Totnes is a market town located on the River Dart in Devon, South West England. It has a population of around 8,000 people and is known for its thriving music, art and natural health scenes. The town has a long history dating back to the 9th century when the first castle was built. Today, Totnes retains much of its historic character and is a popular destination for its scenic riverside walks, numerous cafes and shops lining the high street, as well as nearby attractions like Dartington Hall Gardens and the Eden Project.
The Chianti region of Tuscany is a beautiful and harmonious landscape known for its silver olive trees, green hills, and roads lined with cypress trees. The area has a long history, starting as an Etruscan and Roman settlement surrounded by dense forests. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the region was the site of continuous battles between the cities of Siena and Florence over control of the land. Today, the Chianti region remains agriculturally productive and is dotted with castles, villages, churches, and Renaissance villas hidden among the woods and valleys.
The document describes a walk along the River Thames from a village to Boveney. It notes landmarks like two footbridges, the Royal Windsor Racecourse, and places where children played. It discusses boats that operate on the river, including French Brothers, and passes Boveney Lock, St. Mary Magdalene Church, and Boveney Court before ending at Dorney Lake, the site of rowing events for the 2012 Olympics.
This document lists and provides brief descriptions of several magnificent and historically significant buildings located in the environs of Whitecross and Julianstown in County Meath, Ireland. Some of the buildings mentioned include Newgrange Tomb which pre-dates the Egyptian pyramids, Millmount Martello Tower in Drogheda built in the 12th century, The Tholsel building in Drogheda which dates back to 1770 and was once used as a town meeting house, and St. Laurence's Gate in Drogheda which was originally one of seven gates in the city walls. Additionally, it outlines several other structures of interest such as Ballygarth Castle, Gormanston Castle, Dardistown
Christ Church Cathedral was built in 1028 by a Viking king and has been extended over the years. It has a beautiful exterior with a small bridge. Phoenix Park is the largest city park in Europe covering more than 700 hectares. It was originally a deer reserve but now is a nice place for walking or cycling. Grafton Street is one of Dublin's most famous pedestrian streets located in the city center between two parks, known for its street artists.
This document provides an overview of the local history around Whitecross School in County Meath, Ireland. It describes several landmarks near the school including Whitecross townland which the school is named after, Ballygarth Castle which is 500m away and the site of a local legend, and several old watermills along the nearby Nanny River. It also mentions nearby graveyards, roadside crosses, holy wells, and four local legends. The document then discusses Drogheda, the nearest town with a long history, and sites related to the Battle of the Boyne. It concludes with noting the prehistoric monument of Newgrange near the school which aligns with the winter solstice sunrise.
- The Moriori people settled the Chatham Islands off the coast of New Zealand sometime between 950-1130 AD, around the same time Polynesians were discovering and settling New Zealand.
- In 1642, Abel Tasman became the first European explorer to encounter New Zealand, but his interaction with Māori led to violence and bloodshed before he left without ever setting foot on the islands.
- It was another 100 years before more Europeans arrived - in 1769 James Cook and Jean François Marie de Surville both arrived and established the first settlements by Europeans, mainly along the northern coast of New Zealand from the late 1790s onward.
The royal family has a strong influence on fashion trends. Princess Diana's 1981 wedding dress, designed by David Emanuel, was an ivory silk taffeta gown with 25-foot train that captivated the world. Catherine Middleton's 2011 wedding dress for her marriage to Prince William was designed by Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen. It was made of ivory satin and lace with floral motifs and a shorter train than Diana's at just under 9 feet. Both dresses set trends for wedding fashion due to their iconic royal weddings.
Totnes is a market town located on the River Dart in Devon, South West England. It has a population of around 8,000 people and is known for its thriving music, art and natural health scenes. The town has a long history dating back to the 9th century when the first castle was built. Today, Totnes retains much of its historic character and is a popular destination for its scenic riverside walks, numerous cafes and shops lining the high street, as well as nearby attractions like Dartington Hall Gardens and the Eden Project.
The Chianti region of Tuscany is a beautiful and harmonious landscape known for its silver olive trees, green hills, and roads lined with cypress trees. The area has a long history, starting as an Etruscan and Roman settlement surrounded by dense forests. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the region was the site of continuous battles between the cities of Siena and Florence over control of the land. Today, the Chianti region remains agriculturally productive and is dotted with castles, villages, churches, and Renaissance villas hidden among the woods and valleys.
The document describes a walk along the River Thames from a village to Boveney. It notes landmarks like two footbridges, the Royal Windsor Racecourse, and places where children played. It discusses boats that operate on the river, including French Brothers, and passes Boveney Lock, St. Mary Magdalene Church, and Boveney Court before ending at Dorney Lake, the site of rowing events for the 2012 Olympics.
This document lists and provides brief descriptions of several magnificent and historically significant buildings located in the environs of Whitecross and Julianstown in County Meath, Ireland. Some of the buildings mentioned include Newgrange Tomb which pre-dates the Egyptian pyramids, Millmount Martello Tower in Drogheda built in the 12th century, The Tholsel building in Drogheda which dates back to 1770 and was once used as a town meeting house, and St. Laurence's Gate in Drogheda which was originally one of seven gates in the city walls. Additionally, it outlines several other structures of interest such as Ballygarth Castle, Gormanston Castle, Dardistown
Christ Church Cathedral was built in 1028 by a Viking king and has been extended over the years. It has a beautiful exterior with a small bridge. Phoenix Park is the largest city park in Europe covering more than 700 hectares. It was originally a deer reserve but now is a nice place for walking or cycling. Grafton Street is one of Dublin's most famous pedestrian streets located in the city center between two parks, known for its street artists.
This document provides an overview of the local history around Whitecross School in County Meath, Ireland. It describes several landmarks near the school including Whitecross townland which the school is named after, Ballygarth Castle which is 500m away and the site of a local legend, and several old watermills along the nearby Nanny River. It also mentions nearby graveyards, roadside crosses, holy wells, and four local legends. The document then discusses Drogheda, the nearest town with a long history, and sites related to the Battle of the Boyne. It concludes with noting the prehistoric monument of Newgrange near the school which aligns with the winter solstice sunrise.
- The Moriori people settled the Chatham Islands off the coast of New Zealand sometime between 950-1130 AD, around the same time Polynesians were discovering and settling New Zealand.
- In 1642, Abel Tasman became the first European explorer to encounter New Zealand, but his interaction with Māori led to violence and bloodshed before he left without ever setting foot on the islands.
- It was another 100 years before more Europeans arrived - in 1769 James Cook and Jean François Marie de Surville both arrived and established the first settlements by Europeans, mainly along the northern coast of New Zealand from the late 1790s onward.
The royal family has a strong influence on fashion trends. Princess Diana's 1981 wedding dress, designed by David Emanuel, was an ivory silk taffeta gown with 25-foot train that captivated the world. Catherine Middleton's 2011 wedding dress for her marriage to Prince William was designed by Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen. It was made of ivory satin and lace with floral motifs and a shorter train than Diana's at just under 9 feet. Both dresses set trends for wedding fashion due to their iconic royal weddings.
Princess Diana's wedding dress in 1981 had a significant impact on wedding fashion. Her ivory silk taffeta gown with 25-foot train, designed by David Emanuel, was seen by over 750 million viewers globally and was considered one of the most famous dresses in the world. Kate Middleton's wedding dress in 2011, designed by Sarah Burton for Alexander McQueen, also influenced trends with its ivory satin bodice and lace motifs. While Kate's train was shorter at under 9 feet, both dresses showcase how royal weddings can shape wedding fashion for many.
This document provides a history of the first church in Leamington, England. It discusses the original Domesday entry from 1086, mentions the church being given to the Priors of Kenilworth in 1166, and lists the householders who lived in Leamington Priors in 1332 based on a lay subsidy roll. It then discusses vicars from 1349, Queen Elizabeth granting the manor to Ambrose Dudley in 1564, enlargements to the original church from 1816-1839 led by Reverends Robert Downes and John Craig, and includes old illustrations of the church and structures.
Travel to Britain and Ireland with Across the Pond Vacationsatpvacations
Welcome to Across the Pond Vacations which offers tours of the United Kingdom including London, Edinburgh, Dublin and their famous historical monuments, as well as natural attractions across England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Ranging from coastal harbors and lush countryside to majestic castles and rugged highlands, a variety of sights await along with a rich history and improved cuisine, providing enjoyable experiences for all ages.
Silloth Presentation to Cumbria in Bloom AGM 17 Nov 2014Anna Malina
This presentation highlights Silloth-on-Solway as an attractive Cumbrian tourist destination. With a new dock and railway established in the 1860s, Silloth was developed as a planned Victorian spa town. At 45 acres, the town's village green, which sits between the main cobbled street and the Solway Firth, is the largest and, arguably most beautiful, in England. Many annual events on the Green are organised by local people. The Green's Community Garden sits on the corner of Criffel St and Lawn Tce. Local people participated in the design of the garden which was opened in May 2014. Silloth is winner of the Cumbria in Bloom Coastal Town award and the Green is a recipient of a Green Flag award.
This magazine celebrates the best of British life through articles on rugby players to watch for the upcoming World Cup, autumn fashion and beauty trends, the heritage of castles and fortresses around the country, the creative work of artist Alex Chinneck, a guide to visiting North Devon featuring its attractions, examples of exceptional British interior design combining craftsmanship and flair, a culinary experience visiting the luxury resort Gleneagles in Scotland, and a visitor's guide to over 30 top British attractions.
This document summarizes several international holiday destinations, including Prague, France, Spain, Greece, the UK, Turkey, Thailand, Egypt, and the US. It provides brief descriptions of popular attractions, activities, and regions in each location for travelers to consider.
Edinburgh, Scotland is famous for its Hogmanay celebrations which include a torchlight parade, carnival, concerts, dancing, live music, and fireworks over 5 days. The Stonehaven Fireball Festival in Scotland involves parading through streets swinging balls of fire. Up Helly Aa on the last Tuesday of January in Lerwick, Shetland involves Vikings marching through streets and burning a Viking longboat with 4,000 spectators. London has a fireworks display over the Thames visible from the London Eye, bridges, and embankments. Cardiff, Wales offers ice skating, a family fire show, and a view from a big wheel to celebrate the new year.
The document provides an overview of the United Kingdom as a holiday destination, summarizing key details about each country and region. England is known for landmarks like Big Ben and double decker buses, while Scotland is home to bagpipes, kilts, and exploring Loch Ness. Northern Ireland offers tales of Saint Patrick and the Titanic, and Wales invites visitors to explore its valleys and daffodils. Popular cities highlighted include London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast. The weather is temperate but unpredictable, and dressing for rain is advised. The UK has options for families, city breaks, and countryside retreats.
Review of Norman and Angevin England leading to the 14th Century. The importance of the wine trade and the role of vintners including Chaucer's ancestors.
This document introduces students from the Giovanni Pascoli primary school in Lodi, Italy who are participating in a European project in 2017-2018. It provides information about Lodi, including that it is located in Lombardy, Italy. It describes some of the features of Lodi such as the Adda River, parks, and prominent monuments and churches in the city like the Cathedral and the Church of Saint Francesco. Photos are included of these landmarks and surroundings.
Scuola Primaria “Giovanni Pascoli” Lodi ITALY estergc
This document provides information about the city of Lodi, Italy from students at the Giovanni Pascoli primary school. It describes some of the landmarks and places in Lodi, including the Cathedral in Victory Square from 1186, the Saint Francesco Church from 1300, the civic museum and library, the defensive walls and tower from the Viscontea age, the Roman arch, and the public gardens. It also mentions the Adda River that runs through Lodi, known as the "Blue River", and the surrounding countryside and farms.
The presentation discusses the annual British Heart Foundation London to Brighton bike ride, which raises money for charity. The 55-mile route passes through London suburbs and countryside, with the challenging Ditchling Beacon climb. Over 30,000 cyclists participate each year, raising over £40 million for heart research and patient care since 1980. The presenter competed in the ride last year, finishing in the top 30 out of 800 riders with a time of under 4 hours.
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries with their own customs and cultures - England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. It has a monarchy led by Queen Elizabeth II and a prime minister who runs the government. British food includes fish and chips, full English breakfasts, and afternoon tea with sandwiches and scones. Popular sights include Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and Windsor Castle. The UK uses the British pound for currency and has a modern rail system as well as buses and taxis for transportation around cities and towns.
William commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086 to survey the land and property holdings in England. The book recorded details about land ownership, populations, livestock, land use and revenue for each manor or village. It established a baseline of accountability for landholders and helped centralize royal governance. While not without errors, it provided an unprecedented level of information and established a model for later censuses and land surveys.
Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, was King of England from 1189 to 1199. While he had some successes in the Third Crusade and as a military leader, he faced challenges as king domestically, such as raising funds through taxes. He left his brother John in charge of Normandy, which contributed to later conflicts. Richard's death in 1199 was a major loss for England and caused much mourning.
Richard and John had a complex relationship. When Richard was imprisoned, John claimed the throne but Richard appointed Hubert Walter as archbishop instead. Richard later returned and pardoned John. As king, Richard established coroners and fixed royal revenues. The Magna Carta established liberties for the church, citizens, and barons. It limited feudal payments and established due process. It allowed barons to resist the king through force if liberties were denied. The charter was subsequently reissued and became an important foundation for rights in later centuries.
5.Technology and Laws of Warfare in the Age of ChaucerRobert Ehrlich
The document discusses changes in medieval warfare technology from the 11th to 14th centuries in England and France. It describes the increased use of infantry and missile weapons like the longbow, mounted archers, and large siege engines. Gunpowder also began seeing limited use in the 14th century. New tactics like chevauchée raids, where armies ravaged the countryside, emerged. The status of squires and men-at-arms changed as well, as unemployed knights sought opportunities after peace treaties.
Princess Diana's wedding dress in 1981 had a significant impact on wedding fashion. Her ivory silk taffeta gown with 25-foot train, designed by David Emanuel, was seen by over 750 million viewers globally and was considered one of the most famous dresses in the world. Kate Middleton's wedding dress in 2011, designed by Sarah Burton for Alexander McQueen, also influenced trends with its ivory satin bodice and lace motifs. While Kate's train was shorter at under 9 feet, both dresses showcase how royal weddings can shape wedding fashion for many.
This document provides a history of the first church in Leamington, England. It discusses the original Domesday entry from 1086, mentions the church being given to the Priors of Kenilworth in 1166, and lists the householders who lived in Leamington Priors in 1332 based on a lay subsidy roll. It then discusses vicars from 1349, Queen Elizabeth granting the manor to Ambrose Dudley in 1564, enlargements to the original church from 1816-1839 led by Reverends Robert Downes and John Craig, and includes old illustrations of the church and structures.
Travel to Britain and Ireland with Across the Pond Vacationsatpvacations
Welcome to Across the Pond Vacations which offers tours of the United Kingdom including London, Edinburgh, Dublin and their famous historical monuments, as well as natural attractions across England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Ranging from coastal harbors and lush countryside to majestic castles and rugged highlands, a variety of sights await along with a rich history and improved cuisine, providing enjoyable experiences for all ages.
Silloth Presentation to Cumbria in Bloom AGM 17 Nov 2014Anna Malina
This presentation highlights Silloth-on-Solway as an attractive Cumbrian tourist destination. With a new dock and railway established in the 1860s, Silloth was developed as a planned Victorian spa town. At 45 acres, the town's village green, which sits between the main cobbled street and the Solway Firth, is the largest and, arguably most beautiful, in England. Many annual events on the Green are organised by local people. The Green's Community Garden sits on the corner of Criffel St and Lawn Tce. Local people participated in the design of the garden which was opened in May 2014. Silloth is winner of the Cumbria in Bloom Coastal Town award and the Green is a recipient of a Green Flag award.
This magazine celebrates the best of British life through articles on rugby players to watch for the upcoming World Cup, autumn fashion and beauty trends, the heritage of castles and fortresses around the country, the creative work of artist Alex Chinneck, a guide to visiting North Devon featuring its attractions, examples of exceptional British interior design combining craftsmanship and flair, a culinary experience visiting the luxury resort Gleneagles in Scotland, and a visitor's guide to over 30 top British attractions.
This document summarizes several international holiday destinations, including Prague, France, Spain, Greece, the UK, Turkey, Thailand, Egypt, and the US. It provides brief descriptions of popular attractions, activities, and regions in each location for travelers to consider.
Edinburgh, Scotland is famous for its Hogmanay celebrations which include a torchlight parade, carnival, concerts, dancing, live music, and fireworks over 5 days. The Stonehaven Fireball Festival in Scotland involves parading through streets swinging balls of fire. Up Helly Aa on the last Tuesday of January in Lerwick, Shetland involves Vikings marching through streets and burning a Viking longboat with 4,000 spectators. London has a fireworks display over the Thames visible from the London Eye, bridges, and embankments. Cardiff, Wales offers ice skating, a family fire show, and a view from a big wheel to celebrate the new year.
The document provides an overview of the United Kingdom as a holiday destination, summarizing key details about each country and region. England is known for landmarks like Big Ben and double decker buses, while Scotland is home to bagpipes, kilts, and exploring Loch Ness. Northern Ireland offers tales of Saint Patrick and the Titanic, and Wales invites visitors to explore its valleys and daffodils. Popular cities highlighted include London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast. The weather is temperate but unpredictable, and dressing for rain is advised. The UK has options for families, city breaks, and countryside retreats.
Review of Norman and Angevin England leading to the 14th Century. The importance of the wine trade and the role of vintners including Chaucer's ancestors.
This document introduces students from the Giovanni Pascoli primary school in Lodi, Italy who are participating in a European project in 2017-2018. It provides information about Lodi, including that it is located in Lombardy, Italy. It describes some of the features of Lodi such as the Adda River, parks, and prominent monuments and churches in the city like the Cathedral and the Church of Saint Francesco. Photos are included of these landmarks and surroundings.
Scuola Primaria “Giovanni Pascoli” Lodi ITALY estergc
This document provides information about the city of Lodi, Italy from students at the Giovanni Pascoli primary school. It describes some of the landmarks and places in Lodi, including the Cathedral in Victory Square from 1186, the Saint Francesco Church from 1300, the civic museum and library, the defensive walls and tower from the Viscontea age, the Roman arch, and the public gardens. It also mentions the Adda River that runs through Lodi, known as the "Blue River", and the surrounding countryside and farms.
The presentation discusses the annual British Heart Foundation London to Brighton bike ride, which raises money for charity. The 55-mile route passes through London suburbs and countryside, with the challenging Ditchling Beacon climb. Over 30,000 cyclists participate each year, raising over £40 million for heart research and patient care since 1980. The presenter competed in the ride last year, finishing in the top 30 out of 800 riders with a time of under 4 hours.
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries with their own customs and cultures - England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. It has a monarchy led by Queen Elizabeth II and a prime minister who runs the government. British food includes fish and chips, full English breakfasts, and afternoon tea with sandwiches and scones. Popular sights include Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and Windsor Castle. The UK uses the British pound for currency and has a modern rail system as well as buses and taxis for transportation around cities and towns.
William commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086 to survey the land and property holdings in England. The book recorded details about land ownership, populations, livestock, land use and revenue for each manor or village. It established a baseline of accountability for landholders and helped centralize royal governance. While not without errors, it provided an unprecedented level of information and established a model for later censuses and land surveys.
Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, was King of England from 1189 to 1199. While he had some successes in the Third Crusade and as a military leader, he faced challenges as king domestically, such as raising funds through taxes. He left his brother John in charge of Normandy, which contributed to later conflicts. Richard's death in 1199 was a major loss for England and caused much mourning.
Richard and John had a complex relationship. When Richard was imprisoned, John claimed the throne but Richard appointed Hubert Walter as archbishop instead. Richard later returned and pardoned John. As king, Richard established coroners and fixed royal revenues. The Magna Carta established liberties for the church, citizens, and barons. It limited feudal payments and established due process. It allowed barons to resist the king through force if liberties were denied. The charter was subsequently reissued and became an important foundation for rights in later centuries.
5.Technology and Laws of Warfare in the Age of ChaucerRobert Ehrlich
The document discusses changes in medieval warfare technology from the 11th to 14th centuries in England and France. It describes the increased use of infantry and missile weapons like the longbow, mounted archers, and large siege engines. Gunpowder also began seeing limited use in the 14th century. New tactics like chevauchée raids, where armies ravaged the countryside, emerged. The status of squires and men-at-arms changed as well, as unemployed knights sought opportunities after peace treaties.
The reign of Henry II as he pursues the goals of ridding the land of adulterine (unauthorized) castles and criminous clerks. The attempt to separate secular and religious court systems runs into opposition from Becket.
This document provides information about medical practices and guilds in medieval England. It discusses John Arderne, a 14th century surgeon who wrote about surgical procedures. It also describes the roles of guilds in regulating trades and professions. Guilds helped oversee practices like surgery and provided social support. The document examines court systems and how local and royal courts addressed legal issues involving guild members.
The document compares and contrasts the reigns of King Alfred of Wessex and King Æthelred of England in facing the threat from Viking invaders. It notes that while Alfred established burhs and a system of defense that brought peace for 15 years, Æthelred's defenses were commercial centers and he relied on increasing payments to the Vikings for temporary respites. Æthelred also lacked the support of nobles that Alfred had. The document provides context about the political situation and defensive strategies employed in England during this turbulent time.
Henry III was crowned King of England in 1216 at age 9 after the death of his father, King John. He ruled until 1272. Though personally pious and generous, Henry III was a poor military leader and his conflicts with barons led to the development of parliamentary systems in England. He unsuccessfully tried to regain English lands in France and expand control in Britain. His borrowing of money increased anti-Semitism. The Magna Carta and representation in government continued growing in importance during his reign.
William Wykeham established educational institutions in the late 14th century that helped establish a path for social mobility through education. In the 15th century, printing was developed which allowed for wider dissemination of texts and helped standardize the English language. Writers during this period included Gower, Hoccleve, and Lydgate who wrote in English for royal patrons. William Caxton introduced printing to England and published many texts, helping establish the English publishing industry. The growth of printing helped foster national identity and increased literacy.
Henry I established new monasteries and fostered new monastic orders like the Cistercians. After his death, England was divided in its support for either Stephen or Empress Matilda in the succession dispute to the throne. The country descended into civil war from 1139-1153 as each side fought for control. Eventually, a peace treaty in 1153 recognized Henry, son of Matilda, as Stephen's heir, allowing Stephen to remain king for the rest of his life. Stephen's reign was seen as a time of disorder and lack of justice.
1) In the 15th century, news and propaganda in England was spread through proclamations by sheriffs, criers in cities and markets, and posters in churches and guildhalls.
2) The legal profession was growing, with around 140 lawyers in London in 1292 growing to around 2000 in 1400. Statutes were passed to better regulate attorneys and ensure only virtuous ones were allowed to practice.
3) Geoffrey Chaucer's family were involved in the legal profession, with Thomas Chaucer becoming a powerful figure and speaker of the house, and his descendants including Alice Chaucer inheriting wealth and lands and getting involved in disputes over the Fastolf estate.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
Industrial Archaeology of Bere Ferrers and Bere AlstonJames Ronan
Bere Ferrers and Bere Alston are villages in West Devon, England located on the Bere Peninsula between the Rivers Tavy and Tamar. Bere Ferrers originated as the estate of Henry de Ferrers after the Norman conquest, while Bere Alston developed as a silver mining settlement in the 13th century. Both villages grew during the industrial era, with Bere Alston becoming the larger settlement and center of mining activity in the 19th century. The landscape and communities of the Bere Peninsula were shaped by its agricultural, mining, and maritime industries over the centuries.
This document provides an overview of the history of Sunderland, England. It summarizes that Sunderland was originally three separate settlements established along the River Wear in the 7th century. It grew as a fishing and port town and became a major shipbuilding hub beginning in the 14th century. Key industries in Sunderland's history included coal mining, with the last mine closing in the 1990s, and glassmaking, which originated from French artisans brought to the region in the 7th century. Significant landmarks mentioned include the Penshaw Monument, Stadium of Light football stadium, and Empire Theatre.
The document discusses several methods used to manage flooding and water supply in the UK. Embankments, sluice gates, and preventing development have been used along rivers like the River Irwell to reduce flooding. Kielder Water in Northumberland was constructed in the 1960s-1970s to supply water to growing industries in northeast England through pipes and tunnels. It also helps control flooding downstream and provides hydroelectric power. The water table and permeability of different rock types like sandstone, chalk, and clay influence local water supplies. London obtains water from both underground aquifers and the River Thames.
Kolmanskop is a famous ghost town in Namibia that was once a thriving mining town during a diamond rush in the early 20th century. Over 1,000 people lived there at its peak as miners searched for diamonds in the desert sand dunes. The town had all the amenities of a modern German settlement, including elegant houses, a hospital, school, power station, and the first tram in Africa. However, as diamond finds declined after World War 1, the town was gradually abandoned as residents left to search for diamonds elsewhere. Today Kolmanskop is being reclaimed by the desert, but its ruins provide glimpses into what life was like there during its bustling heyday as a mining settlement
The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal are located in northeast Wales and were constructed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, designed by renowned civil engineer Thomas Telford, is over 1000 feet long and supported 126 feet above the River Dee by 19 hollow masonry piers. It was a pioneering work that demonstrated the potential of cast iron in construction. Today, the aqueduct and canal are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and remain an important example of Britain's Industrial Revolution and waterway transportation infrastructure.
2. F2013 Edward III: Hundred Years War, Wine and WoolRobert Ehrlich
This document provides an overview of topics related to the financing of the Hundred Years War through wine, wool, and merchants in the 14th century. It discusses how Edward II struggled with favorites and rebellions, leading to his abdication. Wine production and trade, especially from Gascony, helped finance the war, as did the English wool trade through Flanders. Merchants organized into livery companies and financed both sides of the conflict. Standards for weights and measures supported international trade in wool. By 1337, taxes and borrowed money financed a larger portion of the government and war costs compared to earlier decades.
The document provides an overview of the Statistical Accounts of Scotland, a survey of Scottish parishes from 1791-1845. It describes the origins of the Accounts under Sir John Sinclair in the late 18th century. It details the questions parish ministers were asked to compile statistical, economic and social information. The Accounts provide an extraordinary view of life in Scottish parishes. The digitized Accounts online allow searching of text and images from over 28,000 pages describing hundreds of parishes.
The document provides a history of the Inverness area in Scotland, beginning with the first settlers arriving around 8,000 years ago. It describes the various peoples who inhabited the area throughout prehistory and their transition to living in roundhouses and building cairns. It then discusses the various castles built in Inverness over the past 800 years and their famous visitors. It also summarizes the development of communication routes like military roads, canals, and railways between the 18th-20th centuries, which allowed Inverness to grow into an important trading town and later a tourist destination. The document provides brief descriptions of several archaeological and historic sites around Inverness that can be visited.
The document discusses UK water management and describes two case studies of water storage systems - the London Basin groundwater supply and the Kielder Reservoir in Northumberland. It notes that parts of the UK experienced water shortages in the 1990s due to lower rainfall, higher evaporation and transpiration, and increasing water demand. It provides details on the geology and hydrology of the London Basin aquifer and why it is an important water source. It also describes the construction and multiple uses of the Kielder Reservoir, which stores water from the River Tyne for industrial and domestic use but also generates hydroelectric power and has become a tourism destination.
The document provides information on various tourist attractions in Dublin, Ireland, including the oldest pub, the Brazen Head; the busy shopping street Grafton Street; the colorful Temple Bar area; St. Patrick's Cathedral; Leinster House which houses Parliament; the General Post Office building that was attacked during the 1916 Easter Rising; Ha'penny Bridge; several museums; the Customs House building; Trinity College; monuments to Wellington, O'Connell, the Great Famine, and others; the Spire monument; Dublin's historic tram system; the River Liffey that runs through the city; and more. It offers concise descriptions of the most prominent sights and sites for visitors to see in Dublin
The document provides information about England and the English people. It discusses that England is a popular tourist destination, with over 30 million international visitors annually, many of whom visit London. However, it notes there is much more to England than just London, mentioning other cities and sites to visit like Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, Oxford, Cambridge, and the Dorset coast. It then asks "Who are the English?" and provides a history of the various groups who have settled in England over the centuries, from the Romans to recent immigrants from Asia and the Caribbean. It highlights some other notable places outside of London like Bath, Birmingham, Liverpool, as well as English culture like food, pubs, cinema, music and fashion.
This document contains the program for the "In Humbert's Footsteps" festival in Castlebar, Ireland commemorating the 200th anniversary of the 1798 Rebellion led by General Humbert. The multi-day festival includes military encampment reenactments, historical exhibitions, a 10k race, reenactment of the Battle of Castlebar, concerts and more. Events will take place at various locations around Castlebar and involve authentic reenactors, musical performances, food, and activities for visitors to experience and learn about Ireland's rebellion against British rule in 1798.
The document discusses the history of the Shannon Estuary in Ireland from ancient times to the 19th century. It describes how the estuary was used for transport via boats and played an important strategic role. Tragedies and accidents on the river are also documented, as well as the development of regulations and safety measures over time. Folklore, fishing, and emigration are additional topics covered in the text.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history, geography, and attractions of Northern England, including the following key points:
1) The industrial revolution transformed Northern England's economy and towns in the 18th-19th centuries through industries like coal mining, textiles, and shipbuilding.
2) The Lake District is a popular tourist destination known for its scenic lakes, mountains, and associations with writer William Wordsworth.
3) Major cities in Northern England include Manchester, Liverpool, York, Newcastle, and Durham. They have important industrial and cultural histories and attractions ranging from museums to football teams.
The coal and iron/steel industries prospered in the Valleys of South Wales in the 19th and early 20th centuries due to accessible raw materials and a large workforce. These industries declined later in the 20th century as Britain's empire declined, raw materials became exhausted, and foreign competition increased. Coal is no longer Britain's primary energy source, and the small steel works in the Valleys were inefficient compared to larger, integrated coastal plants.
West Cork, Ireland is a beautiful and rugged coastal region known for its dramatic scenery, including rugged peninsulas, hundreds of inlets and beaches, and islands off its coast. It has a strong food culture thanks to its farmers, artisans and chefs, with great food available everywhere from pubs to restaurants. The temperate climate and subtropical gardens contribute to the relaxing atmosphere. The area has a long, dramatic history and is full of ancient sites, castles and forts. It maintains a strong Irish culture while also being cosmopolitan, with a thriving arts community.
Edinburgh owes its existence to its strategic position on Castle Rock, which provided a natural defensive position. The city began expanding in the 12th century when King David established his royal court and abbey there, making Edinburgh the capital of Scotland. In the 18th century, the city flourished culturally and intellectually during the Scottish Enlightenment. Today, Edinburgh is renowned not only for its beautiful medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town, but also its many cultural festivals and lively pubs and nightlife.
This document summarizes key site information and the archaeological and historical background of a 500m by 50m zone along the Thames in London bounded by London Bridge to the west and Quay Walk to the east. Access to the site is via stone stairs on the east side of Custom House. The ground is generally firm but caution is needed as mudlarkers actively search the site and dredged areas. Archaeological evidence from the site and surrounding areas indicates human activity from the prehistoric era through Roman, early medieval, later medieval, and post-medieval periods, with successive development of waterfront structures, wharves, and the Custom House building.
The curator of the Imperial Secretariat Library tries to evenly divide its 150,000 volume collection between the new states emerging from the partition of British India. The partition led to the division of collections and archives between India and Pakistan.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The Restoration theater saw the establishment of two patent theater companies, the Duke's Company and the King's Company, who built new theaters like the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. The theaters featured innovations like proscenium stages and movable scenery. Popular genres included Restoration comedy which featured witty dialogue, adaptations of Shakespeare, and spectacular "machine plays." Acting styles emphasized physicality and emotion over rhetoric. Leading actors like Betterton and Barry became stars, and women began performing professionally. Audiences were diverse but often arrived seeking entertainment and socializing over the plays themselves.
Prepare for cold weather rafting with proper gear: layering for warmth, insulated headgear, gloves, waterproof footwear, and essential accessories like sunglasses and sunscreen. Prioritize safety with a life jacket and maintain gear for optimal performance. Stay warm, dry, and ready for adventure on the rapids!
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Golden Gate Bridge: Magnificent Architecture in San Francisco | CIO Women Mag...CIOWomenMagazine
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You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
Nature of the task 1. write a paragraph about your trip to dubai and what ar...solutionaia
1. write a paragraph about your trip to dubai and what are the facts responsible for the heavy rainfall in dubai that caused havec ?
2. mention any five major tourist attaction of dubai
Mathematics: a student a visit her family her father converted Rs. 1,15,000 inr currency for dubai airport theexpedite in the trip is given below
1. Curreny name of India and dubai
2. Conversions amount
3. Total Converted amount
4. cost of food
5. cost of sightseeing
6. cost of shoping
7. cost of saving
Our excursions in tahiti offer stunning lagoon tours, vibrant marine life encounters, and cultural experiences. We ensure unforgettable adventures amidst breathtaking landscapes and serene waters. For more information, mail us at tracey@uniquetahiti.com.
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Ibiza, situated in the Balearic Islands, stands out as a destination that encompasses everything: stunning landscapes, hidden gems to explore, a vibrant social scene, rich cultural life, and exceptional gastronomy. Opting for ‘Ibiza Rent A Boat’ to experience an unforgettable vacation on the White Island is certainly worthwhile, prompting a deeper exploration of the unique and fascinating aspects of Ibiza.
5. Codes
Assize of buildings
– Party walls, gutters, location of cesspits, fire
prevention
Assize of Nuisance
– Blocked drains, blocked roads, sewage
overflows, ruinous structures
Regulations on minimum fish size
Curfew
6. Air Pollution - Seacoal
1285 Royal
Commission to look
into results of burning
coal in lime kilns
1298 Smiths forgo
night work because of
pollution
7. Population and Wood
• Late 12th C. Increased population leads to
conversion of woodland to arable land
– Wood prices rise
– Water transport improves
– Newcastle coal replaces wood
8. Population and Wood
• Plague leads to restoration of woodland
– Wood prices drop
– Wood exported
– Coal use drops
• Elizabethan period
– Population rises and demand for coal rises
9. Water Supply
•
•
•
•
Thames
Shallow wells
Walbrook
Great Conduit (begun 1245)
– 1345 Built so rich and middling persons … might there
have water for preparing their food, and the poor for
their drink; the water aforesaid was now so wasted by
brewers, and persons keeping brewhouses, and
making malt, that in these modern times it will no
longer suffice for the rich and middling, or for the
poor; to the common loss of the whole community.
12. Sanitation
1357 Royal order for cleansing the streets of the
City, and the banks of the Thames.
1388 Town Sanitation Statute
they who do cast and lay all such
annoyances, dung, garbages, entrails, and other
ordure, in ditches, rivers, waters, and other
places, shall cause them utterly to be
removed, avoided, and carried away, every one on
pain to pay a fine of £20.
13. Cleaning the waterways
• 1357 Tolls for cleaning Port at Queenhythe
• Tolls on vessels carrying hay and straw
15. Problem Locations
Butchers
St Nicholas Shambles, inside Newgate
Stocks Market, Walbrook, West Cheap; East Cheap
Garbage dumps
Portsoken, east;
Tanners
Fleet
Farringdon Without, west
18. Curfew
1352-3 No one wander about the City after
curfew rung at St. Martin le Grand except he be
of good character and carry a light; … with a
mask (od fause visage) or with his face covered
1368 Forbid the holding of "Evynchepynge" for
old clothes on Cornhill after the bell at sunset
19. Cornhill
"Then into Corn Hyl anon I yode,
Where was mutch stolen gere amonge;
I saw where honge myne owne hoode,
That I had lost amonge the thronge;
To buy my own hood I thought it wronge,
I knew it well as I dyd my crede,
But for lack of money I could not spede.”
Lydgate
When it happens that two neighbours wish to build between themselves a stone-wall, each of them ought to give one foot and a half of his land; and so at their joint cost they shall build a stone-wall between them, three feet in thickness and sixteen feet in height. And if they wish, they shall make a rain-gutter between them, at their joint cost, to receive and carry off the water from their houses, in such manner as they may deem most expedient. But if they should [not] wish to do so, either of them may make a gutter by himself, to carry off the water that falls from his house, on to his own land, unless he can carry it into the King's highway.―William Sprot complains that the cess-pit of Adam and William…is too near his tenement, and is so full of sewage that it overflows and penetrates his stone wall, and enters his house and collects there, causing a great stench…Judgment that within 40 days etc. the defs. wall the cess-pit with stone and remove it 2 ½ ft. from the pl.‘s wall‖As far as the records reveal, the environmental issues of London‘s public spaces became the personal concerns of its citizens when they threatened either their personal safety or their private spaces.―John Stockyngbury was brought before the Mayor and Aldermen for having a large dung heap on the banks of the Thames next to his house at Billingsgate, to the detriment of the Thames water, the damage of the commonalty and the disgrace of the city (1382)‖ The fishing trade also needed regulations, but for different reasons. Most of the environmentally-related ordinances for fishing and fishmongers concerned the protection of small, immature fish called ―fry,‖ which stemmed from complaints against fishermen using nets with too small of a mesh that trapped these fish. This practice was a nuisance to other fishmongers and fishermen who wanted to ensure that the common fish supply did not become depleted. In short, their motive was largely generated by self-interest; the environment of the Thames needed to be regulated in order to protect their business. In this case, their personal interests depended on the regulation of public space. However, city officials also regulated fishing practices, likely motivated by the need to protect the fish as a food source of the city.
Seacoal LaneBy 1228, however, it was common enough for a street to be named "Sea-Coal Lane," and in 1257 definite mention was made of imports of sea coal into London.The London sea coal trade was extensive enough by the late 13th century to warrantthe appointment of a coal meter, an official charged with regulating its import and sale;Ed-ward I, therefore, issued a royal proclamation in 1307 prohibiting the use of sea coals in kilns as the King learns from the complaint of prelates and magnates of his realm, who frequently come to London for the benefit of the commonwealth by his order, and from the complaint of his citizens and all his people dwelling there and in Southwark that the workmen in the city and town aforesaid and in their confines now burn them [kilns] and construct them of sea-coal instead of brushwood and charcoal, from the use of which sea-coal an intol-erable smell diffuses itself throughout the neighboring places and the air is greatly infected, to the annoyance of the magnates, citizens and others there dwelling and to the injury of their bodily health.
Many residences had latrines above cesspits.Even at a much later date, in 1579, inquiries on the part of a certain constable revealed that fifty-seven households within Tower Street in the Parish of All Hallows, containing in all eighty-five people had for their convenience only three privies
The barrel had been sunk into a pit in a city backyard and used as the base of a latrine.The seeds, insects and parasite eggs that were discovered within it provide a valuable insight into life in medieval Worcester. Much of the material within the barrel must have survived digestion but it is likely that some kitchen scraps and environmental remains are also represented.Twenty edible plants were identified including fruit such as gooseberry, apple, pear, bilberry and strawberry, and fig and grape which may have been imported. Evidence of herbs were also found such as chervil, coriander and fennel along with other foods like broad beans and bran. The bones of chicken, eel and herring were probably thrown into the latrine as scraps, perhaps along with the stones of damsons and sloes. From the local environment of the time were found, seeds and pollen representing the presence of straw, hay and sedge. Weld and linseed used in the clothing industry were also found along with a sample of cloth.
"The King to the Mayor and Sheriffs of our City of London, greeting. Considering how that the streets, and lanes, and other places in the city aforesaid, and the suburbs thereof, in the times of our forefathers and our own, were wont to be cleansed from dung, laystalls, and other filth, and were wont heretofore to be protected from the corruption arising therefrom, from the which no little honour did accrue unto the said city, and those dwelling therein; and whereas now, when passing along the water of Thames, we have beheld dung, and laystalls, and other filth, accumulated in divers places in the said city, upon the bank of the river aforesaid, and have also perceived the fumes and other abominable stenches arising therefrom; from the corruption of which, if tolerated, great peril, as well to the persons dwelling within the said city, as to the nobles and others passing along the said river, will, it is feared, ensue, unless indeed some fitting remedy be speedily provided for the same;1388 ParliamentFor that so much dung and filth of garbage and entrails be cast and put in ditches, rivers and other waters, so that the air there is grown greatly corrupt and infected, and many intolerable diseases do daily happen... it is accorded and assented that the proclamation be made as well in the city of London, as in other cities where it be needful, that they who do cast and lay all such annoyances, dung, garbages, entrails, and other ordure, in ditches, rivers, waters, and other places, shall cause them utterly to be removed, avoided, and carried away, every one on pain to pay a fine of £20.
Individual citizens, indeed, were often quite zealous concerning the cleanliness of the street before their own property. For instance, in 1326, in Cheap Street near St Mary le Bow, a certain pedlar, passing there, threw the skins of eels, which he was carrying in a pail, into the street before two shops, thereby arousing the bitter resentment of the shop-keepers. In the quarrel that followed, one of the shop apprentices struck the pedlar and killed him.3 There was, however, an ulterior reason for such resentment. In the time of Mayor Gregory Rocksley (1275-1281) an ordinance had been passed making citizens who threw filth or rubbish into the streets before their houses liable to a fine of four pence, or else subject to distraint, if they refused to pay. If, on the other hand, the committer of the nuisance was shown to be another person, the fine was to be levied on the latter and the property owner let go free.4 In 1326, however, the year of this murder, the fine may have been even larger; for by 1345 the penalty for such nuisances had been increased to two shillings,5 the level at which it seems to have remained until 13792. In that year the beadles and constables were empowered to levy the fine of two shillings on the occupants of houses either before or within which they found ordure, and were, of course, to distrain for the fine, where necessary. Moreover they were to levy a fine, not now of two but of four shillings, on those who threw filth before the houses of others, taking half of this fine for themselves and giving half of it to the city chamberlain. They were also granted half of the fines imposed for leaving casks, carts, rubbish, and other nuisances in the streets.6 Moreover in that year the offence of throwing water (that is, kitchen slops, the contents of bedroom urinals, and so forth) from windows was by explicit statute put under the penalty of two shillings.7 In actual practice, however, it probably came long before this under the ordinance forbidding the throwing of filth into the highway before one's house. These regulations of 1372 seem to have continued in force right on into the fifteenth century, since they are mentioned again in 1381, 1385, and 1390.8
A corn-market, says Stow, was, "time out of mind, there holden." Drapers were the earliest inhabitants. Lydgate speaks of it as a place where old clothes were bought, and sometimes stolen