From manuscript to print and the impact of the print revolution. What was being published included many translations for an expanded English reading audience.
From manuscript to print and the impact of the print revolution. What was being published included many translations for an expanded English reading audience.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
The reign of Henry II as he pursues the goals of ridding the land of adulterine (unauthorized) castles and criminous clerks. The attempt to separate secular and religious court systems runs into opposition from Becket.
The progress towards a centralized administration with a relatively uniform system of justice is interrupted by the succession conflict between Matilda, daughter of Henry I, and Stephen, nephew of Henry I
This detailed presentation gives a clear overview of the evolution of the English language throughout the ages.
Including the Old English, Middle English, Early Modern, Modern and Late Modern periods, the slideshow covers contextual elements, key features of language, key dates and examples of text for each.
Bullet points and images and a nice layout make the presentation concise and simple, while still containing a lot of information.
This presentation is suitable for English language A-level at A2 level (made for the WJEC A2 exam)
Correction: Old English example text states that the Anglo Saxon Chronicle was written in the 19th century. This is a typo - it was actually the 9th century!
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
The reign of Henry II as he pursues the goals of ridding the land of adulterine (unauthorized) castles and criminous clerks. The attempt to separate secular and religious court systems runs into opposition from Becket.
The progress towards a centralized administration with a relatively uniform system of justice is interrupted by the succession conflict between Matilda, daughter of Henry I, and Stephen, nephew of Henry I
This detailed presentation gives a clear overview of the evolution of the English language throughout the ages.
Including the Old English, Middle English, Early Modern, Modern and Late Modern periods, the slideshow covers contextual elements, key features of language, key dates and examples of text for each.
Bullet points and images and a nice layout make the presentation concise and simple, while still containing a lot of information.
This presentation is suitable for English language A-level at A2 level (made for the WJEC A2 exam)
Correction: Old English example text states that the Anglo Saxon Chronicle was written in the 19th century. This is a typo - it was actually the 9th century!
English 243 Survey of English Literature ILesson A Modest Pr.docxgidmanmary
English 243: Survey of English Literature I
Lesson: A Modest Proposal
Objectives:
· to introduce Eighteenth Century English Literature, particularly Jonathan Swift.
· to stimulate enjoyment of literary works of the period.
· to encourage an appreciation of the works in relationship to the cultures that produced them.
· to develop the ability to read literary texts for meaning, structure, and style.
· to develop critical reading, writing, and thinking skills through the analysis of literary works.
Jonathan Swift
Here is a overly brief overview of Swift’s life and works:
Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667 in Dublin, Ireland, the son of Protestant Anglo-Irish parents: his ancestors had been Royalists, and all his life he would be a High-Churchman. His father, also Jonathan, died a few months before he was born, upon which his mother, Abigail, returned to England, leaving her son behind, in the care of relatives. In 1673, at the age of six, Swift began his education at Kilkenny Grammar School, which was, at the time, the best in Ireland. Between 1682 and 1686 he attended, and graduated from, Trinity College in Dublin, though he was not, apparently, an exemplary student.
In 1688 William of Orange invaded England, initiating the Glorious Revolution: with Dublin in political turmoil, Trinity College was closed, and an ambitious Swift took the opportunity to go to England, where he hoped to gain preferment in the Anglican Church. In England, in 1689, he became secretary to Sir William Temple, a diplomat and man of letters, at Moor Park in Surrey.
Between 1696 and 1699 Swift composed most of his first great work, A Tale of a Tub, a prose satire on the religious extremes represented by Roman Catholicism and Calvinism, and in 1697 he wrote The Battle of the Books, a satire defending Temple's conservative but beseiged position in the contemporary literary controversy as to whether the works of the "Ancients" — the great authors of classical antiquity — were to be preferred to those of the "Moderns."
In 1701 Swift was awarded a D. D. from Dublin University, and published his first political pamphlet, supporting the Whigs against the Tories. 1704 saw the anonymous publication of A Tale of a Tub, The Battle of the Books, and The Mechanical Operation of the Spirit.
In 1720 he began work upon Gulliver's Travels, intended, as he says in a letter to Pope, "to vex the world, not to divert it." In 1726 he visited England once again, and stayed with Pope at Twickenham: in the same year Gulliver's Travels was published.
Swift's final trip to England took place in 1727. Between 1727 and 1736 publication of five volumes of Swift-Pope Miscellanies. In 1729 A Modest Proposal was published.
Swift died on October 19, 1745.
A Modest Proposal
Swift's motives for writing A Modest Proposal, which appeared in 1729, were complex. He felt, for his own part, that he had been exiled to Ireland when he would have much preferred to have been in England, and hi ...
The influence of humanism on learning in early Tudor England. Erasmus and the instructors of the royal children, Arthur and Henry The New Learning and the scrutiny of Greek texts.
The Life of King Henry the FifthShakespeare homepage Henry V .docxoreo10
The Life of King Henry the Fifth
Shakespeare homepage | Henry V | Entire play
ACT I
PROLOGUE
Enter Chorus
Chorus
O for a Muse of fire, that would ascend
The brightest heaven of invention,
A kingdom for a stage, princes to act
And monarchs to behold the swelling scene!
Then should the warlike Harry, like himself,
Assume the port of Mars; and at his heels,
Leash'd in like hounds, should famine, sword and fire
Crouch for employment. But pardon, and gentles all,
The flat unraised spirits that have dared
On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth
So great an object: can this cockpit hold
The vasty fields of France? or may we cram
Within this wooden O the very casques
That did affright the air at Agincourt?
O, pardon! since a crooked figure may
Attest in little place a million;
And let us, ciphers to this great accompt,
On your imaginary forces work.
Suppose within the girdle of these walls
Are now confined two mighty monarchies,
Whose high upreared and abutting fronts
The perilous narrow ocean parts asunder:
Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts;
Into a thousand parts divide on man,
And make imaginary puissance;
Think when we talk of horses, that you see them
Printing their proud hoofs i' the receiving earth;
For 'tis your thoughts that now must deck our kings,
Carry them here and there; jumping o'er times,
Turning the accomplishment of many years
Into an hour-glass: for the which supply,
Admit me Chorus to this history;
Who prologue-like your humble patience pray,
Gently to hear, kindly to judge, our play.
Exit
SCENE I. London. An ante-chamber in the KING'S palace.
Enter the ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, and the BISHOP OF ELY
CANTERBURY
My lord, I'll tell you; that self bill is urged,
Which in the eleventh year of the last king's reign
Was like, and had indeed against us pass'd,
But that the scambling and unquiet time
Did push it out of farther question.
ELY
But how, my lord, shall we resist it now?
CANTERBURY
It must be thought on. If it pass against us,
We lose the better half of our possession:
For all the temporal lands which men devout
By testament have given to the church
Would they strip from us; being valued thus:
As much as would maintain, to the king's honour,
Full fifteen earls and fifteen hundred knights,
Six thousand and two hundred good esquires;
And, to relief of lazars and weak age,
Of indigent faint souls past corporal toil.
A hundred almshouses right well supplied;
And to the coffers of the king beside,
A thousand pounds by the year: thus runs the bill.
ELY
This would drink deep.
CANTERBURY
'Twould drink the cup and all.
ELY
But what prevention?
CANTERBURY
The king is full of grace and fair regard.
ELY
And a true lover of the holy church.
CANTERBURY
The courses of his youth promised it not.
The breath no sooner left his father's body,
But that his wildness, mortified in him,
Seem'd to die too; yea, at that very moment
Consideration, like an angel, came
And whipp'd the offending Adam out of him,
Leaving his body as a paradise, ...
Similar to 8. f2013 Rebirth of English & Chaucer (20)
The Labour party has promised increased self-government for India without a definite timetable.The governments in Delhi and London are alarmed by the support for the Indian National Army. Leaders are put on trial but Congress leaders as whether as the public no longer view them as allies of an enemy, Japan, but as fighters for freedom from Britain. A wide scale mutiny in the Indian Navy adds doubts about the ability to use native troops to put down domestic violence. In addition Britain has large war debts including a debt to India for the use of troops outside India. Efforts to bring the Muslim League (Jinnah) and the Indian National Congress (Nehru) founder on the insistence, among other things, that the League represents all Muslims and Congress represents all Indians Britain under Viceroy Mountbatten proposes a plan that would allow for splitting India and existing provinces of India on Muslim or Hindu majority grounds. Votes lead to splitting Bengal and Punjab as well as some minor adjustments. India and Pakistan become independent.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The reopening of the theater after the Interregnum required new buildings, new plays and new approaches to acting. Indoor theaters with elaborate effects meant higher prices. The audience was middle class and even the court attended. Women were now on stage in prominent sexualized roles.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
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Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
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Charlie Greenberg, Host
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
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Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
3. Chaucer’s Education - Conjectures
• Primary School
• Grammar School
• On the job – page to Elizabeth de Burgh, the
Countess of Ulster, wife of Lionel, Duke of
Clarence
• Inns of Courts
• Oxford
5. The Prioress
Full well she sang the services
divine,
Intoning through her nose,
becomingly;
And fair she spoke her French, and fluently,
After the school of Stratford-at-the-Bow,
For French of Paris was not hers to know.
6. The Clerk
A clerk from Oxford was with us also,
Who'd turned to getting knowledge, long ago.
As meagre was his horse as is a rake,
Nor he himself too fat, I'll undertake,
But he looked hollow and went soberly.
Right threadbare was his overcoat; for he
Had got him yet no churchly benefice,
Nor was so worldly as to gain office.
7. The Clerk
For he would rather have at his bed's head
Some twenty books, all bound in black and red,
Of Aristotle and his philosophy
Than rich robes, fiddle, or gay psaltery.
Yet, and for all he was philosopher,
He had but little gold within his coffer;
8. Spoken Language
Royal family, central administrators, senior
judiciary, and some of the high nobility
– Spoken French
Gentry and bourgeoisie
– Pragmatic French, written French
9. Drivers of Switch to Written English
• Political opposition to France
• Isolation from spoken French
• Participation of native English speaking
merchant class in government
• Plague effects – loss of Latin-trained clergy
• Wyclif’s attempts to reach out to English
speakers (limited and unsupported)
10. Writing: Chaucer to Adam [Pinkhurst]
Adam scrivener, if ever thee befall
Boece or Troilus [the earlier books] for to write new
[again],
Under thy longe locks thow maist have the scall
[scabs],
But [unless] after my makinge thou write mor trew,
So oft a day I mot [must] thy werke renewe
It to correct, and eke [also] to rubbe and scrape,
And all is thorowe thy necligence and rape [haste].
11. Middle English
• Taken to be the form used from 1150-1500
• Through 1350
– Relies less on inflectional endings and more on
word order
– Borrowings from French, Latin and Scandinavian
(they, anger, law, skill, skin)
– More regional variation due to lack of literature
15. Ordinances of Grocers
• 1348 Original in Norman French
• 1419 Order English translations
• 1463 Better (?) translation made
16. 1362 English made a language of
official business
• Educated clergy and lawyers had been killed
by the plague
• Chancellor opens Parliament in English
17. 1399 Henry IV addresses Parliament in
English
• Deposition against Richard II in English
• Abdication in English
18. Statute of Pleadings 1362
The laws, customs, and statutes. . . are not
commonly known . . . since they are pleaded,
counted, and judged in the French language,
which is very much unknown . . . , so that the
people who plead or are impleaded in the king's
courts and the courts of others have no
understanding or knowledge of what is said for
them or against them.
19. Statute of Pleadings
The king, desiring the good governance and
tranquillity of his people, and to prevent the
misfortunes that do and could befall in this
matter
wills that all pleas that shall be pleaded in any of
his courts . . . shall be pleaded and counted in the
English language . . .
and that they be entered and enrolled in Latin;
21. Political Environment
• Continuing resolution
– Wool subsidy (peacetime!)
• Concession that Parliament has right to
initiate the subsidy
• Other concessions of Royal prerogatives
22. Education – Prioress’ Tale
A little school of Christian folk stood down
At that end that was furthest from the town
A bunch of children, all of Christian kind,
There were who in that school each year did learn
The customary things, for there we find
They're taught to sing, and right from wrong
discern,
And from their childhood cheating ways to spurn
23. Education – Prioress’ Tale
At seven he his schooling had begun;
This little child, his little book in hand,
As in the school he sought to understand
His little primer, heard the children sing
The Alma Redmptoris antiphon;
Closer he drew to hear the music ring,
For to the notes and lyrics he was drawn;
The first verse he did memorize anon.
24. Education – Prioress’ Tale
The meaning of the Latin words he sung,
He knew not for he was still very young,
So with an older student he conferred,
Who answerd thus, "This song, as I have heard,
Was for our blessed Lady kind composed,
To hail her, and to pray that she might be
For us our succor when life's book is closed.
That's all the help, I fear, you'll get from me;
My Latin grammar's not so good, you see.
32. University Courses
(mentioned by Chaucer)
•
•
•
•
Boethius on music
Euclid on geometry
Almagesta of Ptolemy – Astronomy
Works of Aristotle in general
33. Clergy - Hierarchy
• Pope
– Bishops: generally University graduates
• Priests: Grammar school graduates
– Deacons
» Subdeacons
From TheFirst Italian Essay on Chaucer : Caron Cioffi The Chaucer Review, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1987), pp. 53-61
Law reporting in French to the 17th century
It was the very fact thatso few people in England actually spoke French after the thirteenth century thatitself accounted for the development, during the later thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, of law French as the official language of disputation in the courtsand of Anglo-Norman as an accepted language of written communication in royaland civic government. In other words, the employment of French as a formal andauthoritative language of process actually increased in inverse proportion to itsuse as a language of generalized social exchange.22 Equally, the distinction betweenspeech and writing means, as the final section of this analysis will argue, that thetechnical abolition of the use of law French as the spoken language of the courtsin 1362 had no direct effect on the acceptability and feasibility of Anglo-Normanas a written language of record.
Professor Linne Mooney, a scholar from Maine, who is a visiting fellow at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, tracked Pinkhurst down by studying his signature to an oath in the earliest records of the Scriveners' company in the city of London, and comparing it with Chaucer manuscripts.His signature is the eighth earliest entry in the company's Common Paper, or members' book of regulations. This indicates that he joined soon after the scriveners began keeping systematic records in the year 1392. The date squares neatly with the period of Chaucer's life and authorship."Lots of people have looked at these records before, but they did not happen to be people who were working on scribes," Prof Mooney told the Guardian yesterday. They were not equipped to recognise that Pinkhurst's signature is also the handwriting of The Canterbury Tales and of two earlier Chaucer works, Troilus and Criseyde, and Boece, his translation of Boethius's The Consolations of Philosophy.But Pinkhurst, far from being an incompetent, emerges as Chaucer's most favoured scribe in an age where writers worked closely with individual scriveners rather than dealing with scriptoriums (script factories) as they came to do after Chaucer's death in 1400.He can now be recognised as the scrivener of the two most authoritative copies of the Canterbury Tales: the Hengwrt manuscript, which is now in the National Library of Wales, and the Ellesmere manuscript, kept in San Marino, California.He also emerges as the closest the poet had to an obituarist. A note in Pinkhurst's handwriting at the end of the Cook's Tale, one of the unfinished Canterbury Tales, says, "Of this tale Chaucer wrote no more
The majority of later Old English texts are written in a fairly uniform type of literary language, based on the West Saxon dialect. The linguistic forms employed show considerable regularity, as do the spellings used to represent them.the Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English records around 500 different spellings for through.
evidence relating to the making of the Statute of Pleading leaves it decidedly ambiguous as to the political dynamics that under pinned the statute and the motives of those who formulated it.27
Three items within the resulting program of legislation have been particularlyremarked. First, the commons won the important concession that Parliamentshould have the formal and exclusive right to authorize the wool subsidy.35 Thisprovided a guarantee against the use of great councils and merchant assembliesas forums for the negotiation of the tax and thus supposedly prevented, once andfor all, the making of private agreements between the Crown and merchant syndicates for the financial exploitation of overseas trade.36 Secondly, a number ofcommon petitions were drawn together to form a systematic statement on theroyal prerogative of purveyance, restricting the compulsory purchase of foodstuffsand the requisitioning of other goods for the royal households and, critically,providing a guarantee that those who handed over such provisions should bepromptly compensated in ready cash.37 Thirdly, the Crown issued, in statutoryform, a general pardon confirming its decision to renounce all claims to the outstanding fiscal impositions arising from earlier visitations of the shires made bythe king's justices in eyre.3
Parson’s taleUpon a time a philosopher would have beaten a disciple for his great misdoing, at which the philosopher had been much annoyed; and he brought a rod wherewith to scourge the youth; and when the youth saw the rod he said to his master: "What do you intend to do?" "I will beat you," said the master, "for your correction." "Forsooth," said the youth, "you ought first to correct yourself who have lost all your patience at the offence of a child." "Forsooth," said the master, weeping, "you say truth; take the rod yourself, my dear son, and correct me for my impatience."
Schooling was not compulsory in the Fourteenth Century, but literacy and learning were on the increase. There was little formal education for women, but even remote villages might have a priest who could teach promising boys their letters. In urban areas there were schools attached to cathedrals and larger churches where choirboys were taught to learn to read and sing the service, like the son of the poor widow in the Prioress’s Tale. Education was remorselessly religious and moral: learning letters began with prayers and psalms, increasingly in English. A thorough grounding in Latin, however, was still the objective of grammar schools for the aspiring middle classes aiming to enter the professions of the Church, law or medicine. After school, the sons of the wealthy could either continue their education at University or go to one of the Inns of Court and Chancery. In being placed as a page in a great household, Chaucer followed another traditional route of advancement, that of ‘education by experience’.Primer England: late Fourteenth Century MS Hunter 472 (V.6.22)This fourteenth-century prayer book, or primer, was probably written for a young person who had to learn to read from it. It opens with the Latin alphabet, Christianized with a cross at the beginning and ‘amen’ at the end. It is followed by the Lord’s Prayer, the Hail Mary and the Creed (the essentials of belief). The linking of the ABC and prayer marks an elementary stage of teaching. It is estimated that by the end of the Fifteenth Century perhaps half the population could read English – although this literacy may only have extended as far as an ability to recognize words from the most familiar prayers and psalms. A marginal annotation from a sixteenth-century reader states that this manuscript is a good and profitable book ‘for a man that can not understondLatyn’.Preceding the opening of the text, the flyleaves have been utilized by a fifteenth-century reader to copy out further prayers. Several contemporary notes are found in the calendar section of the manuscript: the earthquake of 1382 is noted at the entry for 21st May while the coronation of King Richard of 1377 is marked at July 15th. At the foot of the first page of text is the autograph of the seventeenth century poet, divine and Canon of Chichester, Samuel Woodford (1636-1700).Rubric from a later workThe Pater Noster said in Latin is just as good in the mouth of an unlettered man as it is in the mouth of a priest or learned person. But a priest, or a lettered man who understands it, can read it with more devotion than can a layman who docs not understand it and docs not know what he is saying. Similarly, a good sharp sword is as good in a chi1d's hand as it is in a swordsman’s hand, but it is more useful to someone who knows how to light. Furthermore. a light shines just as brightly in a blind man’s eye as it does in a sighted man’s, but it is more useful to the sighted man. For this reason, everyone should also say his prayers so that he understands them inwardly and with devotion. For our Lord Jesus Christ did not write the Pater Noster in Latin, but in the vernacular, that is, in Hebrew, which the common people in the land spoke. You should also know that the Pater Noster stands above all other prayers, because the other prayers were made by the Sons of Man, but the Pater Noster was composed by Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and the Wisdom of the Father. Therefore, you should say your Pater Noster with utmost diligence because it is full of the utmost devotion and sweetness."“Adam scrivener, if ever thee befallBoece or Troilus [the earlier books] for to write new [again],Under thy longe locks thowmaist have the scall [scabs],But [unless] after my makinge thou write mortrew,So oft a day I mot [must] thy werkereneweIt to correct, and eke [also] to rubbe and scrape,And all is thorowe thy necligence and rape [haste].
Full-page miniature of a woman teaching a group of girls how to read, at the beginning of the ABC. The teacher holds a ferule, a wooden paddle for striking students.
Extra capital letters con, et Last letter in lower case ?Variant forms of a, r, s, u No w.
The first estate of that society was the clergy.Anticlerical writers in Chaucer's time, such as Langland and theLollards, often criticized its members for their alleged failure tounderstand what they read or to improve their shortcomings by study.Chaucer, significantly, does not level these charges. Rather, his representatives of all the major kinds of male clergy include men ofeducation and learning: the Monk who has "an hundred" tragediesin his cell, versified or in prose (B2 3161-62); a friar, already mentioned, who has studied at university (D 2185-86); and the Parson,who is able to preach a long analytical sermon on sin and penancewith citations from Ambrose, Augustine, and Isidore, as well as theBible and the Canon Law (I 75, 84, 89, 97, 931). Even a parishclerk, in Oxford at least, can be reckoned to know enough Latin tomake "a chartre of lond or acquitaunce" (
The Sergeant of the Lawis not only able to read the French and Latin of the statutes andjudgments, but can himself "endite" or draw up what are presumablylegal petitions and instruments, and has read in his leisure bothOvid's Metamorphoses and Chaucer's Legend of Good Women (A323-27, B1 45-89). So too the Physician, though his study may be"litel on the Bible," is credited with the knowledge of fifteen Latinauthors of medical treatises (A 429-38). The literacy of trade, basedon the keeping of accounts, is well evoked by Chaucer in the Shipman's Tale, the merchant of which spends most of t