Edward I and his legal reforms. Edward I and his conquest of Wales and attempted conquest of Scotland. Changes in military technology.

1. Edward I
English Justinian
Conquests and
Attempted Conquests

2. It’s all about M.E.
Your Uplift and Input

3. Edward I (1239-1307)
Assessment of the Young Prince
The pard, a beast of many colors, is very swift, likes
blood, and kills with a leap. The adulterous mating of the
pard with a lion (leo) produces degenerate offspring, the
leopard.
Isidore of Seville

4. Some Themes of Edward’s Reign
• Need for Money
• Expulsion of the Jews
• Conquest of Wales
• Conquest of Scotland, uncompleted
• Statute Law
• Development of Parliament as an Institution

5. Edward I
Genealogy
Anglo-Saxon
roots
Alexander III
Neolus, Athens
Scota, daughter
of Pharaoh
Heptarchy

6. Wace Roman de Brut ~1150; Layamon Brut ~1190
Tracing the Britons back to Troy

7. Marriage
• 1254 Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290)
Glastonbury
V&A

8. 1260 Statute of Arms -Tournaments
• And no Knight or Esquire serving at the
Tournament, shall bear a sword pointed, or Dagger
pointed, or Staff or Mace, but only a broad sword for
tourneying.
• And they who shall come to see the tournament, shall
not be armed with any manner of armor, and shall
bear no sword, or dagger, or staff, or mace, or stone,
• And no King at Arms or Minstrels shall bear secret
arms . . .

9. The Round Table
• Round Tables often
foci of tournaments
• Participants in
Arthurian costume
• Tree ring dating to
~1290
• Painted during reign
of Henry VIII

10. 1274 Reforms
• Replace most sheriffs
• Oath to enforce debts to King
– treat rich and poor alike
• Local inquests with local juries
• Wheels of justice grind slowly
• 1275 Hundred Rolls

11. Statute Law
• 1275 Statute of Westminster
– Attempt to make courts more efficient
– Includes Benefit of Clergy Act; Freedom of
Election Act; Prisoners and Bail Act
– Robert Burnell, Chancellor
• Move towards tradition of laws made by the
King in Parliament rather than by judges in
courts

12. Edward I in
parliament 1274
(illustration from ~1524)

13. Edward on Crusade 1270-1274
• Tunisia
– Death of St. Louis
– Philip agrees to truce
• Edward to Acre
– Venetians trade with
enemy; Infighting
among Christians
– Mission to Tabriz -
Abaqa (nephew of
Kublai)

14. Later Crusade Diplomacy
• Arghun, son of Aqaba
• 1285 Mission to Pope
• 1288 Missions to
Philip and Edward
• 1289 Missions to
Philip and Edward
– Positive responses but
no implementation
• 1290 Mission to Persia

15. Edward and the Jews
• 1273-74 Jews restricted to preexisting locales
• 1275 Edward’s mother enters convent;
demands removal of Jews from any towns
from which she derives income
• Increased taxes

16. 1275 Statute of Jewry
• … all Jews shall dwell in the King’s own cities
and boroughs
• …covenants before made shall be observed, …
[but] usuries shall cease
• … each Jew … shall wear a badge on his outer
garment

17. Edward and the Jews
• Strict enforcement of insignia
• Arrests for non-payment of taxes
• 280 Jews hung in London for coin-clipping

18. 1290 Expulsion
• Changing Christian religious attitudes
(Dominicans and Franciscans)
• Indications of continuing usury
• Failure to change occupation
• Expulsion with much confiscation of property
Mundill, Robin R. England's Jewish Solution: Experiment
and Expulsion, 1262-1290 Cambridge [England ; New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1998

19. Video: Edward
I, Wales, Scotland, Gascony
Edward II, Scotland
Dr. Jennifer Paxton

20. Wales 1267

21. Wales: Preparations for War
• 228 knights, 294 sergeants plus men supplied
by barons
• c. 2500 infantry to 15,000
• 200,000 crossbow bolts
• Large quantities of wheat and oats
• Harvesters

22. Conquest of Wales
• 1st campaign: 750 cavalry, 8,000 infantry
• 2nd campaign: 15,000 infantry
– 1010 diggers, 345 carpenters
• Naval force at Anglesey
• Initial defeats for English
• Edward ‘walks on water’

23. Edward’s Route:
First Campaign

24. 2nd Campaign

25. Occupation of Wales
• 1284 Statute of Wales
– provisions for King’s lands obtained from
Llywelyn
– Wales annexed to England
– Wales divided into shires
– English law except for some civil matters

26. After the Treaty
of Rhuddlan

27. 1294 Rebellion

28. Ring of Castles

29. James of St. George

30. Rhuddlan

31. Rhuddlan Plan

32. Caernafon Plan

33. Caernafon

34. Conwy
Bastide Town

35. Scotland

36. Man-power for Scotland
• Request
– 60,000 infantry and 1,000 men-at-arms
• From Ireland
– 1 earl, 8 bannerets, 26 knights, 26 light cavalry, 27
crossbowmen, 2549 foot soldiers

37. Weaponry
• Increased use of infantry
• Use of archers - longbow
• “Warwolf” largest medieval trebuchet
(catapult)
• Use of incendiaries?

38. Model of ‘Warwolf’

39. Choose Your Weapons
Cross Bow (balistarii)
• "cocked“ with little effort
• Wait for target
• Can use cover
Defensive situations
Self bow (sagitarii)
• Requires considerable
strength
• Mobility
• Higher firing rate
Offensive situations

40. Longbows and longbow debate
Battles are won more by
the psychological effects
of weapons than by their
physical impacts.
But those psychological
effects are the direct
results of the physical
ones.
Clifford Rogers
Longbows from the Mary Rose

41. Armor (mail) piercing arrowheads
M10 is the most common in military contexts
Oliver Jessup,
Archaeology
data service

42. Obtaining Crossbows
• John until 1202
– Genoa
– Mercenaries
• John after 1202
– Royal workshops
• Henry III
– Expansion of royal workshops
– Private manufacturers in England

43. Obtaining Crossbows
• Edward I
– Expand royal workshops, particularly at the Tower
of London
– Add new workshops near centers of conflict
– Install makers at Welsh castles
– Imports from Gascony

44. Costs of War
• 1277 Welsh war £23,000
• 1282-3 Welsh war £98,000
• Castles in Wales £80,000
• 1294-8 (Wales, Flanders, Gascony) £750,000

45. Cost of the Scotland Campaigns
• 1300 campaign £40,000 to £50,000
• 1303-4 campaign £75,000 to £80,000

46. 1297 Reaffirm Magna Carta

47. Confirmatio Cartarum
• An additional document in repsonse to new
demands
• New taxes would require the consent of the
realm and be for the benefit of the realm.
• Abolish heavy tax on wool.

48. Ricciardi of Lucca
• Employed to collect customs on wool exports
• Borrowing for Welsh wars
• Papal crusading tax
• Agents for other Italian loans
• Debt of Edward in 1294 £392,000
(annual clerical receipts £210,000; annual wardrobe
receipts £30,000- £140,000)

49. Bankruptcy
• 1294 New customs duties
• Riccardi fail to collect all customs due
• Assets seized; bank runs in Italy; frozen assets
in France
• Edward forces loans from other bankers

50. Trade
England
FlandersGascony
Wool
Cloth
Wine
‘carrying wool to England’
poet of Artois

51. Trade flow
Credit flow

52. Domestic Violence
Tithe barn, burnt 1297; replaced late 14th C.

53. Edward and His Family
• Faithful husband to two wives
• Close to surviving daughters but perhaps not to
his sole surviving son

54. Death of Eleanor, 1290
• 15-16 children
• Death at Lincoln
– Entrails
• Blackfriars –heart
• Westminster Abbey
• Crosses at resting
places for masses for
her soul

55. 1290 Eleanor Dies

56. Charing
Cross
Center of London

57. 1297 Confrontation with France

58. Causes
• Homage for Gascony
• Clashes at sea
• French protectorate in Flanders
– Wool

59. Peace
• Return to pre-war status in Gascony
• Marriage with Margaret of France (age 20) in
1299
• Arrange marriage between Edward (II) and
Isabella of France