
3) James VI of Scotland became king of England in 1603 as James I, but the Stuart kings disliked England's democratic traditions and preferred absolute rule, which was unpopular.
Chaucer uses several techniques to characterize the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales, including humor theory, physiognomy, profession, vices, irony/satire, contrast, and depicting them as individuals and types. His characters are portrayed in a realistic yet detached manner, and through them he provides a broad view of 14th century English society. Some techniques like humor theory and physiognomy drew on medieval traditions, while others like portraying complex individual traits were innovative for his time.
The document compares and contrasts the reigns of King Alfred of Wessex and King Æthelred of England in facing the threat from Viking invaders. It notes that while Alfred established burhs and a system of defense that brought peace for 15 years, Æthelred's defenses were commercial centers and he relied on increasing payments to the Vikings for temporary respites. Æthelred also lacked the support of nobles that Alfred had. The document provides context about the political situation and defensive strategies employed in England during this turbulent time.
The reign of Henry II as he pursues the goals of ridding the land of adulterine (unauthorized) castles and criminous clerks. The attempt to separate secular and religious court systems runs into opposition from Becket.
Richard and John had a complex relationship. When Richard was imprisoned, John claimed the throne but Richard appointed Hubert Walter as archbishop instead. Richard later returned and pardoned John. As king, Richard established coroners and fixed royal revenues. The Magna Carta established liberties for the church, citizens, and barons. It limited feudal payments and established due process. It allowed barons to resist the king through force if liberties were denied. The charter was subsequently reissued and became an important foundation for rights in later centuries.
1) In the 15th century, news and propaganda in England was spread through proclamations by sheriffs, criers in cities and markets, and posters in churches and guildhalls.
2) The legal profession was growing, with around 140 lawyers in London in 1292 growing to around 2000 in 1400. Statutes were passed to better regulate attorneys and ensure only virtuous ones were allowed to practice.
3) Geoffrey Chaucer's family were involved in the legal profession, with Thomas Chaucer becoming a powerful figure and speaker of the house, and his descendants including Alice Chaucer inheriting wealth and lands and getting involved in disputes over the Fastolf estate.
5.Technology and Laws of Warfare in the Age of ChaucerRobert Ehrlich
The document discusses changes in medieval warfare technology from the 11th to 14th centuries in England and France. It describes the increased use of infantry and missile weapons like the longbow, mounted archers, and large siege engines. Gunpowder also began seeing limited use in the 14th century. New tactics like chevauchée raids, where armies ravaged the countryside, emerged. The status of squires and men-at-arms changed as well, as unemployed knights sought opportunities after peace treaties.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
William commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086 to survey the land and property holdings in England. The book recorded details about land ownership, populations, livestock, land use and revenue for each manor or village. It established a baseline of accountability for landholders and helped centralize royal governance. While not without errors, it provided an unprecedented level of information and established a model for later censuses and land surveys.
William Wykeham established educational institutions in the late 14th century that helped establish a path for social mobility through education. In the 15th century, printing was developed which allowed for wider dissemination of texts and helped standardize the English language. Writers during this period included Gower, Hoccleve, and Lydgate who wrote in English for royal patrons. William Caxton introduced printing to England and published many texts, helping establish the English publishing industry. The growth of printing helped foster national identity and increased literacy.
This document provides information about medical practices and guilds in medieval England. It discusses John Arderne, a 14th century surgeon who wrote about surgical procedures. It also describes the roles of guilds in regulating trades and professions. Guilds helped oversee practices like surgery and provided social support. The document examines court systems and how local and royal courts addressed legal issues involving guild members.
King Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, was born in 1157 in England to King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. At a young age he was named Duke of Aquitaine and later became heir to the English throne. As king, Richard spent most of his time abroad fighting in the Crusades rather than governing England. He died in 1199 after being wounded by an arrow in France.
The document summarizes the history of Britain from the Celtic invasions starting around 700 BC through the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. It discusses the various groups that invaded and settled in Britain over this period, including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. It describes their societies, economies, and influence on British culture and politics. The last invaders were the Normans from France, who conquered England under William in 1066, bringing feudalism and permanently changing the course of British history.
This document provides a dramaturgy packet for Shakespeare's play Richard II. It includes sections on image research of relevant historical portraits and paintings; a glossary of terms; family trees of key characters; a timeline of important events; biographies of King Richard II and background on his reign; histories of productions and critical analysis of the play; and suggestions for further materials. The packet aims to give contextual and historical information to better understand the characters and plot of Shakespeare's drama.
The Dering Roll is the earliest surviving English roll of arms from around 1280. It contains 324 painted coats of arms representing about a quarter of the English baronage from the reign of Edward I. In the 17th century, Sir Edward Dering embellished the roll by replacing an original coat of arms with a fictitious ancestor of his own. The roll has passed through various private collections until being acquired by the British Library in 2008 after a fundraising campaign.
The expansion of the dominion of Henry II with the foreseen breakup of that dominion through family feud. Acquisition of Ireland and homage of Wales and Scotland.
The document provides demographic and historical information about the Vikings from Scandinavia. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Vikings originated from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and ranged from the Arctic zone south to North Africa and east to Russia between 800-1066 AD.
2) They were both fierce raiders, attacking coastal European regions in hit-and-run raids, as well as traders who established new trade routes.
3) The Vikings first began exploring beyond Scandinavia in the 8th century, with the Swedes traveling east and opening up Russia, the Danes going southwest to conquer England and raid France, and the Norse traveling northwest to conquer Ireland and settle Iceland,
Looking at the life and times of the Tudor Monarchs as depicted in Nursery Rhymes. With thanks to: Iona & Peter Opie's The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book; Albert Jack's Pop Goes the Weasel; The Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter...and wikipedia. I'm showing more text on the slides than i'd actually use in practice when presenting this so that you have the detail.
Since uploading the deck i've seen a couple of theories that Sing a Song of Sixpence is about Henry VII and his wife Elizabeth of York, rather than Henry VIII.
9. f2014 Last days of HenryVIII Katherine ParrRobert Ehrlich
Katherine Parr and the last years of Henry VIII. Results of the inventory of Henry's estate Katherine Parr as an author. Her fourth marriage to Thomas Seymour and her death following childbirth.
The document summarizes the history of England from the Norman conquest in 1066 through the Wars of the Roses that ended in 1485. It describes the line of Norman kings who conquered England and established feudal system, followed by the House of Plantagenet. Key events included Henry II strengthening royal power over barons and reforming justice system, conflicts with the church, signing of the Magna Carta, the emergence of Parliament, the devastation of the Black Death, and finally the War of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the throne.
The document provides information on the Anglo-Saxons who invaded Britain after the Romans departed in the 5th century AD. It describes their origins from northern Germany, Denmark, and Holland. It then summarizes how the Anglo-Saxons lived as farmers and sailors, building wooden houses and ships. Their society was organized into kingdoms ruled by kings, and they developed laws and a system of coins.
The Sash My Father Wore; Ireland's Williamite WarsPeter McIntyre
This document contains several poems, passages of scripture, and summaries related to Protestant history and the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. It discusses how Protestants in Derry and Enniskillen resisted Catholic forces loyal to King James II in the late 1600s. It outlines key events like the siege of Derry from 1688-1689 when Protestants held the city against King James' forces. It also describes battles like the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 when King William III defeated King James' army, securing Protestant rule in Ireland. The document emphasizes how Protestant forces, through struggles like the siege of Derry, preserved their religious freedoms and laid the foundation for future British and Irish history.
1. This document summarizes the history of England from the Norman conquest in 1066 until the Wars of the Roses in the late 15th century. It describes the succession of kings from the Plantagenet dynasty and the conflicts that arose. Key events included the signing of the Magna Carta, the establishment of Parliament, the Hundred Years' War with France, the Black Death plague, and the civil war known as the Wars of the Roses between the House of Lancaster and the House of York for the throne.
1. This document summarizes the history of England from the Norman conquest in 1066 until the Wars of the Roses in the late 15th century. It describes the succession of kings from the Plantagenets like Henry II and Edward I, the signing of the Magna Carta, the beginnings of Parliament, the Hundred Years' War with France, the Black Death plague, and the civil war between the House of Lancaster and House of York known as the Wars of the Roses.
The History of Ireland, Scotland & Wales - Osher Lifelong Learning at UNMUNM Continuing Education
We will examine Irish, Scottish, and Welsh history and culture from 500 BC to the present. In particular, lectures and discussions will focus on the early cultural identity of the Irish, Scots, and Welsh and their customs and mythologies; the influence of Roman culture and Christianity on these lands and peoples; the English conquest and colonization of these lands and peoples; and, finally, on the process of political devolution in all three areas. These aspects of Irish, Scottish, and Welsh history will be examined through historical documents and literature, art, music, and film clips. Students will emerge from the class with a clear sense of the events that shaped the early history and culture of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales and how those events continue to shape these areas even to the present day.
This document provides context around events in England from the late 10th century through the Norman Conquest of 1066. It describes the rule of Aethelred the Unready and his son Edmund Ironside who were defeated by the Danish leader Cnut. After Cnut's death, his sons fought for control of England. Edward the Confessor became king but faced opposition from Earl Godwin and his sons. When Edward died childless in 1066, Harold Godwinson seized the throne but was defeated by William the Duke of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings, marking the Norman Conquest. William then had the Domesday Book compiled in 1086 to survey the land and resources of England.
Henry I established new monasteries and fostered new monastic orders like the Cistercians. After his death, England was divided in its support for either Stephen or Empress Matilda in the succession dispute to the throne. The country descended into civil war from 1139-1153 as each side fought for control. Eventually, a peace treaty in 1153 recognized Henry, son of Matilda, as Stephen's heir, allowing Stephen to remain king for the rest of his life. Stephen's reign was seen as a time of disorder and lack of justice.
The document provides an overview of the history of England from the Celtic period through the Norman conquest in 1066. It describes how the Celts were displaced by invading Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century AD, establishing small kingdoms. Christianity eventually spread throughout England in the following centuries. Vikings then began raiding England in the 8th century and some settled, with Alfred the Great defending Wessex against them. In 1066, William the Conqueror defeated the English at Hastings and established a new Norman ruling class, introducing feudalism.
This document provides a summary of the Chism/Chisholm family tree, beginning with early origins in Scotland and England. It traces the lineage from Alexander De Chisholm who lived 1190-1248 in Scotland, down through Richard Josiah Chisholm who emigrated to Virginia in 1642. It highlights several important figures, including Jesse Chisholm for whom the Chisholm Trail was named, and his connection to Sam Houston. The document ends by outlining the children and descendants of John Chism I, who was born in 1681 in Virginia.
King Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was born in 1157 in England to King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. As a young prince, Richard was named Duke of Aquitaine and rebelled against his father. He became heir to the English throne in 1183 and joined the Third Crusade after Saladin took Jerusalem in 1187. Richard was crowned King of England in 1189 and spent most of his reign fighting in the Crusades, earning him the nickname "the Absent King." He died of gangrene from an arrow wound in 1199.
Similar to 14. Last Days of Richard ii and Chaucer Art and Jewels of England (20)
The curator of the Imperial Secretariat Library tries to evenly divide its 150,000 volume collection between the new states emerging from the partition of British India. The partition led to the division of collections and archives between India and Pakistan.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The Restoration theater saw the establishment of two patent theater companies, the Duke's Company and the King's Company, who built new theaters like the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. The theaters featured innovations like proscenium stages and movable scenery. Popular genres included Restoration comedy which featured witty dialogue, adaptations of Shakespeare, and spectacular "machine plays." Acting styles emphasized physicality and emotion over rhetoric. Leading actors like Betterton and Barry became stars, and women began performing professionally. Audiences were diverse but often arrived seeking entertainment and socializing over the plays themselves.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. Wife of Bath &
A Decidedly Unreligious Carol
Alisoun
Five husbands - Jankyn
3. Kyrie Aleyson or Jolly Jankin
Kyrie, so kyrie,
Jankin sings merrily,
with Alison.
As I went on Christmas day
in our procession,
I knew jolly Jankin
by his merry voice.
Kyrie eleison.
4. Jankin began the Service
on Christmas day,
and yet it seems to me it does me good
so merrily he began to say,
'Kyrie eleison'.
Jankin read the Epistle
very pleasingly and well,
and yet it seems to me it does me good
as for ever I gain eternal reward,
Kyrie eleison.
5. Jankin at the Agnus
carries the pax-board:
he winked but said nothing,
and on my foot he trod,
Kyrie eleison.
Let us bless the Lord,
Christ shield me from shame,
thanks be to God as well alas! I am with child,
Kyrie eleison.
7. Art of 14th Century England
International Gothic
Italian Influences
Portraits
8. International Gothic
• Disputed term
• Characteristics ascribed
– Stylized forms, refinement, prettiness, restrained
vitality, decorative fantasy, and sumptuous color
• Combines Italian naturalism, Flemish realism
and French courtly art
9. Giotto and Approach to Perspective
• Use of color to emphasize foreground and
background
• Less realistic in depicting supernatural events
19. Richard II
• 1390s
‘he liked to sit ostentatiously
from after dinner until vespers,
talking to no one but watching
everyone; and when his eye fell
on anyone, regardless of rank,
that person had to bend his knee
towards the king ...'
20. Wilton Diptych 1395-99
Richard II presented to the Virgin and Child by St. John the Baptist,
Saints Edward the Confessor and Edmund
23. Richard II – Treasure Roll
• Compiled for Henry IV to list
jewels and plate of Richard
and his queens
• 1206 entries
• 28 meters long
• Includes many objects
taken in 1397
26. Image of St. Michael
• Painting of similar image
to one given by Charles VI
to Richard
• Version pawned by
Charles to his brother-inlaw and not returned
• Disappeared in 1801
during Napoleonic
occupation of Bavaria
27. Richard’s Courtiers
They were "knights of Venus rather than knights
of Bellona, more valiant in the bedchamber than
on the field of war, armed with words instead of
weapons...”
Walsingham
28. On King Richard’s Ministers
Ther is a busch that is forgrowe;
Crop hit welle, and hold hit lowe,
Or elles hit wolle be wilde.
29. Extravagances of Richard II
Royal Palace at Sheen
1384 and 1388
• 2,000 painted tiles "for the King's bath,"
large bronze taps for hot and cold water,
• Fireplaces and personal latrines in all rooms
30. Personal dress and invention of Richard II
1388 Order for [A First]
“small pieces of linen made to be given to the lord king
for blowing and covering his nose.”
• Tunic of pearls, other precious stones and gold
• "hanselyn" embroidered with leeches, water, and
rocks and embellished with fifteen whelks and
fifteen mussels of silver gilt, and fifteen cockles of
white silver. The doublet...was embroidered with
gold orange trees...and adorned with 100
oranges of silver gilt, weighing 2 1b. 1/2 oz. Troy
31. Video
The Deposition of Richard II
Professor Jennifer Paxton
The people, "by ancient statute and recent
precedent,” had a remedy for royal wrongs.
Duke of Gloucester
32. Impeachment of Michael de la Pole
• High crimes
– Dereliction of duties
– Loss of Ghent
Not guilty because he did
not bear sole
responsibility
• High misdemeanors
– Obtaining benefits from office
– Misappropriating funds
Guilty
33. Letters of Henry
• Before capture of Richard
– 21 Richard II
• After capture
– 1399
• After receiving the crown
– 1 Henry IV
34. Conviction of Household Personnel
• 1388
• Appellants accuse Brembre,
Pole, de Vere and Neville of
treason
• Brembre found not guilty
but then charged with
concealment
• Chief Justice Tresilian
dragged from Westminster
Abbey and killed
Froissart Chronicles
35. 1387 Richard; Ten Questions
Supremacy of the monarch or of the law?
9. How should the man be punished who had
moved in the 1386 parliament to "send for the
statute by which King Edward [II] . . . had been
adjudged in parliament?"
The justices answered that this man and the one
"who, under pretext of this motion, had brought
that statute to parliament" should be punished "as
traitors and criminals."
36. Answers
• No minister could be impeached without the
crown's agreement
• It was treasonous to limit the royal power.
• Only the king could choose ministers
• The King called and dissolved parliament at his
will and determined its business.
44. Accusations against Richard
• Distributing possessions of the Crown to
unworthy persons
• Maintained a bodyguard of unruly and violent
Cheshiremen and ‘surrounded the parliament
with a great number of armed men and
archers whom he had gathered there for the
purpose of overawing the people
45. Accusations against Richard
•
•
•
•
•
Interference in local elections
Failure to respect property rights
Inconsistent behavior leading to loss of trust
Seeking papal approval for his actions
‘He dissipated it [parliamentary grants
normally only given in time of war]
prodigiously upon the ostentation, pomp and
vainglory of his own person’
46. Accusations against Richard
• Allowed accusations by the ‘young, strong and
healthy’ against the ‘aged, impotent, lame or
infirm’ to be brought before the Court of
Chivalry where the only defense was by arms
Enamel on a gold base. It was excavated in 1965 on the site of Dunstable Friary, and is presumed to have been intended as a livery badge given by an important figure to his supporters; the most likely candidate is probably the future Henry V of England, who was Prince of Wales from 1399.The swan with the crown and chain is especially associated with Lancastrian use; it echoes the crown and chain of Richard II's white hart,[21] which he began to use as a livery badge from 1390. As well as several of his own white hart badges, Richard's treasure roll of 1397 also includes a swan badge with a gold chain, perhaps presented by one of his enemies mentioned above: "Item, a gold swan enamelled white with a little gold chain hanging around the neck, weighing 2 oz., value, 46s. 8d".[22] He declared to Parliament that he had exchanged liveries with his uncles as a sign of amity at various moments of reconciliation.The swan badge described in Richard II's treasure roll seems to have resembled closely the Dunstable Swan Jewel in the British Museum. Like the white hart of Richard II, the swan was almost certainly a livery badge. Such badges were given out and worn to express allegiance to a king or great noble. A gold badge would have belonged to an important person, although less expensive versions would also have been distributed. Several noble families liked to trace their descent from the legendary swan knight, who arrived in a swan-drawn boat to rescue a lady. Among these noble families were the descendants of the de Bohun earls of Hereford. The last heirs were two sisters, Eleanor (c. 1365-99), who married Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester (1355-97), youngest son of Edward III, and Mary (d. 1394), wife of the future Henry IV. Among the precious possessions Eleanor left in her will was a book containing a swan romance bequeathed to her son, Humphrey, and on her memorial brass in Westminster Abbey can be seen a little swan. One of the books seized from Thomas of Woodstock in 1397 had swans embroidered on the covers. Many objects recorded in the inventory among Richard II's treasure were seized from Thomas of Woodstock when he was declared a traitor and murdered in 1397 (see Lords Appellant). This is one possible origin both of the swan badge documented in the inventory and of the surviving object.
Trecento artists enabled, for the first time, the individual viewer's empirical experience of reality to be acknowledged and made part of thedescription of religious truths in pictures.11 The principal device of thetrecento that made painting correspond more closely with empirical experience was the development of linear perspective. It was Brunelleschi,early in the fifteenth century, who established the more precise geometrical foundations that are necessary for achieving the effect of perspective in two dimensional art.12 However, it was the trecento artists whodeveloped and utilized some of the key principles of perspective in a lessrefined form who made Brunelleschi's invention possible.13 These
International GothicA style manifested in the painting, sculpture, and DECORATIVE ARTS of western Europe between c.1375 and c.1425. International Gothic was distinguished by its elegance and fascination with delicate, naturalistic detail. Its origins lay in the courtly style developed in France in the middle of the 13th century with its predilection for elongated and supple form and a new appreciation of sensuous qualities. This style was fused to the Italian interest in naturalism by the Sienese painter Simone Martini (c.1285–1344) who went to Avignon c.1340–41 to work for the papal court there. International Gothic first fully established itself in Franco-Flemish Burgundy with artists such as André de Beauneveu, Melchior Broederlam, and the Limburg brothers. From there it spread to northern Italy where it attracted artists such as Gentile de Fabriano and reached its most ornate achievement in the art of PisanelloThe characteristics of International Gothic have been variously described as a stylized elegance of form, refinement, prettiness, restrained vitality, decorative fantasy, and sumptuous colour. Others have identified an interest in nature in the form of plants and landscape, and a penchant for secular themes from aristocratic life. It is often claimed that this somewhat disparate and intangible style represented a fusion between Italian naturalism, Flemish realism, and French courtly art.
Trial By Fire (Red is used to emphasize things in the foreground and blue to intimate the distance behind the immediate action. In St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Plate 2), however, we find a less real istic representation of space, sSanctioning Of The Rule o vanishing point in the painting is located at a point somewhere behind the heads of the kneeling brothers. This tends to draw our attention away from the Pope and towards them. The architectural enclosure that sur rounds these figures functions to contain them as solid bodies in real space once again. The
2I f the miniaturewith the Crucifixion in the Robertd e LisleP salter borrowsit s decorativesystemfromstained-glass design,t he Crucifixion of the Gorleston Psalter has to be regarded as an attempt to imitate the effect of a framed panel picture
Last Judgment in the St. Omer Psalter (P1. I4d).4 The whole pictorial idea is clearly based on the gradual penetration of the spectator's eye into the imaginary depth behind the page-surface. Along this line a strange vision unfolds itself: rows of gravesrecedingu p to the horizon,and in this vast churchyard, the host of dead rising suddenly from their tombs, in answer to the trumpet's call. As our eye proceeds into the depth we see the various stages and episodes of the Resurrection in close succession: in the first row appears a head; in the second a torso, further back a whole body has emerged and one corpse has decided on coming out legs foremost. They all move with the greatest agility, fleshless figures, apparently unbound by earthly gravity. The artist, combining all these elements, achieves an uncanny effect, well suited to this eschatological theme
Most of the upper chapel was completed during the reign of Edward III (1327-77). It was richly decorated to a very high standard, as these surviving fragments of wall paintings show. They depict scenes from the biblical Books of Job and Tobit, with explanations in inscriptions. They are identified as:Tobit being blinded by bird dung (Tobit 2:9-10)The blind Tobit (Tobit 2:9-10)The marriage of Tobias to Sarah (Tobit 8:19-21)The departure of the archangel Raphael (Tobit 9:5)Job addressing his sonsThe daughters of Job requesting to visit their brothersThe destruction of Job's children at a banquet (Job 2:18-19)Job learning of the destruction of his children (Job 2:20-21)Job with Zophar the Naamathite (Job 11:2-20)The rebuking of Job's comforters (Job 42: 7-10The paintings were executed in the international courtly style that was fashionable at the time, using expensive materials and drawing heavily on Italian influences. They were originally arranged in two tiers of four scenes, below the five windows of each side wall. These fragmentary remains give little impression of the grand scale of the original scheme, which might have numbered as many as 160 scenes and included topics drawn from the New Testament and the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine.
St.Jon the Baptist, Mary and Archangel MichaelThe Bywayd Tower wall painting is located in the Byward Tower of the Tower of London. It depicts a crucifixion with flanking saints, with the fabulous figure of St Michael the Archangel being the most intact. It’s one of the most well-preserved medieval murals in the UK and the only surviving medieval painted interior at the castle.The style of the painting suggests that it dates back to the 1390s, but nobody knows who painted it or why it's there. The curators and conservators at Historic Royal Palaces - the organisation that runs the Tower of London - are in the midst of a research project to find answers to these questions and ensure that the mural is well cared for.We don’t know exactly why the painting is in this room but it must have been very important because a wall painting like thiswould have been extremely expensive. It’s literally covered in gold leaf and expensive pigments such as azurite (blue),vermillion (red) and lac (deep red).Mary is wringing her hands in despair at the death of her son, to the left of what was the Crucifixion. The artist spared no expense on Mary’s halo, which is made of real gold leaf! All around her in the background you can see a diamond-shaped pattern of birds with lilies and lion motifs in the centre. The birds are parakeets, known as ‘popinjays’. The lilies, or ‘fleurs-de-lys’ of France are combined with the Lions of England (you can see one at the very top of the painting, above St. John the Baptist). These two heraldic symbols started to appear together regularly after 1340, when Edward III adopted the fleurs-de-lys as part of the Arms of England. The green and gold background painting is based on fourteenth century Italian silk textile designs. Although the wall painting is a very expensive one, it was still cheaper than paying for real tapestries or embroideries with gold and silver thread. - See more at: http://www.hrp.org.uk/learninganddiscovery/discoverthehistoricroyalpalaces/thevirginmary#sthash.mKxnX4sB.dpuf
The Westminster PortraitRichard II portrait in Westminster AbbeyThe Westminster Portrait (London, Westminster Abbey)Larger image (50KB)The over life-size portrait which now hangs in the nave of Westminster Abbey depicts Richard as a fully mature man with a small forked beard. The anonymous portrait is painted in a linseed oil medium on panel. It probably dates from the 1390s, but was heavily restored in 1732 and again in 1866, making it hard to judge its qualities. Besides much overpainting, the background of stamped and gilded gesso was also removed during the 1866 restoration, apart from the small area to the right of the king's head. This is now thought to have been original. Infra-red photography has revealed the monumental qualities of the underdrawing. The throne has been much altered, but the head is probably substantially intact.Portraits dating from the fourteenth century are exceptionally rare north of the Alps and this full-length image has no parallels. It may always have been in the Abbey church and may perhaps have been part of a rigid structure such as a pew. The first mention of it is in 1611, when it was in the choir. The frame decorated with Richard II's arms and badges was designed in 1866 by Sir Gilbert Scott.This majestic portrait has sometimes been connected with a hostile passage suggestive of Richard's tyranny by the Eulogium writer (probably a Franciscan friar of Canterbury writing in the early fifteenth century), see C. Given-Wilson (ed. and transl.), Chronicles of the revolution, 1397- 1400. The king is described as sitting enthroned, requiring his courtiers to kneel whenever his gaze fell upon them:'After this on solemn festivals when by custom [Richard II] performed kingly rituals, he would order a throne to be prepared for him in his chamber on which he liked to sit ostentatiously from after dinner until vespers, talking to noone but watching everyone; and when his eye fell on anyone, regardless of rank, that person had to bend his knee towards the king ...'(ContinuatioEulogii, pp. 371-9)
Richard’s robes are of cloth of gold and red, patterned with white harts and branches of rosemary, emblem of his first wife, Anne of Bohemia (d. 1394), encircled by broomcods and interspersed with eagles, emblems of Bohemia. Round his neck is a collar of broomcods, the livery of the King of France, Charles VI, whose daughter became his second wife in 1396.4
a green island with a white castlen which has two turrets and six black sky; below is a brown boat in full sail with black masts sailing in a sea made of silverl eaf,8n owtarnishedt o brown.T he boat is clearly there to indicate that the green land is an island 'set in the silver sea'. inferred that the map in the Wilton lliptych is intended to epresent the island of Britain, and refers to the dowry of the Virgin.England as the dowry of the Virgin was common parlance.Since the reign of Edward II the English Kings had been thought to be under the special protection of the Virgin, anointed with a special oil she had given to St Thomas a Becket,25 and Richard sought to have himself reanointed with that oil in 1399.26 Richard's de-votiontoJohn the Baptist, his patron saint, as well as to Edward the Confessor is well documented.27 His devotion to the Virgin has been less studied but is mentioned in contemporary sources. According to Froissart, Richard dedicated himself to a statue of the Virgin in a small chapel in Westminster before riding out to Smithfield in 1381;28 Froissart could have been referring either the Chapel of St Mary de La Pew in Westminster Abbey or to the chapel with the same name in Westminster Palace. Other chronicles say that Richard visited the shrine of St Edward be-fore this ride, but without any mention of a visit to the chapel. This is explicitly stated in a mandate sent at the king's desire byThomas Arundel to the Bishop of London on 10th February1400.22 It may have been taken up by Henry IV, who assumedmany of the emblems and cults of Richard, in order to establishthe legitimacy of his own claim to the throne.
Edward the Confessor;s arms and Richard II’s white hart badgeThe exterior of the diptych (Fig.45) is painted with heraldic emblems In the left wing is a lion standing on a cap of main-tenance and a helmet, over a shield hearing the Royal arms of England and France Ancient (leopards and lilies), impaled with the mythical arms of Edward the Confessor,,( martlets with a cross fleurie). In the right wing is a white hart lying on various plants, including branches of rosemary. Most scholars now agree on heraldic grounds that the diptych probably dates from around 1395. It was then that Richard II initiated what amounted to a campaign to adopt the arms of Edward the Confessor. It was also then that relations between France and England were at their most cordial as the marriage negotiations were underway; it is difficult to argue that Richard would have been shown wearing a broomcod collar before this date
The treasure rollThe treasure roll describes the jewels and plate belonging to King Richard II (reigned 1377-99), and to his two queens, Anne of Bohemia and Isabelle of France. The inventory dates from 1398 or 1399, the period of Richard's tyranny. It contains 1,206 entries, some describing dozens of pieces, and is written on forty long, narrow parchment sheets known as membranes (abbreviated as m. for one membrane, or mm. for two or more). Fully unrolled it measures more than 28 metres.A photograph of treasure roll partly rolled outThe treasure roll partly unrolled (Kew, The National Archives)The roll was rediscovered in the 1990s in the National Archives at Kew, and is a very rare survival from later medieval England. It is now catalogued among the records of the Exchequer, where it has the reference TNA: PRO, E 101/411/9 (see The National Archives website). French was still spoken and written at the English court in the late fourteenth century. Many records of this date, including the treasure roll, are written in French. Others are in Latin and a few in English.From the time of King Edward III in 1340 until the Tudor period, English kings reserved the right to keep secret the expenditure of the Chamber (their personal accounting department). The records of Parliament suggest that this roll may have come into the central records of the crown after Richard's deposition because it was needed in 1401 for a survey of his treasure under his usurper, Henry IV (1399-1413).Every object listed is of precious metal or of materials such as beryl, rock-crystal, coconut, amber, ivory and jet mounted in gold or silver. Almost all are given a weight and value. (For a guide to the weights and values used in the roll, see the weights and coinage pages.) The total adds up to the staggering sum of well over £209,000. Around 1400 the wages of a master craftsman might be 6d. per day, so that forty days work would be needed to earn the equivalent of one pound.The objects in the inventory are divided by metal type and by function. First come gold objects for secular use, then those of silver-gilt and silver. The headings for the gold objects are crowns, gold vessels (these being mainly for the table), chaplets, circlets and collars, 'ouches' meaning brooches, 'hanaps' meaning cups, some paired with ewers, and finally a section of very miscellaneous small jewels.
Hinged now in Munich as a result of dowry for Henry IV daughter
Broomcod collar and white hart badge
Robert Tresilian (died 1388) was a Cornish lawyer, and Chief Justice of the King's Bench between 1381 and 1387. From 15th C Froissart chronicles
Creton wrote the work to present to the duke of Burgundy before July 1402. In April 1399 Creton was sent by Charles VI of France (r. 1380-1422) to accompany Richard II to Ireland. Creton sailed with the earl of Salisbury to north Wales, and gave an eyewitness account of the capture of the king.
Agrees to give up crown or more likely some compromise
‘blank charters were not blank but were couched in terms which gave the king carte blanche over the lives and possessions of his subjects.’[The Crown is independent of any person]The ‘Record and Process’ saysthat Richard willingly agreed to resign his crown, but this is scarcelycredible. It is possible, however, that he made some promise to theeffect that he would continue to reign while Henry would in practicebe allowed to rule. The comments of Usk, that Richard agreed tosurrender to Henry ‘on condition of saving his dignity’, and of theDieulacres chronicler, that Arundel and Northumberland swore tohim that he would be allowed to retain ‘his royal power anddominion’, might refer to some agreement along these lines. Creton,however, who claims to have been an eyewitness to the negotiationsbetween Northumberland and the king, was adamant that Richard The ‘Record and Process’ saysthat Richard willingly agreed to resign his crown, but this is scarcelycredible. It is possible, however, that he made some promise to theeffect that he would continue to reign while Henry would in practicebe allowed to rule. The comments of Usk, that Richard agreed tosurrender to Henry ‘on condition of saving his dignity’, and of theDieulacres chronicler, that Arundel and Northumberland swore tohim that he would be allowed to retain ‘his royal power anddominion’, might refer to some agreement along these lines. Creton,however, who claims to have been an eyewitness to the negotiationsbetween Northumberland and the king, was adamant that Richard The ‘Record and Process’ saysthat Richard willingly agreed to resign his crown, but this is scarcelycredible. It is possible, however, that he made some promise to theeffect that he would continue to reign while Henry would in practicebe allowed to rule. The comments of Usk, that Richard agreed tosurrender to Henry ‘on condition of saving his dignity’, and of theDieulacres chronicler, that Arundel and Northumberland swore tohim that he would be allowed to retain ‘his royal power anddominion’, might refer to some agreement along these lines. Creton,however, who claims to have been an eyewitness to the negotiationsbetween Northumberland and the king, was adamant that Richard only agreed to restore Henry to his inheritance (including thestewardship of England), and to summon a parliament at which fiveof his councillors would be put on trial; in return for this, N swore on the newly-consecrated host that he would remainking Yet according to Creton, Northumberland was lying for hehad already, on his way to Conway, laid an ambush for Richard a fewmiles down the coast, and was simply making promises in order tolure the king out of the castle. In this he was successful:
An astrolabe is basically a two-dimensional map of thecelestial sphere. The most important stars and the majorcircles in the sky are projected onto a metal sheet. This part ofthe astrolabe is called a rete, Latin for 'net' or 'web', since thecut-out piece at the front of the astrolabe resembles a spider'sweb. Underneath the rete are positioned a number of plates,allowing the instrument to be used in different latitudes. Rete and plates are housed in ahollowed out container, the 'mater', which carries special markings on the front and back.Attached to the back is a ruler, called the 'alidade', with two sighting vanes (small pierced metalprotrusions on the edge of the ruler).The earliest dated European astrolabeThe astrolabe is a multifunctionalinstrument which enables the user to performsuch diverse tasks as timekeeping at day and night, surveying, determininglatitude, and casting horoscopes.Geoffrey Chaucer (about 13421400),better known for his Canterbury Tales, alsowrote a treatise on the astrolabe which was widely disseminated. The type ofastrolabe he described matches the features of this instrument, with itsdistinctive Yshapedrete, a dog's head as a starpointerfor Sirius (known asthe dogstar),and other starpointersin the shape of birds. The frame aroundthe circumference has a dragon's head and tail respectively at the ends.Three of the saints mentioned in the calendrical list on the back are of particularEnglish significance, and one of the latitude plates is marked for Oxford, whilethe others are laid out for Jerusalem, 'Babilonie', Rome, Montpellier, and Paris.