Roman Britain had several types of settlements including coloniae (colonies), municipia (towns with citizen rights), and Romano-Celtic towns. Larger cities like London, York, and Winchester had populations between 10,000-60,000. The economy was based around trade of goods like olive oil, wine, and metal as well as local industries like weaving, pottery, and metalworking. Archaeological evidence reveals aspects of daily life and architecture in cities, including public buildings, baths, amphitheaters, and mosaic flooring.
Upper Canada Village, Pioneer life in the 1800. Experience the life and history!Fergus Ducharme
A Canadian pioneer Village depicting live in the late 1860's. It is reproduced using original building saved from destruction by the construction of the St Lawrence Seaway in the late 1950s. The buildings were saved from the so called: 'Lost Villages' that were in fact flooded when the Seaway actually opened.
The Old Crow Cottage in Willersley, Herefordshire appears run down from the outside but the inside has been left untouched since the last owners abandoned it years ago, creating an eerie time capsule. Locals believe the cottage is haunted and the last known owner died in a car accident outside, adding to rumors. As the neglected historic building is scheduled for demolition, locals are petitioning to save it.
A resident of Memphis, Tennessee, Jimmy Winemiller is a real estate agent/operator who has successfully managed several of his own companies. Jimmy Winemiller and his wife are also lovers of horses. They have invested in racing horses and have had one race at Churchill Downs, the world-famous racetrack in Louisville that is home to the prestigious Kentucky Derby.
The Kentucky Derby is the longest-running sporting event in the United States. It all started when Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark Jr. returned home from a trip to England and France. While he was in Europe, the colonel fell in love with horse racing and wanted to bring the spectacle back to his home country.
Membership subscriptions raised the original funding for Churchill Downs, 320 at $100 apiece. Owners leased the land from Colonel Clark’s uncles. The original Churchill Downs complex comprised a clubhouse, a grandstand, a porters’ lodge, and six stables. On May 17, 1875, Churchill Downs held its first race, and a crowd of 10,000 spectators witnessed the three main races, including the 1.5-mile Kentucky Derby.
Adams The History Sale Tuesday 24th April 2018
AUCTION
Tuesday 24th April 2018 at 6pm
VENUE
Adam’s Salerooms,
26 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 X665,
Ireland
SALE VIEWING APRIL 22nd - 24TH
At Adam’s, 26 St. Stephen’s Green Dublin D02 X665
Sunday 22nd April 1:00pm - 5 :00pm
Monday 23th April 10:00am - 5:00pm
Tuesday 24th April 10:00am - 5:00pm
Wales borders England and has over 830 miles of coastline. It has a population of around 3 million people and 12 million sheep. Wales is known for its hilly and coastal landscapes, as well as its Celtic history and independence movement led by Owain Glyndŵr. Some of its major cities include Cardiff, Swansea, and Aberystwyth. Wales is famous for its music, rugby, castles, legends, and symbols like the leek, daffodil, and red dragon. Traditional Welsh foods include Welsh cakes, laver bread, Welsh rarebit, and bara brith.
This document provides information on various events happening in and around Leicester in winter 2014, including performances of Swan Lake at the Concordia Theatre, a charity ball called the Country Chic Shindig in aid of the Air Ambulance, and exhibits at the Charnwood Museum in Loughborough exploring the history of the area. It also lists Sunday carvery options at the Golden Fleece pub in South Croxton and provides details on Hotel Maiyango in Leicester and Victorian Christmas celebrations at Rockingham Castle from November 19th to 21st.
Lord Selkirk brought Scottish settlers to the Red River Valley in 1811 to establish an agricultural colony and supply food for the Hudson's Bay Company forts. However, the settlers struggled to establish farms due to the harsh climate and lack of preparation. Tensions rose between the settlers and the local Métis population when the colony's governor banned pemmican exports, threatening the Métis livelihood. This led to armed conflict and the 1815 Battle of Seven Oaks where Métis defeated the settlers. After the merger of the HBC and North West Company in 1821, the Red River Settlement enjoyed peace as the community grew to include Metis, European settlers, and HBC employees.
Roman Britain had several types of settlements including coloniae (colonies), municipia (towns with citizen rights), and Romano-Celtic towns. Larger cities like London, York, and Winchester had populations between 10,000-60,000. The economy was based around trade of goods like olive oil, wine, and metal as well as local industries like weaving, pottery, and metalworking. Archaeological evidence reveals aspects of daily life and architecture in cities, including public buildings, baths, amphitheaters, and mosaic flooring.
Upper Canada Village, Pioneer life in the 1800. Experience the life and history!Fergus Ducharme
A Canadian pioneer Village depicting live in the late 1860's. It is reproduced using original building saved from destruction by the construction of the St Lawrence Seaway in the late 1950s. The buildings were saved from the so called: 'Lost Villages' that were in fact flooded when the Seaway actually opened.
The Old Crow Cottage in Willersley, Herefordshire appears run down from the outside but the inside has been left untouched since the last owners abandoned it years ago, creating an eerie time capsule. Locals believe the cottage is haunted and the last known owner died in a car accident outside, adding to rumors. As the neglected historic building is scheduled for demolition, locals are petitioning to save it.
A resident of Memphis, Tennessee, Jimmy Winemiller is a real estate agent/operator who has successfully managed several of his own companies. Jimmy Winemiller and his wife are also lovers of horses. They have invested in racing horses and have had one race at Churchill Downs, the world-famous racetrack in Louisville that is home to the prestigious Kentucky Derby.
The Kentucky Derby is the longest-running sporting event in the United States. It all started when Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark Jr. returned home from a trip to England and France. While he was in Europe, the colonel fell in love with horse racing and wanted to bring the spectacle back to his home country.
Membership subscriptions raised the original funding for Churchill Downs, 320 at $100 apiece. Owners leased the land from Colonel Clark’s uncles. The original Churchill Downs complex comprised a clubhouse, a grandstand, a porters’ lodge, and six stables. On May 17, 1875, Churchill Downs held its first race, and a crowd of 10,000 spectators witnessed the three main races, including the 1.5-mile Kentucky Derby.
Adams The History Sale Tuesday 24th April 2018
AUCTION
Tuesday 24th April 2018 at 6pm
VENUE
Adam’s Salerooms,
26 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 X665,
Ireland
SALE VIEWING APRIL 22nd - 24TH
At Adam’s, 26 St. Stephen’s Green Dublin D02 X665
Sunday 22nd April 1:00pm - 5 :00pm
Monday 23th April 10:00am - 5:00pm
Tuesday 24th April 10:00am - 5:00pm
Wales borders England and has over 830 miles of coastline. It has a population of around 3 million people and 12 million sheep. Wales is known for its hilly and coastal landscapes, as well as its Celtic history and independence movement led by Owain Glyndŵr. Some of its major cities include Cardiff, Swansea, and Aberystwyth. Wales is famous for its music, rugby, castles, legends, and symbols like the leek, daffodil, and red dragon. Traditional Welsh foods include Welsh cakes, laver bread, Welsh rarebit, and bara brith.
This document provides information on various events happening in and around Leicester in winter 2014, including performances of Swan Lake at the Concordia Theatre, a charity ball called the Country Chic Shindig in aid of the Air Ambulance, and exhibits at the Charnwood Museum in Loughborough exploring the history of the area. It also lists Sunday carvery options at the Golden Fleece pub in South Croxton and provides details on Hotel Maiyango in Leicester and Victorian Christmas celebrations at Rockingham Castle from November 19th to 21st.
Lord Selkirk brought Scottish settlers to the Red River Valley in 1811 to establish an agricultural colony and supply food for the Hudson's Bay Company forts. However, the settlers struggled to establish farms due to the harsh climate and lack of preparation. Tensions rose between the settlers and the local Métis population when the colony's governor banned pemmican exports, threatening the Métis livelihood. This led to armed conflict and the 1815 Battle of Seven Oaks where Métis defeated the settlers. After the merger of the HBC and North West Company in 1821, the Red River Settlement enjoyed peace as the community grew to include Metis, European settlers, and HBC employees.
The document summarizes the arrival and settlement of German Palatines in Germantown, New York in 1710. Over 1,400 Palatines fled wars and famine in Germany and were settled by the British governor along the Hudson River to produce naval stores for the British Navy. While the undertaking failed, some Palatines remained and established farms, with families receiving land titles by 1725. The document provides locations of the original Palatine settlements from 1710 and contact information for learning more about Germantown's 300th anniversary commemorating the Palatines' arrival.
Festivals eating habits leisure and recreation in GBAnzhelika White
The title says a lot already. So, the presentation is about how do britons spend their free time. Also it is concerned on traditional cuisine of Irish, English, Welsh, Scottish and differences in it.
This digital guide provides information about places to visit in Bedfordshire, England. It includes descriptions of several towns and villages throughout the county, highlighting historic buildings, museums, parks, and wildlife attractions. Specifically, it discusses Luton, mentioning the Luton Museum and Art Gallery, Stockwood Craft Museum, Luton Hoo estate, and Someries Castle ruins. It also profiles Whipsnade village and the nearby Whipsnade Tree Cathedral memorial and Whipsnade Wildlife Park zoo.
Historic West End: "Winston-Salem's Front Porch"echidesi
The story of the century-old neighborhood in the heart of downtown Winston-Salem, NC. Originally designed as a luxury springs-water health resort, later home to manufacturing fortunes in tobacco and textiles, now a center of renewal and entrepreneurship in this growing city of arts, manufacturing, and biomedical services. This PowerPoint was originally designed as a self-running kiosk presentation for the 2005 West End Tour of Homes by the author of a book about the neighborhood's history.
The document discusses the development of the cattle industry on the Great Plains in the late 19th century. It was driven by several key factors: the end of the Civil War increased demand for beef in the East, while the Plains Indians wars and reservations opened new markets for cattle suppliers. The building of the Transcontinental Railroad allowed cattle to be transported profitably from Texas to eastern cities, fueling the establishment of cow towns at railheads. Enterprising cattle barons like Goodnight and Loving helped establish the first cattle drives and trails, marking the rise of open range ranching and the need for cowboys to herd the cattle.
This document discusses the settlement of the American West in the late 19th century. It covers three main topics: the growth of the cattle industry following the Civil War, fueled by demand from cities and the expansion of railroads; the movement of farmers and homesteaders onto the Great Plains, encouraged by policies like the Homestead Act and railroad construction; and the emergence of the Populist movement among farmers in response to economic hardships and difficult conditions.
The document provides information about various aspects of English culture, including popular festivals, foods, currency, sports, landmarks, and famous people and places in the United Kingdom. It discusses Bonfire Night which is celebrated on November 5th with bonfires and fireworks. It also describes Pancake Day which takes place on Shrove Tuesday, involving pancake races. The Notting Hill Carnival is mentioned as the largest festival in Europe, held in London every August. Brief overviews are given of London landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and the Tower of London. Sports like football, rugby, tennis, golf and polo are noted as popular in the UK.
Industrial Archaeology of Bere Ferrers and Bere AlstonJames Ronan
Bere Ferrers and Bere Alston are villages in West Devon, England located on the Bere Peninsula between the Rivers Tavy and Tamar. Bere Ferrers originated as the estate of Henry de Ferrers after the Norman conquest, while Bere Alston developed as a silver mining settlement in the 13th century. Both villages grew during the industrial era, with Bere Alston becoming the larger settlement and center of mining activity in the 19th century. The landscape and communities of the Bere Peninsula were shaped by its agricultural, mining, and maritime industries over the centuries.
The document discusses the history of Hadley Wood from its beginnings as farmland in the late 19th century to the present day, detailing how the village grew around the railway station which was established in 1885 and continued expanding with the construction of new homes throughout the 20th century, transforming into a desirable residential area with many community organizations and amenities today.
This document provides information about medical practices and guilds in medieval England. It discusses John Arderne, a 14th century surgeon who wrote about surgical procedures. It also describes the roles of guilds in regulating trades and professions. Guilds helped oversee practices like surgery and provided social support. The document examines court systems and how local and royal courts addressed legal issues involving guild members.
Richard and John had a complex relationship. When Richard was imprisoned, John claimed the throne but Richard appointed Hubert Walter as archbishop instead. Richard later returned and pardoned John. As king, Richard established coroners and fixed royal revenues. The Magna Carta established liberties for the church, citizens, and barons. It limited feudal payments and established due process. It allowed barons to resist the king through force if liberties were denied. The charter was subsequently reissued and became an important foundation for rights in later centuries.
Henry III was crowned King of England in 1216 at age 9 after the death of his father, King John. He ruled until 1272. Though personally pious and generous, Henry III was a poor military leader and his conflicts with barons led to the development of parliamentary systems in England. He unsuccessfully tried to regain English lands in France and expand control in Britain. His borrowing of money increased anti-Semitism. The Magna Carta and representation in government continued growing in importance during his reign.
5.Technology and Laws of Warfare in the Age of ChaucerRobert Ehrlich
The document discusses changes in medieval warfare technology from the 11th to 14th centuries in England and France. It describes the increased use of infantry and missile weapons like the longbow, mounted archers, and large siege engines. Gunpowder also began seeing limited use in the 14th century. New tactics like chevauchée raids, where armies ravaged the countryside, emerged. The status of squires and men-at-arms changed as well, as unemployed knights sought opportunities after peace treaties.
1) In the 15th century, news and propaganda in England was spread through proclamations by sheriffs, criers in cities and markets, and posters in churches and guildhalls.
2) The legal profession was growing, with around 140 lawyers in London in 1292 growing to around 2000 in 1400. Statutes were passed to better regulate attorneys and ensure only virtuous ones were allowed to practice.
3) Geoffrey Chaucer's family were involved in the legal profession, with Thomas Chaucer becoming a powerful figure and speaker of the house, and his descendants including Alice Chaucer inheriting wealth and lands and getting involved in disputes over the Fastolf estate.
William commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086 to survey the land and property holdings in England. The book recorded details about land ownership, populations, livestock, land use and revenue for each manor or village. It established a baseline of accountability for landholders and helped centralize royal governance. While not without errors, it provided an unprecedented level of information and established a model for later censuses and land surveys.
The document summarizes the arrival and settlement of German Palatines in Germantown, New York in 1710. Over 1,400 Palatines fled wars and famine in Germany and were settled by the British governor along the Hudson River to produce naval stores for the British Navy. While the undertaking failed, some Palatines remained and established farms, with families receiving land titles by 1725. The document provides locations of the original Palatine settlements from 1710 and contact information for learning more about Germantown's 300th anniversary commemorating the Palatines' arrival.
Festivals eating habits leisure and recreation in GBAnzhelika White
The title says a lot already. So, the presentation is about how do britons spend their free time. Also it is concerned on traditional cuisine of Irish, English, Welsh, Scottish and differences in it.
This digital guide provides information about places to visit in Bedfordshire, England. It includes descriptions of several towns and villages throughout the county, highlighting historic buildings, museums, parks, and wildlife attractions. Specifically, it discusses Luton, mentioning the Luton Museum and Art Gallery, Stockwood Craft Museum, Luton Hoo estate, and Someries Castle ruins. It also profiles Whipsnade village and the nearby Whipsnade Tree Cathedral memorial and Whipsnade Wildlife Park zoo.
Historic West End: "Winston-Salem's Front Porch"echidesi
The story of the century-old neighborhood in the heart of downtown Winston-Salem, NC. Originally designed as a luxury springs-water health resort, later home to manufacturing fortunes in tobacco and textiles, now a center of renewal and entrepreneurship in this growing city of arts, manufacturing, and biomedical services. This PowerPoint was originally designed as a self-running kiosk presentation for the 2005 West End Tour of Homes by the author of a book about the neighborhood's history.
The document discusses the development of the cattle industry on the Great Plains in the late 19th century. It was driven by several key factors: the end of the Civil War increased demand for beef in the East, while the Plains Indians wars and reservations opened new markets for cattle suppliers. The building of the Transcontinental Railroad allowed cattle to be transported profitably from Texas to eastern cities, fueling the establishment of cow towns at railheads. Enterprising cattle barons like Goodnight and Loving helped establish the first cattle drives and trails, marking the rise of open range ranching and the need for cowboys to herd the cattle.
This document discusses the settlement of the American West in the late 19th century. It covers three main topics: the growth of the cattle industry following the Civil War, fueled by demand from cities and the expansion of railroads; the movement of farmers and homesteaders onto the Great Plains, encouraged by policies like the Homestead Act and railroad construction; and the emergence of the Populist movement among farmers in response to economic hardships and difficult conditions.
The document provides information about various aspects of English culture, including popular festivals, foods, currency, sports, landmarks, and famous people and places in the United Kingdom. It discusses Bonfire Night which is celebrated on November 5th with bonfires and fireworks. It also describes Pancake Day which takes place on Shrove Tuesday, involving pancake races. The Notting Hill Carnival is mentioned as the largest festival in Europe, held in London every August. Brief overviews are given of London landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and the Tower of London. Sports like football, rugby, tennis, golf and polo are noted as popular in the UK.
Industrial Archaeology of Bere Ferrers and Bere AlstonJames Ronan
Bere Ferrers and Bere Alston are villages in West Devon, England located on the Bere Peninsula between the Rivers Tavy and Tamar. Bere Ferrers originated as the estate of Henry de Ferrers after the Norman conquest, while Bere Alston developed as a silver mining settlement in the 13th century. Both villages grew during the industrial era, with Bere Alston becoming the larger settlement and center of mining activity in the 19th century. The landscape and communities of the Bere Peninsula were shaped by its agricultural, mining, and maritime industries over the centuries.
The document discusses the history of Hadley Wood from its beginnings as farmland in the late 19th century to the present day, detailing how the village grew around the railway station which was established in 1885 and continued expanding with the construction of new homes throughout the 20th century, transforming into a desirable residential area with many community organizations and amenities today.
This document provides information about medical practices and guilds in medieval England. It discusses John Arderne, a 14th century surgeon who wrote about surgical procedures. It also describes the roles of guilds in regulating trades and professions. Guilds helped oversee practices like surgery and provided social support. The document examines court systems and how local and royal courts addressed legal issues involving guild members.
Richard and John had a complex relationship. When Richard was imprisoned, John claimed the throne but Richard appointed Hubert Walter as archbishop instead. Richard later returned and pardoned John. As king, Richard established coroners and fixed royal revenues. The Magna Carta established liberties for the church, citizens, and barons. It limited feudal payments and established due process. It allowed barons to resist the king through force if liberties were denied. The charter was subsequently reissued and became an important foundation for rights in later centuries.
Henry III was crowned King of England in 1216 at age 9 after the death of his father, King John. He ruled until 1272. Though personally pious and generous, Henry III was a poor military leader and his conflicts with barons led to the development of parliamentary systems in England. He unsuccessfully tried to regain English lands in France and expand control in Britain. His borrowing of money increased anti-Semitism. The Magna Carta and representation in government continued growing in importance during his reign.
5.Technology and Laws of Warfare in the Age of ChaucerRobert Ehrlich
The document discusses changes in medieval warfare technology from the 11th to 14th centuries in England and France. It describes the increased use of infantry and missile weapons like the longbow, mounted archers, and large siege engines. Gunpowder also began seeing limited use in the 14th century. New tactics like chevauchée raids, where armies ravaged the countryside, emerged. The status of squires and men-at-arms changed as well, as unemployed knights sought opportunities after peace treaties.
1) In the 15th century, news and propaganda in England was spread through proclamations by sheriffs, criers in cities and markets, and posters in churches and guildhalls.
2) The legal profession was growing, with around 140 lawyers in London in 1292 growing to around 2000 in 1400. Statutes were passed to better regulate attorneys and ensure only virtuous ones were allowed to practice.
3) Geoffrey Chaucer's family were involved in the legal profession, with Thomas Chaucer becoming a powerful figure and speaker of the house, and his descendants including Alice Chaucer inheriting wealth and lands and getting involved in disputes over the Fastolf estate.
William commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086 to survey the land and property holdings in England. The book recorded details about land ownership, populations, livestock, land use and revenue for each manor or village. It established a baseline of accountability for landholders and helped centralize royal governance. While not without errors, it provided an unprecedented level of information and established a model for later censuses and land surveys.
William Wykeham established educational institutions in the late 14th century that helped establish a path for social mobility through education. In the 15th century, printing was developed which allowed for wider dissemination of texts and helped standardize the English language. Writers during this period included Gower, Hoccleve, and Lydgate who wrote in English for royal patrons. William Caxton introduced printing to England and published many texts, helping establish the English publishing industry. The growth of printing helped foster national identity and increased literacy.
Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, was King of England from 1189 to 1199. While he had some successes in the Third Crusade and as a military leader, he faced challenges as king domestically, such as raising funds through taxes. He left his brother John in charge of Normandy, which contributed to later conflicts. Richard's death in 1199 was a major loss for England and caused much mourning.
The reign of Henry II as he pursues the goals of ridding the land of adulterine (unauthorized) castles and criminous clerks. The attempt to separate secular and religious court systems runs into opposition from Becket.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
Henry I established new monasteries and fostered new monastic orders like the Cistercians. After his death, England was divided in its support for either Stephen or Empress Matilda in the succession dispute to the throne. The country descended into civil war from 1139-1153 as each side fought for control. Eventually, a peace treaty in 1153 recognized Henry, son of Matilda, as Stephen's heir, allowing Stephen to remain king for the rest of his life. Stephen's reign was seen as a time of disorder and lack of justice.
2. F2013 Edward III: Hundred Years War, Wine and WoolRobert Ehrlich
This document provides an overview of topics related to the financing of the Hundred Years War through wine, wool, and merchants in the 14th century. It discusses how Edward II struggled with favorites and rebellions, leading to his abdication. Wine production and trade, especially from Gascony, helped finance the war, as did the English wool trade through Flanders. Merchants organized into livery companies and financed both sides of the conflict. Standards for weights and measures supported international trade in wool. By 1337, taxes and borrowed money financed a larger portion of the government and war costs compared to earlier decades.
Review of Norman and Angevin England leading to the 14th Century. The importance of the wine trade and the role of vintners including Chaucer's ancestors.
The document provides an overview of the Statistical Accounts of Scotland, a survey of Scottish parishes from 1791-1845. It describes the origins of the Accounts under Sir John Sinclair in the late 18th century. It details the questions parish ministers were asked to compile statistical, economic and social information. The Accounts provide an extraordinary view of life in Scottish parishes. The digitized Accounts online allow searching of text and images from over 28,000 pages describing hundreds of parishes.
Uttoxeter has a long history dating back to the Stone Age. It was successively inhabited by Celts, Romans, Vikings, and Normans. The town grew in the medieval period and received its first market charter in 1252. During the Industrial Revolution, Uttoxeter's butter market and ironworking helped drive its economy. The town also had a workhouse from 1778 to 1936, which was designed by the renowned architect George Gilbert Scott. Uttoxeter continues to develop its economy and celebrate its rich historical roots.
This document discusses the history of towns in Britain from Roman times to the medieval period. It provides definitions of what constitutes a town and examines the layout, features, and development of towns over time. Key points covered include the growth of towns during Roman occupation, the revival of towns in the Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods, and the impact of events like the Black Death on urban populations. Archaeological evidence is presented showing the expansion and changing pottery distributions in example towns like Ashwell, Nayland, and Winchelsea over the centuries.
The document provides an overview of places to visit throughout the United Kingdom, including major cities and regions. It discusses destinations in Northern Ireland like Belfast, Giants Causeway, and Lough Neagh. Places highlighted in Wales include Snowdonia and Aberystwyth. Scotland is noted for Loch Ness, William Wallace Monument, and whisky. Popular areas in England mentioned are London, Stonehenge, York, Ilkley, Whitby, Cambridge, and the Lake District. Cardiff and Edinburgh are also briefly summarized.
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and transformed the world through new manufacturing processes powered by steam engines fueled by coal. This allowed for mass production of goods like cotton textiles in new factories. It led to rapid urbanization as many moved from farms to crowded cities for work. While it increased productivity and economic growth, the Industrial Revolution also brought problems like pollution, poor working conditions, including the exploitation of child labor.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
The United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It has a varied landscape from mountains to lowlands. The UK has a temperate climate influenced by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Many groups have invaded and settled in Britain over time, including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans, leaving behind cultural and linguistic influences. The country developed a strong monarchy and parliamentary system of government.
This document provides definitions and sources related to key terms about the colonization of Australia such as "expansion, contact, resistance." It includes definitions of terms like squatters, penal colonies, and massacres. Sources explore topics like the rapid growth of Queensland's population and economy due to pastoralism in the 19th century, which led to conflicts with Aboriginal groups over resources and land.
The document provides information about the United Kingdom and its constituent countries. It states that the UK is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and gives some key facts about each country, including their capitals, geography, populations and cultural aspects. It also provides details on the shared UK government and monarchy system.
Scotland has diverse landscapes ranging from green plains and valleys to rocky coasts and cliffs. It can be divided into three main geographical areas - the Highlands, Lowlands, and Islands. Scotland has a temperate climate and is home to lochs, mountains, hills, glens, and the highest peak in Britain, Ben Nevis. Historically, Scotland saw invasion and influence from the Romans, Picts, Scots, Vikings, and English, with the unification of Scotland occurring in the 10th century. The capital city of Edinburgh sits atop cliffs and is home to Edinburgh Castle.
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and spread to other countries. New technologies like the steam engine and factories producing goods with machines increased productivity. Inventions in the textile industry like the spinning jenny and power loom allowed for faster production. Improvements in transportation like canals, steamboats, and the first steam-powered locomotives revolutionized travel and trade, further fueling industrialization. The first public railroad opened between Liverpool and Manchester in 1825.
Scotland is located on the island of Great Britain north of England. Its capital is Edinburgh and its largest city is Glasgow. Scotland has a population of over 5 million, with Scots, English, and Gaelic as official languages. Scotland has a devolved government within the UK and is known for its rugged highlands, over 700 islands, whisky, and traditions like bagpipe music and Highland games. Famous Scots include writers Robert Burns and J.K. Rowling, scientists Alexander Fleming and James Watt, and actors Sean Connery and Ewan McGregor.
The document summarizes the history of Britain from the Celtic invasions starting around 700 BC through the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. It discusses the various groups that invaded and settled in Britain over this period, including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. It describes their societies, economies, and influence on British culture and politics. The last invaders were the Normans from France, who conquered England under William in 1066, bringing feudalism and permanently changing the course of British history.
Turlough O'Carolan was an 18th century Irish harpist and composer who wrote music for harp and voice that was commissioned by patrons. His music came to symbolize Irish culture for contemporaries. There was significant migration to and settlement of Ireland over centuries, including mesolithic peoples, neolithic farmers, Bronze Age and Iron Age arrivals. The plantations established by the English in the 17th century led to the confiscation of Irish land and the transplantation of many Irish families to other parts of Ireland. The Cromwellian conquest and settlement further dispossessed many Irish landowners. This period saw huge losses of land for Irish Catholics and significant migration of Irish people to other countries including North America
This document provides information about various places to visit in southern and western England. It describes attractions in several towns and cities, including Land's End, Truro, St. Austell, Marlborough, Barnstaple, Plymouth, Gloucester, Exeter, Tintagel, Salisbury, Lyme Regis, Yeovil, Forest of Dean, Dorchester, Bath, Bournemouth, Glastonbury, Basingstoke, Tunbridge Wells, Winchester, Isle of Wight, Guildford, Dover, Canterbury, Windsor, Portsmouth, Richmond, Orleans House Gallery, Chichester, Eastbourne, Newbury, Brighton, Oxford, St Albans, and Hastings.
The curator of the Imperial Secretariat Library tries to evenly divide its 150,000 volume collection between the new states emerging from the partition of British India. The partition led to the division of collections and archives between India and Pakistan.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The Restoration theater saw the establishment of two patent theater companies, the Duke's Company and the King's Company, who built new theaters like the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. The theaters featured innovations like proscenium stages and movable scenery. Popular genres included Restoration comedy which featured witty dialogue, adaptations of Shakespeare, and spectacular "machine plays." Acting styles emphasized physicality and emotion over rhetoric. Leading actors like Betterton and Barry became stars, and women began performing professionally. Audiences were diverse but often arrived seeking entertainment and socializing over the plays themselves.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
2. Sumer is icomen in
Cuckoo Song
• Oldest song in Middle
English
• Round or rota for 4
voices
• Religious text and
secular text
• Instructions in Latin
16. Aspects of Life in the 13th Century
• Population rise
• Village – manor also towns
• Disconnect between social and economic
status
• Importance of parish church
• Commerce
– Money supply
– Markets and fairs
18. Urbanization by 1300
• Total population 6-7 million: other estimates
closer to 3 million
• London <75,000
• Norwich 10,000
• Small towns ~10% of population
19. St. Ives
As I was going to St Ives
I met a man with seven wives
And every wife had seven sacks
And every sack had seven cats
And every cat had seven kits
Kits, cats, sacks, wives
How many were going to St Ives?
Why were they going to St. Ives?
20. St. Ives Fair
1110 Granted to abbey for a week
– ‘Tolls’ for fair
– Administrative court
1213 King John spends £843 on blanket cloth
1252 Attempt by Henry III to add a three week
extension under his own jurisdiction
– 1255 King’s rights sold to abbey
Ellen Wedemeyer Moore The fairs of medieval England : an introductory study
Toronto, Ont., Canada : Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1985
22. St. Ives - Sales
• Cloth
• Stalls grouped by origin of vendors
• Wholesalers in front of permanent dwellings
or rows of stalls
• Foreign merchants sell luxury goods; buy
commodities
23. St. Ives - Locals
• Ale
– ~ 30 brewers in St. Ives
– ~ 15 sold at fair (four alewives)
• Baked goods
• Butchers
• Crafts and craft services
26. Value of fairs to abbey
Bury St. Edmunds 1286-7
• Stall and shop rentals £126
• Fines £8 9s
Stephen Edward Sachs “The ‘Law Merchant’ and the Fair Court of St.
Ives, 1270-1324” B.A. thesis Harvard published w. revision in Am. U
Intl. Law Review
£1 = £714 (2010)
http://www.measuringworth.com
27. (Possible) Social Consequences of Fairs
(& Markets)
• Need to bridge regional language differences
• Acquisition of some commercial French
• Appreciation for written records, even by the
non-literate
• Growth of money economy
• Competition
28. Decline of fairs
Wool trade
• Middlemen purchase from producers
• Warehouses
• Supply to exporters
Food products
• Obtained by contract
34. Kilpeck, South
Entrance
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/kilpeck-church-photos/index.htm
35. Trends –Increasing use of credit
• At the top
– To finance wars
– To finance increased consumption
• For the peasant
– To obtain suitable sized farms
– To buy livestock and seed which would be
recouped from production
36. Estimate of coinage in circulation
Allen, Martin. "The volume and composition of the English silver currency,
1279-1351." Agricultural History Review 35 (1987): 121-32.
Allen, Martin. "The volume of the English currency, 1158–1470." The
Economic History Review 54.4 (2001): 595-611.
37. Land and Labor
• 1300 20-25% of labor is wage labor
– Poor have small families (generally absent from
any records)
– Better off have larger families which contribute to
later generations of poor (landless)
• Use of private contracts at manorial courts to
convey small amounts of land.
– Importance of common law protections
39. Wheat Yields
Bruce M. S. Campbell (2007), Three centuries of English crops yields, 1211-1491
[WWW document]. URL http://www.cropyields.ac.uk [accessed on 14/04/2013]
40. Magor Pill Shipwreck – Detail
Example of a 15 m coastal boat used to carry iron ore/
41. Guilds
• Generally chartered
– 1155 London weavers
– 1175 Oxford shoemakers
• Quality control; Fixed prices in some areas
• No
– Monopoly, restraint of trade. exclusive rights to
sell, barriers to entry
Gary Richardson “Guilds, laws, and markets for manufactured merchandise in late-
medieval England” Explorations in Economic History 41 (2004) 1–25
50. Nick Hill and Daniel Miles “The Royal
George, Cottingham, Northamptonshire: An Early Cruck
Building” Vernacular Architecture, 32 (2001), 62-67
Is this a 'peasant' building built by carpenters used to working on higher-status
buildings? Or, despite its small size, was it built for a patron of high status?
53. London
1212 regulations
• Roofs
– New houses with tile only, or shingle, or boards,
– Whitewash thatched roofs of existing houses
• Demolish wood houses that threaten stone
ones
• Businesses
– Cookshops plastered inside and out
– Alehouses built of stone
The Sumer canon is found only in British Library, Harleian MS 978 (here- after LoHa), fol. llv. Study of the manuscript reveals that the melody as originally written was subsequently altered. These changes were apparently made soon after the manuscript was written (ca. 1250),2 although just how early is still an open question. Since the original copy can still be read, despite the later changes, the manuscript in effect records two versions of the melody, the one that was originally written and the altered version.Sumer is icumen in' is a composition for several voices, probably written at Reading Abbey in the mid-13th century. This piece is one of the most celebrated of all medieval musical compositions. Its form is that of an infinite canon at the unison for a possible four voices, accompanied by two lower voices who sing a short phrase in interchange.The melody is one of the oldest known examples of what is now known as the major mode and the oldest example of ground-bass. Its effect is fresh and dance-like. Besides the English secular words, 'Sumer is icumen in', the canon (though not the bass) is also provided with a sacred Latin text, 'PerspiceChristicola'. The manuscript is in fact the earliest known in which both secular and sacred words are written to the same piece of music. Although not as exceptional as was once thought, this composition remains far more ambitious than contemporary French or Italian canons.'Sumer is icumen in' is known only from this manuscript. The text inset to the right of the pages gives instructions in Latin for its performance as a round. The cross above the first line marks the point at which each of the four main voices enters. The parts for the lower voices, or the 'pes', are written on the bottom two lines.
The Hunterian Psalter is regarded as the greatest treasure of William Hunter's (1718-83) magnificent library of books and manuscripts. It is a 12th century beautifully illuminated manuscript, thought to have been produced in England c. 1170. University of Glasgow
Other estimates are much lower with 4-4.5 million in 1290
In 1252, the abbot of Ramsey sued several royal bailiffs for extending the term of the royal peace for three weeks after the end of the fair. In other words, the king had added his own three-week-long fair at St. Ives, leading many merchants to delay their arrival until after the abbot’s fair had ended. The abbot and monks claimed that these actions were “contrary to their charter and contrary to the will of the king who had that charter made for their benefit”; the fair had been given “as an appurtenance to Ramsey abbey in free and perpetual alms,” so that the abbots had possession of it “as of their own soil, with which they could do as they pleased.”[26] The plaintiffs repeatedly invoked the argument that the St. Ives fair was held on “their own soil,” and they protested that the king’s bailiffs had collected tolls and rent even from “the abbot’s houses, stalls, and booths and from the boats and ships which were moored to the abbot’s own soil.” The abbot also represented the fair court of St. Ives as a private hundred, saying that “Hurstingstone hundred belongs to the abbot, and he has and always ought to have the attachments which arise from plaints within the fair and outside it, and [the right] to hear those plaints at his pleasure where he may wish. . . .”[27]The royal bailiffs replied by asserting the king’s power over the fair: once the term of the abbot’s fair ended, the fair “came into the king’s hand,” and “the abbot can in fact claim no rights in either fair or market after the time of this fair is past.”[28] Furthermore, the booths and stalls from which they took rent “stand [on] the king’s highway and no one can or ought to meddle with it except the king”—and in any case, whatever the bailiffs did, they did “for the king’s benefit.”[29] However, the bailiffs did not contest the abbot’s lordship over the fair during the period of the king’s one-week grant. The resolution of the case is not preserved; the record of this case ends with the commissioning of a jury, consisting of twelve knights and twelve merchants, to investigate the customary rights of the abbot over the St. Ives fair. Three years later, if it were still continuing, the case was rendered moot, as Henry III sold to the abbot all the revenues and jurisdiction of the fair however long it might last—establishing abbatial control over the fair for the entire period of the extant court rolls
Brabant east of Flanders – Brussels Antwerp St. Ives pop
St. Ives saw reduced income in late 13th century
This decline in the institutional structure of trade is not definite evidence for a general contraction of intemal commerce. Even in the food trades, as in the past, a considerable share of the total volume of business was conducted away from market places. The practice of giving a discount of 5 per cent on such sales remained common all through the late Middle Ages.” Some of the grain acquired in bulk would even-tually pass through urban markets." A lot of grain nevertheless bypassed formal institutions altogether. Such were the large quantities purchased for consumption by large households.” Wheat, malt and barley were obtained by King’s Hall, Cambridge, on contract from producers and dealers in over forty parishes in Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. Some of these contracts represented long-standing arrangements extending for up to fifteen years. Informal though the system was, it was clearly reliable. In spite of the large volume of business transacted by King’s Hall there is no recorded example of a contract having been broken.Wool exporters bough directly form growers of from brokers. The Cely family acquired most of theirs from Cotswold middlemen, who in tum had purchased it from local producers after sheep-shearing in june. Growers sold their wool to these brokers directly from manor houses and substantial tenant farms rather than through any formal marketing organisation. Sometimes wool was sold on approval in advance of shearing. Having purchased their wool, the brokers stored it in warehouses at Northleach (Glos.), Chipping Camp-den (G1os.), Chipping Norton (Oxon.) and elswhere, until the export merchants came to buy On some occasions however brokers con tracted to supply wool to exporters and to transport it to London 52 Though Cotswold trade between brokers and merchants was centred in market towns it did not make use of market places All over the country abbeys and prioneseonunued to sell wool to wholesale buyers In 1363-4 Sibton Abbey sold the wool from its manors of Stbton (Sufi ) and Croxton (Norf ) to Robert Gaude, and the lambs wool of the previous year to John Hardyng 53
Parish Church of St Mary and St David i
Corbel 40 center of apse
Tree of life
In1317, for example, Agnes of Holme of the manor of Hakeford Hall inNorfolk conveyed just over half a hectare of villein land to Robert ofDokingges, her affianced husband, with reversion to herself if Robertpredeceased her and the marriage proved childless.87 In the same year onthe same manor, Agnes wife of William Snoudoun successfully sued herhusband for having sold without her consent 0.21 hectare held by them injointure.88 These two cases demonstrate that even peasant women by thisdate enjoyed clearly defined property rights in land and were far fromreticent in asserting those rights.At Coltishall, in fertile and densely populated east Norfolk,the purchase price of even an acre of land could be the equivalent of halfa year’s earnings from labouring. Many tenants can only have raisedsuch substantial sums by selling grain and livestock but, to judge fromthe numbers of debt cases recorded in the court rolls, many must alsohave contracted loans in order to finance these land purchases
Detail of the clinker planking and the floor timbers, each individual shaped/rebated to allow for the overlapping of the outer planks. .A Cadw funded preliminary survey by the Trust noted 4-5 floor timbers or ribs, and evidence of at least 7 metres of survivng boat. In 1995 a full examination was carried out, and this revealed the vessel to be clinker-built in the North European tradition, with the remains comprising 7 metres of the incomplete forward section of a 15-20m boat. Split oak planks were attached to a solid oak keel, and to one another, with iron nails. The cargo remains comprised a mound of iron ore piled onto a hazel hurdle.
The Anglo Saxon word "gild" meant "payment" and the members' subscriptions raised funds which could be used for social, charitable and trade purposes. One important use of the funds was to make a contribution to the Exchequer in return for which a Charter confirming certain privileges, rights or liberties would be granted by the King.It is the recording of such a payment, the first for any guild, which establishes the Weavers as London's oldest Company.there was no clear division between the craftsmen who made the goods and the trader who sold them — both functions were performed by the same person. The customers of a master-craftsman ordered what they wanted from him, and the work was done to order. But there were also some finished articles in the workshop.Guilds from different towns sold similar versions of popularproducts. Consumers chose among the alternatives. When the choices were homogenousand markets large, as with the coarse woolen cloths sold by hundreds ofEuropean producers, guilds could not manipulate market prices. When productswere heterogeneous and markets were small, as with luxury fabric manufacturedby the foremost Flemish draperies, guilds possessed limited price-setting power.Did manufacturing guilds possess rights to be sole sellers in certain markets? No,they did not. All primary sources concur on this point. None mentions guilds withlegal control over local markets.Did the law allow sellers to manipulate prices and quantities? No. The commonlaw prohibited such acts. A series of cases established this precedent. Prominentamong them were Oursom v. Plomer (the scalding-house action in London, 1375)and Hamlyn v. More (the case of the Gloucester school, 1410), whose verdicts calcifiedthe common law principal that nothing should inhibit ‘‘drawing away customersby fair competition (Baker, 1995, p. 511, 523).’’ The government upheld thisprincipal vigorously. Courts punished forestallers, who bought up merchandise beforeit reached the market in order to drive up the price; engrossers, who hoardedmerchandise when expecting prices to rise; and regrators, who purchased productsand resold them in the same market at a higher price.Did the law permit guilds to erect barriers to trade? No. Hindering trade was explicitlyforbidden. The crown guaranteed residents of almost all chartered boroughsthe right to wholesale their wares anywhere in England; the right to retail their waresin most of the realms towns, fairs, and markets; and the right to be ‘‘free from taxand toll’’ while doing so. Londons charter from 1130 guaranteed ‘‘all men of Londonand their goods’’ freedom ‘‘from payment of toll, passage, lastage, and all otherdues throughout the whole of England and in all the seaports.’’ Liverpools charterfrom 1229 promised its citizens exemption ‘‘throughout [the] land and in all seaportsfrom payment of toll, lastage, passage, pontage, and stallage.’’Did the law permit guilds to erect barriers to entry? No, the law prohibited theerection of impermeable barriers and permitted townsmen to practice any professionthey chose.the weavers [of London] complained to the Mayor and the Aldermen that the burellers wereexercising the trade of weaving in their houses without being qualified by membership of thecraft. The burellers boldly claimed the right as freemen of the city to carry on any trade or mystery . . . The weavers attempt to establish their sole right to their craft was so little countenancedby the city authorities, that they did not venture to appear on the day appointed;and the judgement was given to the effect that it should be henceforth lawful for all freemento set up looms in their hostels and elsewhere, and to weave cloth and sell it at will . . .Could guilds use regulatory powers to circumvent the law and restrict competition?Perhaps, but not to any great extent. Authority over the quality of merchandisemade by members was unqualified and ubiquitous, but authority over merchandisemade by nonmembers was restricted and rare. Special charters permitted some guildsto inspect merchandise similar to their own and sold in their town by outsiders. Reciprocalagreements between towns permitted many guilds to send searchers to distantvenues to inspect the quality of merchandise sold in their names.Was the enforcement of laws lax? Little evidence exists on this issue, but the datathat does suggests the judicial system enforced the law vigorously. Criminal courtsprosecuted guilds for anti-competitive activity, and civil courts heard cases broughtby individuals harmed by monopolistic machinations. In both venues, judges favoredpublic over private interests (Jacob, 1993, p. 394). Economic historians seemto have assumed the opposite—that courts and the Common Law favored guilds—but this assumption is incorrect. Laws concerning individuals matured more rapidlythan those regarding corporations.failed to enforce the law could be subjectedto direct royal rule. This happened to dozens of boroughs during the 13th centuryand a smaller number during the 14th. The same was even true for aristocrats,who the king ordered to protect merchants travelling through their lands. In theStatute of Winchester (1285), the crown threatened ‘‘if a lord fails in [this] duty . . .and robberies are then committed, he shall be liable for damages (Bagley andRowley, 1966, p. 160).’’Didguildscorrupt the legal system, and thereby, acquiremonopolypower? Noevidencesuggestsguildscorrupted the legal system, whilesixfactssuggesttheydid not. First, English law was not arbitrary. Men could not be deprived of life, liberty,orpropertywithoutdueprocess (Baker, 1995, p. 112). Second, whenlocalauthoritiesfailed to enforce the law, individualscouldappeal to royalauthorities(Baker, 1995, p. 31, 120; Fisher and Jurica, 1977, p. 243). Third, the legal system protectedmen from falseaccusations, nuisancesuits, and similarlegalshenanigans(Bagley and Rowley, 1966, p. 50, 78, 84). Fourth, individualsdid not have to waitfor the government to protecttheirinterests. Anyoneharmed by unlawfulactscouldsue and win restitution in municipal and royalcourts. Fifth, the law forbadedeprivinganotherbusinessmen of customers by harassment, violence, threats, defamation,orotherunlawfulconduct (Baker, 1995, pp. 521–524).Sixth, legalmonopolies in markets for manufactureswere not in the interests ofthe men whomade and enforced the law. The burdens of monopolieswouldhavebeenborn by the most influential men in medievalsociety, merchants, aristocrats,and ecclesiastics, whohadvestedinterests in trade. The interest of merchantsisobvious.Trade was theirlivelihood. The interests of aristocrats and ecclesiasticsis lessreadilyapparent. Lords and priestsowned the rights to hold most of the realmsmarketsand fairs. Theseeventsyieldedlargesums from tolls, taxes, fees, and rents.Thoserevenuesrose and fell with the expansion and contraction of trade (Hilton(1995, p. 39); Zacour, 1976, p. 49). So, the men whomade and enforced the law benefitedfrom high volumes of trade. Theyalsohadvestedinterests in the price of manufacturedmerchandise.
Speculation that some houses were turf housesWood was in short supply in medieval England so only the frame of the house was constructed of timber. There were no foundations, but the timbers were sometimes placed on stone supports to discourage damp and rot.The spaces in the walls were filled with branches and twigs, caked together with mud, and the whole surface was then coated with a limestone wash to render them waterproof. This system was called "wattle and daub."The roof was generally thatched with straw.The floor was simply earth, which was covered with straw (periodically thrown out and replaced) to reduce dust and dirt. The internal floor-plan tended to be very simple - the house was divided into a byre for livestock and supplies, and a living area for people with a central hearth. Generally, there was no chimney - smoke merely escaped through a hole in the roof.
The earliest examples of the mature later medieval domestic plan may bedivided into three types. The first type is the unaisled hall with chamber andservices. Two virtually identical buildings are now known from the sites of Monkton(Kent) and Bishops Waltham (Hampshire). The position of the entrances toMonkton building III (Fig. 2) are not indicated by breaks in the wall-trench. Acontinuous wall-trench across the entrance is common in buildings of this type,though sometimes the position of the doors may be inferred from the presence ofdeeper post-settings. There is some hint of deeper posts in the Monkton buildings,and the locations of the doors also seem to be indicated by two posts (2787,5581)set in from the line of the wall. The houses at both sites had rooms at one end.These rooms were narrower than the main building and were off-set from thecentre to form a continuous wall line on one side. Monkton Building III is almost identical in plan and it seems very likelythat the rooms served similar function, though there is no separate evidence. Thepottery associated with the Monkton building is attributed to the period 1125-75.50Only at Monkton is there nosuggestion that the buildings were of seigneurial status
The second type of building-plan is distinguished by the inclusion of one ortwo aisles. The plan is most dearly represented at Hutton Colswain (N. Yorkshire)where a mid- I 2th- to early 13th-century timber building was recorded in 1953-4beneath a hall with stone footings (Fig. 3). The phasing proposed by the excavatoris not followed here: it is hardly logicalHutton Colswain was set within a large enclosure which in the 13thcentury was modified and a gatehouse added.
The greater part of the city was built of wood, the houses being roofed with straw, reeds, and similar materials. The frequent fires which took place owing to this manner of building, especially the great fire of 1135 which destroyed a great part of the City, compelled the citizens to take some precautions against the recurrence of such a calamity. Stone was used to a larger extent, and various privileges were conceded to those who used stone in the construction of their houses. This material was made compulsory in the party-walls, but the rest of the buildings might be made of anything, and was usually constructed of wood. The regulations of 1189 did not produce any great or immediate effect on the style of building, and a further ordinance was issued in 1212, after a disastrous fire had destroyed London Bridge and a large number of houses.
The original house was designed for use by John Fortin, a prosperous wine merchant, with a vaulted cellar for holding stock, a shop at the front of the property and accommodation for the family; much of it was built in stone, but it featured a timber front, a fashionable design for the period.[5] At least sixty other houses similar to the Medieval Merchant's House were built in Southampton at around the same time