Project Loon is Google's initiative to provide internet access using high-altitude balloons. Balloons travel in the stratosphere and are arranged to form a communications network between 10-60km altitude. They are carried by wind currents and can be steered to different altitudes with different wind directions. People on the ground connect to the balloon network using a special antenna. The signal bounces between balloons and then back to earth, providing internet access over a 40km diameter area comparable to 3G speeds. Each balloon is made of a polyethylene envelope that houses solar panels and communications equipment to power the balloon and connect it to the network.
This document provides an introduction and overview of 5G technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G networks. Key points include:
- 5G is the next major phase of mobile telecommunications following 4G LTE networks and will provide faster speeds, lower latency, and better connectivity.
- Previous generations included 1G (analog voice-only), 2G (digital voice and basic data), 3G (broadband data and internet access), and 4G (high-speed data for mobile internet).
- 5G aims to offer significantly higher minimum speeds (20Gbps+), extreme connectivity for billions of connected devices, and cutting edge applications like autonomous vehicles, telemedicine,
This document describes a proposed mobile virtual reality service (VRS) that would allow users to access real-time sights and sounds of physical environments virtually through mobile devices and networks. It outlines the key components needed for a VRS, including actual physical environments, VRS user equipment, a VRS access system, and a VRS core system for controlling VRS episodes. Challenges to implementing a VRS include needing very high data transmission rates for streaming video and audio, sophisticated user equipment, and an efficient signaling and control network. The document proposes an architecture and entities for a VRS core network, including a VRS episode control entity, VRS episode management entity, and gateway entity to facilitate VRS episode setup and control
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details about the key characteristics of each generation:
1G introduced the first analog cellular networks in the 1980s, allowing mobile voice calls with speeds up to 2.4 kbps.
2G launched in 1991 with digital GSM networks, enabling SMS, MMS and international roaming. Speeds were improved over 1G.
3G introduced in 1998 and brought always-on mobile internet with speeds around 2 Mbps. It allowed mobile broadband services.
4G was commercialized in 2009 with LTE networks and provided significantly faster speeds around 100 Mbps for mobile broadband.
5G is the next
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
This slideset captures the evolution in Mobile communication. Talks about mobile side paradigm shift in recent past and the factors driving wireless technology evolution.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile phone technology from 0G to 3G. It begins by defining a mobile phone and describing the core functionality of 0G/1G mobile phones, which used analog signals and could only make calls. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS messaging. 2.5G networks added basic packet-switched data and higher speeds. 3G networks supported the first mobile internet and video calling, providing minimum download speeds of 0.2 Mbps. The document traces how each generation built upon the previous to add new capabilities and faster speeds.
(3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand.
This document provides an introduction and overview of 5G technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G networks. Key points include:
- 5G is the next major phase of mobile telecommunications following 4G LTE networks and will provide faster speeds, lower latency, and better connectivity.
- Previous generations included 1G (analog voice-only), 2G (digital voice and basic data), 3G (broadband data and internet access), and 4G (high-speed data for mobile internet).
- 5G aims to offer significantly higher minimum speeds (20Gbps+), extreme connectivity for billions of connected devices, and cutting edge applications like autonomous vehicles, telemedicine,
This document describes a proposed mobile virtual reality service (VRS) that would allow users to access real-time sights and sounds of physical environments virtually through mobile devices and networks. It outlines the key components needed for a VRS, including actual physical environments, VRS user equipment, a VRS access system, and a VRS core system for controlling VRS episodes. Challenges to implementing a VRS include needing very high data transmission rates for streaming video and audio, sophisticated user equipment, and an efficient signaling and control network. The document proposes an architecture and entities for a VRS core network, including a VRS episode control entity, VRS episode management entity, and gateway entity to facilitate VRS episode setup and control
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details about the key characteristics of each generation:
1G introduced the first analog cellular networks in the 1980s, allowing mobile voice calls with speeds up to 2.4 kbps.
2G launched in 1991 with digital GSM networks, enabling SMS, MMS and international roaming. Speeds were improved over 1G.
3G introduced in 1998 and brought always-on mobile internet with speeds around 2 Mbps. It allowed mobile broadband services.
4G was commercialized in 2009 with LTE networks and provided significantly faster speeds around 100 Mbps for mobile broadband.
5G is the next
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
This slideset captures the evolution in Mobile communication. Talks about mobile side paradigm shift in recent past and the factors driving wireless technology evolution.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile phone technology from 0G to 3G. It begins by defining a mobile phone and describing the core functionality of 0G/1G mobile phones, which used analog signals and could only make calls. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS messaging. 2.5G networks added basic packet-switched data and higher speeds. 3G networks supported the first mobile internet and video calling, providing minimum download speeds of 0.2 Mbps. The document traces how each generation built upon the previous to add new capabilities and faster speeds.
(3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key characteristics of each generation: 1G used analog signals for voice only, while 2G introduced digital cellular networks with improved voice quality and new data capabilities. 2G networks had higher capacity and security compared to 1G. 3G networks further improved data speeds and allowed new applications like video calls. 4G aims to provide wireless internet access at broadband speeds, while 5G envisions seamless global coverage with no limitations on connectivity.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless network technologies from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key characteristics and capabilities of each generation:
- 1G networks were the first analog cellular networks and allowed only voice calling within one country. 2G introduced digital networks and text messaging capabilities.
- 3G networks enabled faster data speeds up to 2 Mbps and services like video calling. 4G aims to provide speeds up to 1 Gbps for multimedia and wireless internet access.
- 5G is envisioned to create a global wireless network with high connectivity speeds of 25 Mbps for advanced applications like integrated personal devices. It aims to overcome limitations of previous generations for a "real wireless world".
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its objectives. 5G aims to provide higher data rates and connectivity for a wider range of devices, including sensors and IoT devices. It envisions a 1000-fold increase in network capacity and peak data rates of over 50Gbps. 5G will utilize both an enhanced LTE network and a new radio access technology to achieve its goals, maintaining backward compatibility. Key 5G technologies discussed include the use of millimeter wave spectrum, massive MIMO, and multi-RAN architectures.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its applications in telecommunications. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G, with each generation offering faster speeds and new capabilities. 5G will provide bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher and allow for unlimited data and call volumes. It will support new services like radio resource management and high altitude platforms. The architecture of 5G networks is described, including the use of an intelligent control system and tunnels to provide network abstraction and routing based on policies. Key features of 5G include high resolution, large bandwidth, advanced billing interfaces, and high quality services.
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the key technologies and capabilities of 2G (9.6 Kbps speed), 2.5G/GPRS (up to 115 Kbps), 3G (2 Mbps, increased bandwidth to 2GHz, supports video/GPS), LTE (200 active clients per 5MHz cell, up to 2Gbps speed), and 4G (formally approved in 2009 as IMT-Advanced, 2Gbps speed, improved coverage and capacity). Each generation brought increased speeds and bandwidth as well as new multimedia capabilities.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication standards across multiple generations from 2G to 4G. It provides information on key technologies, geographic areas covered, channel spacing, and access methods for each generation and major family. Major standards included GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, and CDMA2000 across the 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G and 4G generations.
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. Mobile technology has evolved rapidly over the past few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld gaming console. Many experts believe that the future of computer technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet computers are becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the 3G and 4G networks. Mobile technology has different meanings in different aspects, mainly mobile technology in information technology and mobile technology in basketball technology. Mainly based on the wireless technology of wireless devices (including laptops, tablets, tablets, mobile phones, etc.) equipment information technology integration.
he integration of information technology and communication technology is bringing great changes to our social life. Mobile technology and the Internet have become the main driving forces for the development of information and communication technologies. Through the use of high-coverage mobile communication networks, high-speed wireless networks, and various types of mobile information terminals, the use of mobile technologies has opened up a vast space for mobile interaction. And has become a popular and popular way of living and working. Due to the attractiveness of mobile interaction and the rapid development of new technologies, mobile information terminals and wireless networks will be no less than the scale and impact of computers and networks in the future. The development of mobile government and mobile commerce has provided new opportunities for further improving the level of city management, improving the level and efficiency of public services, and building a more responsive, efficient, transparent, and responsible government. It also helps to bridge the digital divide and provide citizens with universal Service, agile service. The integration and development of information and communication technology has spurred the formation of an information society and a knowledge society, and has also led to a user-oriented innovation oriented to a knowledge society, a user-centered society, a stage of social practice, and a feature of mass innovation, joint innovation, and open innovation. Shape, innovation 2.0 mode is gradually emerging to the attention of the scientific community and society.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key characteristics of each generation including 1G which was the initial analog cellular network, 2G which brought digital networks and SMS, 3G which enabled broadband internet access on mobile phones, and 4G which aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps. It then goes on to describe some of the core technologies expected to underpin 5G such as nanotechnology, cloud computing, and all-IP networks.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
5G is the next generation mobile network that will provide significantly faster speeds and lower latency. It will transform industries like automotive, healthcare, IoT, media and more. Countries around the world are working to deploy 5G networks, with some like South Korea, China, and Russia doing early trials and deployments. Key 5G technologies include millimeter waves, small cell networks, massive MIMO, beamforming and full duplex which help address bandwidth and interference challenges. Qualcomm and Ericsson are among companies developing 5G technology and hardware to enable the rollout of 5G networks and devices.
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile wireless technologies through 5 generations (0G to 4G). It provides an overview of each generation including the technologies, standards, and key features. The 0G systems introduced early mobile radio telephones. 1G launched the first commercial cellular networks using analog signals. 2G established digital cellular networks globally using standards like GSM. 2.5G introduced packet-switched data capabilities over 2G networks through technologies like GPRS.
This document discusses 4G technology and its advantages over previous generations of wireless networks. 4G networks will provide significantly higher data rates of up to 1 Gbps for stationary users and 100 Mbps for mobile users. They will be fully IP-based and allow seamless integration of various wireless technologies including cellular, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Key technologies enabling 4G networks include OFDM, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. 4G will support multimedia applications like mobile TV, video chat, and provide anytime, anywhere access to services like voice, data, GPS. Some examples of 4G applications mentioned are virtual presence, virtual navigation, and telemedicine.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
Millimeter wave mobile communication for 5G cellular.Apurv Modi
Introducing the Fifth generation(5G) cellular technology that is use "millimeter wave" technology,as research is going on this approach and by 2020 5G mobile cellular will work on to the millimeter wave with great spectrum bandwidth and very less cost with serving of 100 billion wireless connection across the world
3g Wireless Technology Paper Presentationguestac67362
Third generation (3G) wireless technology will provide real-time, online connectivity through mobile devices, allowing immediate access to location-specific information and services. 3G aims to shift mobile services from voice-centric to supporting multimedia like voice, data, video and fax. This increased capability is driven by demand for remote access to personalized data and wireless applications. 3G standards will optimize data transport over mobile networks and increase bandwidth to support growing usage of wireless Internet and data services.
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
Project Loon aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere and are arranged in a mesh network to relay internet signals between each other and to antennas on the ground. Each balloon provides connectivity to an area about 40 km in diameter using specialized antennas and radio frequencies. The balloons are powered by solar panels and move with wind currents to maintain network coverage over wide areas.
Google's Project Loon aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. Balloons float in the stratosphere, carrying communications equipment and solar panels. They are moved using winds at different altitudes to position them over desired locations. People on the ground connect to the balloon network using special antennas. Signals hop between balloons and back to the ground, providing internet speeds comparable to 3G. The balloons are designed to operate autonomously for months at a time in the stratosphere's harsh conditions.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key characteristics of each generation: 1G used analog signals for voice only, while 2G introduced digital cellular networks with improved voice quality and new data capabilities. 2G networks had higher capacity and security compared to 1G. 3G networks further improved data speeds and allowed new applications like video calls. 4G aims to provide wireless internet access at broadband speeds, while 5G envisions seamless global coverage with no limitations on connectivity.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless network technologies from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key characteristics and capabilities of each generation:
- 1G networks were the first analog cellular networks and allowed only voice calling within one country. 2G introduced digital networks and text messaging capabilities.
- 3G networks enabled faster data speeds up to 2 Mbps and services like video calling. 4G aims to provide speeds up to 1 Gbps for multimedia and wireless internet access.
- 5G is envisioned to create a global wireless network with high connectivity speeds of 25 Mbps for advanced applications like integrated personal devices. It aims to overcome limitations of previous generations for a "real wireless world".
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its objectives. 5G aims to provide higher data rates and connectivity for a wider range of devices, including sensors and IoT devices. It envisions a 1000-fold increase in network capacity and peak data rates of over 50Gbps. 5G will utilize both an enhanced LTE network and a new radio access technology to achieve its goals, maintaining backward compatibility. Key 5G technologies discussed include the use of millimeter wave spectrum, massive MIMO, and multi-RAN architectures.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its applications in telecommunications. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G, with each generation offering faster speeds and new capabilities. 5G will provide bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher and allow for unlimited data and call volumes. It will support new services like radio resource management and high altitude platforms. The architecture of 5G networks is described, including the use of an intelligent control system and tunnels to provide network abstraction and routing based on policies. Key features of 5G include high resolution, large bandwidth, advanced billing interfaces, and high quality services.
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the key technologies and capabilities of 2G (9.6 Kbps speed), 2.5G/GPRS (up to 115 Kbps), 3G (2 Mbps, increased bandwidth to 2GHz, supports video/GPS), LTE (200 active clients per 5MHz cell, up to 2Gbps speed), and 4G (formally approved in 2009 as IMT-Advanced, 2Gbps speed, improved coverage and capacity). Each generation brought increased speeds and bandwidth as well as new multimedia capabilities.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication standards across multiple generations from 2G to 4G. It provides information on key technologies, geographic areas covered, channel spacing, and access methods for each generation and major family. Major standards included GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, and CDMA2000 across the 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G and 4G generations.
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. Mobile technology has evolved rapidly over the past few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld gaming console. Many experts believe that the future of computer technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet computers are becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the 3G and 4G networks. Mobile technology has different meanings in different aspects, mainly mobile technology in information technology and mobile technology in basketball technology. Mainly based on the wireless technology of wireless devices (including laptops, tablets, tablets, mobile phones, etc.) equipment information technology integration.
he integration of information technology and communication technology is bringing great changes to our social life. Mobile technology and the Internet have become the main driving forces for the development of information and communication technologies. Through the use of high-coverage mobile communication networks, high-speed wireless networks, and various types of mobile information terminals, the use of mobile technologies has opened up a vast space for mobile interaction. And has become a popular and popular way of living and working. Due to the attractiveness of mobile interaction and the rapid development of new technologies, mobile information terminals and wireless networks will be no less than the scale and impact of computers and networks in the future. The development of mobile government and mobile commerce has provided new opportunities for further improving the level of city management, improving the level and efficiency of public services, and building a more responsive, efficient, transparent, and responsible government. It also helps to bridge the digital divide and provide citizens with universal Service, agile service. The integration and development of information and communication technology has spurred the formation of an information society and a knowledge society, and has also led to a user-oriented innovation oriented to a knowledge society, a user-centered society, a stage of social practice, and a feature of mass innovation, joint innovation, and open innovation. Shape, innovation 2.0 mode is gradually emerging to the attention of the scientific community and society.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key characteristics of each generation including 1G which was the initial analog cellular network, 2G which brought digital networks and SMS, 3G which enabled broadband internet access on mobile phones, and 4G which aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps. It then goes on to describe some of the core technologies expected to underpin 5G such as nanotechnology, cloud computing, and all-IP networks.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
5G is the next generation mobile network that will provide significantly faster speeds and lower latency. It will transform industries like automotive, healthcare, IoT, media and more. Countries around the world are working to deploy 5G networks, with some like South Korea, China, and Russia doing early trials and deployments. Key 5G technologies include millimeter waves, small cell networks, massive MIMO, beamforming and full duplex which help address bandwidth and interference challenges. Qualcomm and Ericsson are among companies developing 5G technology and hardware to enable the rollout of 5G networks and devices.
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile wireless technologies through 5 generations (0G to 4G). It provides an overview of each generation including the technologies, standards, and key features. The 0G systems introduced early mobile radio telephones. 1G launched the first commercial cellular networks using analog signals. 2G established digital cellular networks globally using standards like GSM. 2.5G introduced packet-switched data capabilities over 2G networks through technologies like GPRS.
This document discusses 4G technology and its advantages over previous generations of wireless networks. 4G networks will provide significantly higher data rates of up to 1 Gbps for stationary users and 100 Mbps for mobile users. They will be fully IP-based and allow seamless integration of various wireless technologies including cellular, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Key technologies enabling 4G networks include OFDM, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. 4G will support multimedia applications like mobile TV, video chat, and provide anytime, anywhere access to services like voice, data, GPS. Some examples of 4G applications mentioned are virtual presence, virtual navigation, and telemedicine.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
Millimeter wave mobile communication for 5G cellular.Apurv Modi
Introducing the Fifth generation(5G) cellular technology that is use "millimeter wave" technology,as research is going on this approach and by 2020 5G mobile cellular will work on to the millimeter wave with great spectrum bandwidth and very less cost with serving of 100 billion wireless connection across the world
3g Wireless Technology Paper Presentationguestac67362
Third generation (3G) wireless technology will provide real-time, online connectivity through mobile devices, allowing immediate access to location-specific information and services. 3G aims to shift mobile services from voice-centric to supporting multimedia like voice, data, video and fax. This increased capability is driven by demand for remote access to personalized data and wireless applications. 3G standards will optimize data transport over mobile networks and increase bandwidth to support growing usage of wireless Internet and data services.
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
Project Loon aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere and are arranged in a mesh network to relay internet signals between each other and to antennas on the ground. Each balloon provides connectivity to an area about 40 km in diameter using specialized antennas and radio frequencies. The balloons are powered by solar panels and move with wind currents to maintain network coverage over wide areas.
Google's Project Loon aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. Balloons float in the stratosphere, carrying communications equipment and solar panels. They are moved using winds at different altitudes to position them over desired locations. People on the ground connect to the balloon network using special antennas. Signals hop between balloons and back to the ground, providing internet speeds comparable to 3G. The balloons are designed to operate autonomously for months at a time in the stratosphere's harsh conditions.
Kanavmansotra seminarreport on GOOGLE LOONKanav Mansotra
The document summarizes Google's Project Loon, which aims to provide internet connectivity to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. It discusses how the balloons float in the stratosphere and are moved by wind currents to form a wireless network. Each balloon contains solar panels, communications equipment, and can provide internet coverage to an area about 40 km in diameter. The project hopes to bring internet access to more of the world's population and help reconnect areas affected by natural disasters.
Your 3 sentence summary is:
Project Loon aims to provide internet access using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere and work together to form a wireless network, relaying internet signals between each other and down to ground stations. You have been hired by Google to develop a business plan to successfully launch internet service using the Loon balloons, targeting an initial region, outlining pricing and network operation, and positioning the technology in the competitive broadband market.
Your presentation will summarize a business plan for launching an Internet service using Google's Project Loon balloons. The proposed business model involves households subscribing to the Internet service. The primary targeted market is rural areas lacking traditional broadband infrastructure. Specifically, you will launch in a region of South America to test reliability and cost-effectiveness over varied terrain. Pricing will be competitive with other rural Internet options. Your analysis finds that Loon can exploit new markets and potentially capture shares in underserved areas. You will recommend leveraging Google's financial and technical resources to foster Loon's development and penetration of additional markets over time through continuous technological and service improvements.
Project Loon: Balloons designed to extend connectivity Billions of people around the world are still without internet access. Loon is a network of balloons traveling on the edge of space, delivering connectivity to people in unserved and underserved communities around the world.
Project Loon is a network of balloons traveling on the edge of space, designed to connect people in rural and remote areas. The balloon is also considerably used to gather weather information such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed.
Project Loon is a network of balloons travelling in the stratosphere that aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas worldwide. The balloons are made of thin polyester film and use solar panels and batteries to power their electronics and communications equipment. They are designed to float 20 km above the Earth's surface in the stratosphere and use algorithms and wind patterns to maneuver into position to form a communications network. Users on the ground connect to the balloons with special antennas, and data bounces between balloons and eventually reaches a connection to the global internet. The goal is to extend internet access to the nearly half of the world's population that remains unconnected.
Project Loon aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using a network of balloons traveling in the stratosphere. The balloons float in wind layers between 10-60km above the earth's surface to stay above weather and provide connectivity over large areas. Each balloon can connect devices within a 40km diameter using LTE technology. They relay wireless signals to the ground and between each other to share internet access and route traffic back to the global network. Project Loon has conducted pilot tests of its technology in New Zealand, California, and Brazil to refine its stratospheric balloon system for expanding internet connectivity.
Project Loon is a Google project that aims to provide internet access using high-altitude balloons. Google began testing the technology in 2013 by launching balloons over New Zealand. The balloons float in the stratosphere and relay internet signals between each other to transmit coverage over a large area. The goal is to bring affordable internet to rural and developing areas that lack infrastructure. Solar-powered balloons beam signals to receivers on the ground, with ground stations bouncing the signal between balloons to extend the range. The first person to connect was a New Zealand farmer who previously paid over $1000 per month for satellite internet.
Project Loon is a Google project that aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere and are arranged in a mesh network to relay internet signals between each other and to ground stations. This allows people in covered areas to connect to the balloon network using special antennas. The balloons are powered by solar panels and move with wind currents to maintain network coverage around the world. Google has conducted pilot tests in New Zealand and hopes to expand coverage to provide affordable internet access to developing regions.
Project Loon is a Google project that aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere at about 20 km above sea level, where they are able to catch wind currents to position themselves over desired locations. Each balloon carries a solar panel and wireless communication equipment to connect to the ground and form a wireless mesh network. This allows people below with special antennas to connect to the internet via the balloons. Google has conducted pilot tests of the technology in New Zealand and hopes to eventually provide global internet coverage through balloon networks.
The document discusses Project Loon, Google's initiative to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. Project Loon balloons float in the stratosphere, powered by solar panels, and can be steered by rising and falling to different wind currents. The balloons form a network to beam an internet signal to a ground-based antenna. An initial pilot test was conducted in 2013 using 30 balloons over New Zealand. The project aims to provide worldwide internet access and communication during emergencies by overcoming challenges of the stratospheric environment.
Project Loon is a research and development project being developed by Brent Corley (formerly Google X) with the mission of providing Internet access to rural and remote areas. ... Users of the service connect to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building.
Project Loon is a research and development project being developed by Brent Corley (formerly Google X) with the mission of providing Internet access to rural and remote areas. ... Users of the service connect to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building.
Project Loon aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using a network of balloons traveling in the stratosphere. The balloons float twice as high as airplanes, powered by solar panels and navigated by rising and falling to different wind currents. People on the ground connect to the balloon network using special antennas. Signals bounce between balloons and back to the global internet. A pilot test was conducted successfully in New Zealand in 2013. While the stratosphere presents engineering challenges like extreme temperatures and lack of protection from radiation, Project Loon could help connect more of the world and provide communications during disasters.
Project Loon is a Google initiative to provide internet connectivity using high-altitude balloons. Balloons travel in the stratosphere twice as high as airplanes, bouncing signals between each other to connect users on the ground. This can help provide internet access to rural and remote areas that currently lack coverage. The balloons are engineered to withstand harsh conditions in the stratosphere like low pressure, cold temperatures, and UV radiation. Solar panels power onboard electronics, and special antennas allow people to connect to the balloon network from their buildings. Project Loon aims to partner with carriers to extend 4G connectivity globally and help restore communications after natural disasters.
Project Loon is Google's initiative to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using balloons floating in the stratosphere. The balloons carry communications equipment and solar panels to beam wireless internet signals to antennas on the ground. They are designed to move with wind currents to stay aloft for months at a time. Google conducted a pilot test of 30 balloons over New Zealand in 2013 to demonstrate the technology. Project Loon aims to bring internet access to the two-thirds of the world not currently connected and help restore connectivity after natural disasters.
Project Loon aims to provide internet access to rural and remote areas using high-altitude balloons. The balloons float in the stratosphere and are moved around by wind currents to different locations. They connect to each other and to ground stations to form an aerial wireless network. Users connect to this network via special antennas. While Loon has the potential to provide low-cost internet access globally, it also faces challenges from technical failures, international politics, and being a supplemental rather than replacement for other internet solutions.
This document provides a summary of 18 rulemaking projects being undertaken by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The projects cover topics such as digital flight data recorder regulations for Boeing 737s, aging aircraft programs, flight rules for the Washington D.C. area, repair station regulations, security considerations for airplane design, and congestion management rules for airports like LaGuardia. Each project summary includes the popular title, regulation identification number, current stage of rulemaking, docket information, abstract of the rulemaking, potential effects, and status of completing the final rule.
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faster than traditional electronic computers. An optical desktop computer is capable of processing
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- Important optical components that enable optical computing include vertical cavity surface emitting
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- Nonlinear optical materials play a significant role by interacting with light and modulating its
properties, enabling functions like optical logic gates. However, current materials have low efficiency.
- Optical computing was researched in the 1980s but progress slowed due
Project Ara is a modular smartphone platform developed by Google that allows users to customize their phone by swapping modules. The platform includes an endoskeleton frame that holds interchangeable modules for functions like display, camera, battery. This modularity provides longer usage by allowing users to replace broken modules or upgrade individual parts. The first developer version is scheduled for late 2016 with a basic phone costing around $50. Success depends on a vibrant ecosystem of third-party developed modules.
The document summarizes Rolls-Royce's Vision Next 100 concept vehicle. Key points:
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The Emo Spark is a 90mm cube that uses artificial intelligence to interact with users based on their emotions. It can detect emotions like joy, sadness, trust and more using face tracking and content analysis. Over time, it builds an emotional profile graph of each user to better understand their preferences. The cube can communicate through conversation, play music and videos tailored to the user's emotions. It has various hardware components like a CPU, memory and custom emotion processing unit. The cube can connect to other devices and share media with other cubes based on similar emotional profiles. It aims to enhance how users experience media like music by understanding their emotional responses.
The document summarizes a technical seminar report on Apple iBeacon technology presented by D. Madhavi. It discusses how Apple created iBeacons using Bluetooth low-energy technology to allow companies to interact with customers using their smart devices within close proximity. Locally placed beacons can send messages to phones if the user has the company's app installed and Bluetooth turned on. The report also covers how beacons work, their battery life, compatible devices, applications, advantages and disadvantages of using beacon technology.
Sixth Sense technology allows users to access digital information about objects and surfaces in the physical world using hand gestures. It consists of a camera, projector, and mirror connected to a mobile device. The camera recognizes hand gestures and objects, and the projector displays additional digital information onto physical surfaces based on the camera's input. Some examples of uses include getting information about books by gesturing near them, checking flight statuses by gesturing over boarding passes, and making calls or accessing maps with hand gestures in the air. The technology aims to more seamlessly integrate digital information into everyday life using natural hand motions.
Android 5.0 Lollipop introduced major changes including a redesigned user interface called "material design" and improvements to notifications, battery life, security, and device sharing. It also improved performance through the new Android Runtime replacing Dalvik, added new connectivity and media features, and supported devices like Android TV. Lollipop aimed to provide a more consistent experience across different Android devices through its visual and functional changes.
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1. 1
A Technical Seminar
Report on
GOOGLE'S PROJECT LOON
By
NAME K.KRISHNA BHAVYA
ROLL-NO 14A8A0584
CSE-B
SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PedaTadepalli, TADEPALLIGUDEM.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
3. 3
GOOGLE’S PROJECT LOON
ABSTRACT:
As two-thirds of the world’s population does not yet have internet access, “Google’s Project
Loon” – a network of balloons travelling on the edge of space – is designed to connect people
in rural and remote areas, helping fill coverage gaps, and bringing people back online after
natural disasters. Floating high in the stratosphere – twice as high as airplanes and the
weather – the ‘Project loon balloons’ are carried around the earth by winds and they can be
steered by rising or descending to an altitude with winds moving in the desired direction.
People connect to the network using a special internet antenna attached to their building. The
signal bounces from balloon to balloon, which then provides a connection back down on
earth. Each miniature blimp can provide connectivity to a ground area about 40 km in
diameter at speeds comparable to 3G. For balloon-to-balloon and balloon-to-ground
communications, the infrastructure use antennas equipped with specialized radio frequency
technology. As part of the 2013 test pilot in New Zealand, project loon used ISM bands
(specifically 2.4 and 5.8 GHZ bands) that are available for anyone to use. Tracking the latest
research activity carried out, one of helium laden balloon of project loon went around the
world in just 22 days, which was originally expected to be done in a span of 33 days.
4. 4
Table of Contents
Chapter No. Chapter Name Pg no.
1 Introduction 3-5
2 Project loon 6-4
3 Working of Project Loon 10-12
4 Practical Parameters 13-14
5 Current Progress 15-16
6 Advantages & Disadvantages 17
7 Future Aspects 18-19
8 Conclusion 20
5. 5
CHAPTER 1
LOON AT A GLANCE
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Today only 2.7 billion people – a little more than one third of the world’s population—have
Internet access. This fact can be attributed to many reasons, but the most important factor is
the scarcity revolution in data services. Even though there are more than 1 billion smartphone
subscribers in the world, the majority of them still don’t have data access due to the costly
data plan in many countries. On the other hand, the vast majority of the prices people pay for
data plans go directly towards covering the tens of billions of dollars spent each year building
the infrastructure to deliver the connections. Unless the infrastructure expansion becomes
more efficient, the industry cannot sustainably serve everyone. Bring majority of the global
population into Internet community is one of the greatest challenges of our generation, and
now we see hope from the Google Project Loon – a network of balloons travelling on the
edge of space, designed to provide ubiquitous Internet connectivity free of terrestrial
constrains and with an affordable rate worldwide. Now the time is 2015, and the Google
Project Loon finally matured in technology. The novel system is ready to enter the market to
provide Broadband Internet connectivity. However, this industry is highly competitive and
prospers with various Broadband technologies of intensive capital necessary for Internet
infrastructure implementation in many developing areas.
1.2 HISTORY OF INTERNET:
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s.
Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in
the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defence awarded
contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of
6. 6
the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first
message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's
laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node
at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the
UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s
and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET in particular
led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks
could be joined into a network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science
Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network(CSNET). In 1982, the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the
ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national
supercomputing centres at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with
the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the
United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service
providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in
1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly,
and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of
the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce,
including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice
over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World
Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites.
The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such
as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service(vBNS), Internet2, and National
Lambda Rail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over
fibre optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the
global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated
1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year
1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by
2007.Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online
information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
1.3 ABOUT PROJECT LOON:
1.3.1. CONCEPT OF LOON:
Project loon is a research and development project being developed by Google. It is a
network of balloons travelling on the edge of space, designed to provide ubiquitous Internet
connectivity. The balloons float in the stratosphere, twice as high as airplanes and the
weather. They are carried around the Earth by winds and they can be steered by rising or
7. 7
descending to an altitude with winds moving in the desired direction. People connect to the
balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building. The signal
bounces from balloon to balloon, then to the global Internet back on Earth.
1.3.2. LOON OVERVIEW:
Project Loon balloons travel around 20 km above the Earth’s surface in the stratosphere.
Winds in the stratosphere are generally steady and slow-moving at between 5 and 20 mph,
and each layer of wind varies in direction and magnitude. Project Loon uses software
algorithms to determine where its balloons need to go, then moves each one into a layer of
wind blowing in the right direction. By moving with the wind, the balloons can be arranged
to form one large communications network situated between 10 km and 60 km altitude on the
edge of space, the stratosphere is named after the different strata, or layers, of wind within it.
But the extreme altitude also presents unique engineering challenges:
1. air pressure is 1% of that at sea level,
2. temperatures hover around -50°C, and
3. a thinner atmosphere offers less protection from the UV radiation and temperature
swings caused by the sun’s rays.
8. 8
CHAPTER-2
PROJECT LOON
2.1 LOON DESIGN:
The loon is comprised of three parts: an envelope, solar panels and equipment.
2.1.1 ENVELOPE :
The balloon envelope is the name for the inflatable part of the balloon. Project Loon’s
balloon envelopes are made from sheets of polyethylene plastic and stand fifteen meters wide
by twelve meters tall when fully inflated. The balloon powers itself by two renewable
energies, sunlight and wind.
9. 9
They are specially constructed for use in Super pressure balloons, which are resistant to UV
radiation, and is capable to function at temperature as low as -58 °F, and at pressure as low as
1/100 atm.
Its envelope is made from sheets of Mylar which is a brand for a thin strong polyester film
about 0.076 mm thick. Such super pressure balloons require Mylar since it strongly keeps
from stretching and popping at even high altitude. It is built to resist higher pressures than a
normal weather balloon which reaches usually at an altitude of 40 km (25 mi). Inside
envelope, there is another chamber, called bladder. To have the balloon descended, a fan
powered by the solar energy fills the bladder with air to make it heavier. Likewise, the fan
vents air in the bladder, which causes it to rise. The balloon can move up or down a 1.7 km (1
mi) range through the bladder system. This system can help to choose suitable wind currents
in stratosphere. It also releases some air inside out of the envelope to relieve pressure. When
being out of the service, it releases gas from the envelope and descends slowly to the ground.
It rarely happens, but when the balloon drops quickly, it uses the parachute on the top of the
envelope.
Balloons filled with Helium and air mixture are launched, recycled and re-launched at a
designated collecting point. After 100 days from the launching, the balloon is ready to be
taken out of service and the gas is released from the envelope to bring down the balloon in a
controlled descent to the ground. Each balloon includes a parachute to ensure a more
controlled landing. The balloons and equipment on board can be re-used and each loon has an
approximately 2-years life time.
2.1.2. SOLAR PANELS:
10. 10
Each unit’s electronics are powered by an array of solar panels that sits between the envelope
and the hardware. In full sun, these panels produce 100 Watts of power - enough to keep the
unit running while also charging a battery for use at night.
By moving with the wind and charging in the sun, Project Loon is able to power itself using
only renewable energy sources.
2.1.3. EQUIPMENT:
A small box containing the balloon’s electronic equipment hangs underneath the inflated
envelope, like the basket that is carried by a hot air balloon. It contains circuit boards that
control the system, radio antennas to communicate with other balloons and with Internet
antennas on the ground, batteries to store solar power so the balloons can operate during the
night, and weather instruments to monitor the weather and the conditions around them.
2.2. LOON MOVEMENTS:
Project Loon balloons travel around 65,000 feet above the Earth’s surface in the stratosphere.
Winds in the stratosphere are generally steady and slow-moving at between 5 and 20 mph,
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and each layer of wind varies in direction and magnitude. Due to the wind properties,
balloons can travel along latitude line with a ± 5o
latitude range. Project Loon uses software
algorithms to determine where its balloons need to go, then moves each one into a layer of
wind blowing in the right direction. By moving with the wind, the balloons can be arranged
to form one large communications network. The Loon team can access the web-based control
system from any computer or tablet.
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CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF PROJECT LOON
3.1. LOON CONNECTIONS:
Far below the loons, ground stations providing connectivity to backbone Internet can transmit
signals to the balloons up to 65 miles far. The signals would hop forward, from one balloon
to the next, along a chain of up to 5 balloons. Each balloon is networked to one another
within 30 miles with a radio transceiver as in a mesh, designed to ensure signal reliability. A
second transceiver keeps the balloon in contact hundreds of antennas on ground area about 25
miles in diameter at speeds comparable to 3G. The specialized antennas can be placed on
homes, much like a very small satellite TV receiver. Project Loon currently uses ISM bands
(specifically 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands) that are available for anyone to use. There is also a
back-up transceiver and a GPS on each balloon, so Google can monitor each balloon's
location.
3.1.1. ISM BANDS:
The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands are radio bands (portions of the radio
spectrum) reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial,
scientific and medical purposes other than telecommunications. Examples of applications in
these bands include radio-frequency process heating, microwave ovens, and
medical diathermy machines. The powerful emissions of these devices can
create electromagnetic interference and disrupt radio communication using the same
frequency, so these devices were limited to certain bands of frequencies. In general,
communications equipment operating in these bands must tolerate any interference generated
by ISM equipment, and users have no regulatory protection from ISM device operation.
Despite the intent of the original allocations, and because there are multiple allocations, in
recent years the fastest-growing uses of these bands have been for short-range, low power
communications systems. Cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, near field communication
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(NFC) devices, and wireless computer networks all use frequencies allocated to low power
communications as well as ISM.
The ISM bands defined by the ITU-R are:
Frequency range Bandwidth
Centre
frequency
Availability
6.765 MHz 6.795 MHz 30 kHz 6.780 MHz Subject to local acceptance
13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz 14 kHz 13.560 MHz Worldwide
26.957 MHz 27.283 MHz 326 kHz 27.120 MHz Worldwide
40.660 MHz 40.700 MHz 40 kHz 40.680 MHz Worldwide
433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz 1.74 MHz 433.920 MHz
Region 1 only and subject to local
acceptance
902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz 26 MHz 915.000 MHz
Region 2 only (with some
exceptions)
2.400 GHz 2.500 GHz 100 MHz 2.450 GHz Worldwide
5.725 GHz 5.875 GHz 150 MHz 5.800 GHz Worldwide
24.000 GHz 24.250 GHz 250 MHz 24.125 GHz Worldwide
61.000 GHz 61.500 GHz 500 MHz 61.250 GHz Subject to local acceptance
122.000 GHz 123.000 GHz 1 GHz 122.500 GHz Subject to local acceptance
244.000 GHz 246.000 GHz 2 GHz 245.000 GHz Subject to local acceptance
3.1.2. RECEPTION (ANTENNA):
It can provide wireless Internet connectivity to ground areas at up to
10Mbps (3G speed). There are two kinds of communications:
balloon-to-balloon network and balloon-to-ground station or
subscribers network. It has specialized radio antennas to support two
networks. It currently uses ISM bands specifically 2.4 and 5.8 GHz
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bands because they are typically unlicensed radio frequencies around the world, which means
Google is able to avoid negotiating with local governments to purchase specific radio
frequencies. Additionally, these also avoids interferences and reaches much further distances.
Because it does not support Wi-Fi, smart phones such as iPhone are not able to establish
connections directly to balloons. it requires users to install a specialized antenna the outside
of their home to receive the signal from a balloon near their home and to decrypt the signal.
This way is very similar to the usage of satellites.
3.2. HOW LOON WORKS?
A user with the specialized antenna sends signals via a radio frequency over ISM bands to a
balloon close to him/her. The balloon sends the signals to neighbouring balloons. Eventually,
the signals reach the balloon which is connected to the local Internet. The wireless mesh
network is constantly adjusting as balloons move. Any balloon is able to connect the Internet
to a base station which has Internet connectivity and then receives Internet data and forwards
them via balloons in the sky to the destination. Finally, the balloon close to the request user
broadcasts the data to the grounds via a radio frequency over ISM bands. The special antenna
installed the outside of home receives data and decrypt the data. The wireless mesh network
should be constantly adjusting as balloons move.
It covers an area of an around 40 km (28 mi) diameter circle which is twice the area of New
York City. Thousands of balloons can cover the whole world. Currently, its lifetime is only a
few weeks, but Google anticipates that they can be in the sky hundreds of days in future.
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CHAPTER-4
PRACTICAL PARAMETERS
4.1 BALLOON:
Polyethylene plastic envelops manufactured by Raven Aerostat:
$4,000
Helium gas per loon per flight: $2,000
100W solar panels (5ft × 5ft): $500
Navigation control system: $1000
Equipment box (circuit boards, radio antennae, GPS, weather
instruments and batteries): $12,000
Re-launch fee for a used balloon: $3,000
4.2 GROUND STATION CONNECTED TO BACKBONE INTERNET:
Station construction and equipment installation: $1.2 million
Maintenance: equipment cost is $30,000/year and land cost depends on local market.
4.3 BALLOON LAUNCHING AND COLLECTING POINTS:
All the installation, maintenance costs depend on local land cost and human resource
cost.
Due to properties of wind in the stratosphere, balloon moves along latitude line with a
± 5o
latitude range, so please be aware of coverage limitation of balloons from one
balloon station.
1
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4.4 MANPOWER:
Need dedicated personnel to conduct regular maintenance and troubleshooting.
Labour cost varies at different location.
4.5 ANTENNA FOR USERS:
Antenna: $500
Assume it could be installed easily so no extra labour fee.
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CHAPTER 5
CURRENT PROGRESS
5.1 THE PILOT TEST
In 2008, Google had considered contracting with or acquiring Space Data Corp.,
a company that sends balloons carrying small base stations about 20 miles (32 km) up in the
air for providing connectivity to truckers and oil companies in the southern United States, but
didn't do so. Unofficial development on the project began in 2011 under incubation in Google
X with a series of trial runs in California's Central Valley. The project was officially
announced as a Google project on 14 June 2013.
On 16 June 2013, Google began a pilot experiment in New Zealand where about
30 balloons were launched in coordination with the Civil Aviation Authority from the Tekapo
area in the South Island. About 50 local users in and around Christchurch and the Canterbury
Region tested connections to the aerial network using special antennas. After this initial trial,
Google plans on sending up 300 balloons around the world at the 40th parallel south that
would provide coverage to New Zealand, Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Google hopes to
eventually have thousands of balloons flying in the stratosphere.
The technology designed in the project could allow countries to avoid using
expensive fibre cable that would have to be installed underground to allow users to connect to
the Internet. Google feels this will greatly increase Internet usage in developing countries in
regions such as Africa and Southeast Asia that can't afford to lay underground fibre cable.
The high-altitude polyethylene balloons fly around the world on the prevailing winds (mostly
in a direction parallel with lines of latitude, i.e. east or west). Solar panels about the size of a
card table that are just below the free-flying balloons generate enough electricity in four
hours to power the transmitter for a day and beam down the Internet signal to ground stations.
These ground stations are spaced about 100 km (62 mi) apart, or two balloon hops, and
bounce the signal to other relay balloons that send the signal back down.
This makes Internet access available to anyone in the world who has a receiver
and is within range of a balloon. Currently, the balloons communicate using unlicensed 2.4
and 5.8 GHz ISM bands, and Google claims that the setup allows it to deliver "speeds
comparable to 3G" to users. It is unclear how technologies that rely on short communications
times (low latency pings), such as VoIP, might need to be modified to work in an
environment similar to mobile phones where the signal may have to relay through multiple
balloons before reaching the wider Internet.
The first person to connect to the "Google Balloon Internet" after the initial test
balloons were launched into the stratosphere was a farmer in the town of Leeston, New
Zealand, who was one of 50 people in the area around Christchurch who agreed to be a pilot
tester for Project Loon. The New Zealand farmer lived in a rural location that couldn't get
broadband access to the Internet, and had used a satellite Internet service in 2009, but found
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that he sometimes had to pay over $1000 per month for the service. The locals knew nothing
about the secret project other than its ability to deliver Internet connectivity; but allowed
project workers to attach a basketball-sized receiver resembling a giant bright-red party
balloon to an outside wall of their property in order to connect to the network.
Pilot test project in New Zealand.
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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
6.1 ADVANTAGES :
The price of Internet data in many parts of the world continues to be unaffordable for
the majority of global citizens.
“Project Loon” will offer worldwide access to information to everyone, including
those who today are beyond the geographic reach of the internet or can’t afford it.”
Project Loon will guarantee this right by taking a practical approach to information
delivery.
Project Loon‘s near-term goal is to provide the entire world with broadcast data,
Internet access for everyone.
Wireless connection to the Web available for free to every person in the world.
Project Loon will also offer a humanitarian communications system, relaying public
service transmissions during emergencies in places where there is no access to
conventional communications networks due to natural disasters or man-made
restrictions on the free-flow of information.
Project Loon will use a network of balloons to transmit selected internet data – audio,
video, text and applications – to any Wi-Fi-enabled device, including mobile phones,
anywhere in the world.
6.2 LIMITATIONS:
“Cost” was high as we have to take permission, buy antenna and fix it in home.
“Maintenance” cost will be very high as the total equipment is very costly and
complicated.
“Balloons” must be replaced for every two to three weeks. As they must be refilled
the gas and should correct the balloon’s equipment if any damages occurs when they
are moving at stratosphere.
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CHAPTER 7
FUTURE ASPECTS
MDIF plans to formally request NASA to use the International Space Station to
test their technology in September 2014. Manufacturing and launching of satellites would
begin in early 2015, and Outer net is planned to begin broad1casting in June 2015. Indian
company Specify Inc. is the first private non-profit company which is working with outernet
to provide global free Wi-Fi access. Forget the Internet - soon there will be the OUTERNET:
Company plans to beam free Wi-Fi to every person on Earth from space.
The New York Company plans to ask NASA to test their Outernet technology on
the International Space. An ambitious project known as Outernet is aiming to launch
hundreds of miniature satellites into low Earth orbit by June 2015. Each satellite will
broadcast the Internet to phones and computers giving billions of people across the globe free
online access. Citizens of countries like China and North Korea that have censored online
activity could be given free and unrestricted cyberspace. You might think you have to pay
through the nose at the moment to access the Internet. But one ambitious organisation called
the Media Development Investment Fund (MDIF) is planning to turn the age of online
computing on its head by giving free web access to every person on Earth. Known as
Outernet, MDIF plans to launch hundreds of satellites into orbit by 2015. And they say the
project could provide unrestricted Internet access to countries where their web access is
censored, including China and North Korea.
The Outernet team claim that only 60% of the world's population currently have
access to the wealth of knowledge that can be found on the Internet. This is because, despite a
wide spread of Wi-Fi devices across the globe, many countries are unable or unwilling to
provide people with the infrastructure needed to access the web. The company's plan is to
launch hundreds of low-cost miniature satellites, known as cubesats, into low Earth orbit.
Here, each satellite will receive data from a network of ground stations across the globe.
Using a technique known as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) multitasking, which is the
sharing of data between users on a network, Outernet will beam information to users. Much
like how you receive a signal on your television and flick through channels, Outernet will
broadcast the Internet to you and allow you to flick through certain websites. THE
OUTERNET PROJECT TIMELINE By June of this year the Outernet project aims to begin
deploying prototype satellites to test their technology. In September 2014 they will make a
request to NASA to test their technology on the International Space Station.
By early 2015 they intend to begin manufacturing and launching their satellites.
And in June 2015 the company says they will begin broadcasting the Outernet from space.
'We have a very solid understand of the costs involved, as well as experience working on
numerous spacecraft,' said Project Lead of Outernet Syed Karim, who fielded some questions
on Reddit. 'There isn't a lot of raw research that is being done here; much of what is being
described has already been proven by other small satellite programs and experiments.
"There's really nothing that is technically impossible to this" But at the prospect of telecoms
operators trying to shut the project down before it gets off the ground, Karim said: 'We will
21. 21
fight... and win.' If everything goes to plan, the Outernet project aims to ask NASA for
permission to test the technology on the International Space Station. And their ultimate goal
will be to beginning deploying the Outernet satellites into Earth orbit, which they say can
begin in June 2015.
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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Although internet has become such a handy thing for people having access to internet that
they roam about with it in their pockets, but this has been possible for those countries that can
afford fibre optic cables for connectivity and therefore the bitter truth remains that nearly
two-thirds of the world population do not yet have internet access. The Google[X] team has
therefore taken an initiative to bridge this gap and make the world actually connected to one
another by introducing Google’s Project Loon.
This project has come along a long way with successful Pilot Test and also surpassing many
environmental, engineering , political challenges(relating to use of airspace and radio
frequencies) and now is seeking NASA’s intervention for its success worldwide.
The project aims at : “Forget the Internet, soon there will be OUTERNET”
The success of this project would thereby make us talk about Outernet , may be, in the next
one year and we would put one step forward in connecting the world into one by our
technology.