This document provides information about different types of electric motors, including:
- AC induction motors, which are the most common type used in industry. They have a simple design and are inexpensive to maintain.
- AC synchronous motors, which run at a constant speed determined by the frequency of the power supply. They are used where power factor improvement is needed.
- Single phase AC motors like shaded-pole, split-phase, and capacitor-start motors, which are used in household appliances. These motors require additional components to generate a rotating magnetic field for starting.
- DC motors that have different winding configurations determining their speed and torque characteristics, like series-wound, shunt-wound,
single phase Induction Motor-types, construction working.pptxdatamboli
This document discusses different types of electric motors including AC and DC motors. It provides details on AC induction motors, the most common type used in industry. Key points include:
- AC induction motors have a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. They are self-starting, require no brushes, and are inexpensive and reliable.
- The rotor is either a squirrel cage or wound type. Squirrel cage motors are fixed speed while wound rotor motors can vary speed.
- Motors are started by using a capacitor, which is then disconnected for running (capacitor-start) or kept connected to improve power factor (capacitor-run).
- Three-phase induction motors are very common for
This document provides information about synchronous motors. It discusses the characteristics of synchronous motors including their stator, rotor types, and ability to start as an induction motor. It also covers synchronous speed calculation, equivalent circuits and phasor diagrams, V-curves, applications, starting methods, torque types, losses, and comparisons with induction motors. Worked examples are provided to calculate induced EMF, current, power factor and torque values for synchronous motors operating under different load and excitation conditions.
This document discusses different types of electric motors. It begins by defining an electric motor as a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. There are two main types of motors - alternating current (AC) motors and direct current (DC) motors. AC motors include synchronous and induction motors, while DC motors can be separately excited, self-excited, or universal motors. The document provides details on the basic design and operation of these different motor types. It also discusses motor efficiency and applications.
Synchronous machines include generators and motors. Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical energy and convert mechanical power to AC power. They rely on synchronous motors which are used for constant speed industrial drives. Synchronous generators have a rotor with DC excitation and a stator with a 3-phase winding. They come in salient-pole or cylindrical rotor types. Synchronous motors operate by synchronizing their rotor field to the rotating stator field to convert electric power to mechanical power. They are often used for large, low speed, high power applications like pumps and compressors.
This document provides an overview of electric motors, including their introduction, types, and energy efficiency opportunities. It discusses the main types of electric motors as direct current (DC) motors and alternating current (AC) motors. DC motors include separately excited, self-excited, series, and shunt motors. AC motors include synchronous and induction motors, with induction motors being the most common type used in industry due to their self-starting capability and ability to handle higher power applications. The document describes the basic components and operating principles of different motor types. It aims to inform readers about electric motors and potential areas for improved energy efficiency.
AC motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy by using a rotating magnetic field to turn a rotor. The speed of the motor is determined by the power supply frequency, while torque is determined by voltage. Common AC induction motors include standard, energy efficient, inverter duty, and vector duty types.
1. The document discusses different types of electric motors, including AC induction motors, synchronous motors, and various types of DC motors.
2. It also covers assessing motor efficiency through measuring input power, line current, and slip, with most motors being most efficient at 75% load.
3. The key opportunities to improve motor efficiency are using energy efficient motors, avoiding under-loading, properly sizing motors for variable loads, improving power quality, and using speed controls like variable frequency drives.
The document discusses different types of electric motors including DC motors, AC motors, and stepper motors. It provides details on the fundamental characteristics, construction, and applications of series, shunt, and permanent magnet DC motors as well as single phase, three phase, and stepper AC motors. The document also covers modeling and control methods for DC and AC motors including H-bridge control and variable frequency drives.
single phase Induction Motor-types, construction working.pptxdatamboli
This document discusses different types of electric motors including AC and DC motors. It provides details on AC induction motors, the most common type used in industry. Key points include:
- AC induction motors have a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. They are self-starting, require no brushes, and are inexpensive and reliable.
- The rotor is either a squirrel cage or wound type. Squirrel cage motors are fixed speed while wound rotor motors can vary speed.
- Motors are started by using a capacitor, which is then disconnected for running (capacitor-start) or kept connected to improve power factor (capacitor-run).
- Three-phase induction motors are very common for
This document provides information about synchronous motors. It discusses the characteristics of synchronous motors including their stator, rotor types, and ability to start as an induction motor. It also covers synchronous speed calculation, equivalent circuits and phasor diagrams, V-curves, applications, starting methods, torque types, losses, and comparisons with induction motors. Worked examples are provided to calculate induced EMF, current, power factor and torque values for synchronous motors operating under different load and excitation conditions.
This document discusses different types of electric motors. It begins by defining an electric motor as a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. There are two main types of motors - alternating current (AC) motors and direct current (DC) motors. AC motors include synchronous and induction motors, while DC motors can be separately excited, self-excited, or universal motors. The document provides details on the basic design and operation of these different motor types. It also discusses motor efficiency and applications.
Synchronous machines include generators and motors. Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical energy and convert mechanical power to AC power. They rely on synchronous motors which are used for constant speed industrial drives. Synchronous generators have a rotor with DC excitation and a stator with a 3-phase winding. They come in salient-pole or cylindrical rotor types. Synchronous motors operate by synchronizing their rotor field to the rotating stator field to convert electric power to mechanical power. They are often used for large, low speed, high power applications like pumps and compressors.
This document provides an overview of electric motors, including their introduction, types, and energy efficiency opportunities. It discusses the main types of electric motors as direct current (DC) motors and alternating current (AC) motors. DC motors include separately excited, self-excited, series, and shunt motors. AC motors include synchronous and induction motors, with induction motors being the most common type used in industry due to their self-starting capability and ability to handle higher power applications. The document describes the basic components and operating principles of different motor types. It aims to inform readers about electric motors and potential areas for improved energy efficiency.
AC motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy by using a rotating magnetic field to turn a rotor. The speed of the motor is determined by the power supply frequency, while torque is determined by voltage. Common AC induction motors include standard, energy efficient, inverter duty, and vector duty types.
1. The document discusses different types of electric motors, including AC induction motors, synchronous motors, and various types of DC motors.
2. It also covers assessing motor efficiency through measuring input power, line current, and slip, with most motors being most efficient at 75% load.
3. The key opportunities to improve motor efficiency are using energy efficient motors, avoiding under-loading, properly sizing motors for variable loads, improving power quality, and using speed controls like variable frequency drives.
The document discusses different types of electric motors including DC motors, AC motors, and stepper motors. It provides details on the fundamental characteristics, construction, and applications of series, shunt, and permanent magnet DC motors as well as single phase, three phase, and stepper AC motors. The document also covers modeling and control methods for DC and AC motors including H-bridge control and variable frequency drives.
Motors use electromagnetic induction to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. AC motors have a stationary stator and rotating rotor that interact via magnetic fields generated by alternating currents. DC motors consist of an armature winding and stator winding, with the armature acting as the rotor. Motor starters are used to control motor speed and current during starting to prevent damage. Common motor starters include magnetic, full-voltage, reversing, reduced-voltage, and solid-state starters. Reduced-voltage starters gradually apply voltage during starting for smoother acceleration.
This document provides an overview of electric motors used in industry. It begins with an introduction that defines electric motors and notes they account for 70% of industrial electrical load. It then outlines the training agenda which will cover motor types, assessment, and efficiency opportunities. The document proceeds to describe the different types of electric motors including alternating current motors like induction and synchronous, as well as direct current motors. It provides details on motor components, operation, and classifications. Finally, it discusses factors that influence motor efficiency and how motors lose energy while serving a load.
This document discusses different types of single-phase induction motors, including their operating principles, starting methods, and characteristics. It describes split-phase, capacitor-start, capacitor-run, and capacitor-start/capacitor-run induction motors. It also discusses shaded-pole induction motors and their applications in small, low-power devices.
This document discusses different types of electric motors, including AC motors, DC motors, and brushless DC motors. It provides details on the parts and operation of AC motors like synchronous speed calculations. It also covers single-phase motor types like split-phase, capacitor-start, and permanent split-capacitor motors. For DC motors it discusses classifications, armature voltage control, and shunt field control. Brushless DC motors are described as using transistors controlled by encoders to replace brushes.
1. The document discusses DC generators and DC motors, including their operating principles, different types (shunt, series, compound), and methods of speed and torque control.
2. Some key topics covered include separately excited DC generators, armature reaction, back EMF in motors, starting and braking methods for DC motors, and the differences between shunt, series, and compound motor characteristics.
3. The document provides information on DC machines that would be useful for understanding their design and applications.
In this slide given description about different Type of Single phase induction Motor.
i.e.Capacitor start motor
Permanent capacitor motor
Capacitor start capacitor run motor
The document discusses different types of electrical motors and their driving electronics. It provides an overview of DC motors with brushes, brushless DC motors, stepper motors, synchronous motors, and AC induction motors. It describes the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each motor type. Vector control is discussed as an improved control method for AC induction motors that allows for full torque capability at low speeds and higher efficiency. Challenges of using electrical motors in high temperature, high pressure applications like oilfield services are also summarized.
An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction. It has a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. Induction motors are the most common type, having a squirrel cage rotor. When a three-phase current is applied to the stator, it creates a rotating magnetic field that induces currents in the rotor and causes it to turn, but at a slightly slower synchronous speed due to slip. The torque and power output can be varied by changing the supply frequency or voltage.
Electric motors are electromechanical devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The document discusses types of electric motors including direct current (DC) motors and alternating current (AC) motors. It also discusses assessing motor efficiency and energy efficiency opportunities for electric motors such as using energy efficient motors, reducing underloading, improving power quality, and power factor correction.
This document discusses speed control methods for AC induction motors. It describes several methods including pole changing, stator frequency variation, stator voltage variation using a slip ring induction motor, and rotor resistance variation. It also mentions slip power recovery schemes and basic inverter circuits for variable voltage frequency control. The document provides introductions and explanations of these various speed control techniques for AC induction motors.
The single-phase induction motor uses two windings arranged perpendicularly on an iron core stator - a main winding and an auxiliary starting winding. It requires a mechanism to generate a rotating magnetic field to start, such as a capacitor, resistance, or secondary winding with phase shift. Common starting methods are split-phase, capacitor-start, and shaded-pole. Split-phase uses an auxiliary winding with phase shift. Capacitor-start uses a capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding. Shaded-pole uses shaded bands to generate phase shift. Applications depend on starting torque requirements.
This document discusses electrical drives and power electronic converters used in drive systems. It begins by introducing power electronics and its use of semiconductor devices to efficiently control electric power. Modern electrical drive systems are then described as using power electronic converters to supply AC motors for variable speed applications. Various configurations of power electronic converters are presented for both DC and AC drive systems, including AC-DC, DC-DC, and AC-AC converter types.
The document describes the key components and operating principles of DC dynamos and motors. It explains that a dynamo is a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy or vice versa. The main parts are identified as the armature windings, field poles, and commutator. Generators use mechanical input to produce electrical output via electromagnetic induction. Motors use electrical input to produce mechanical output via the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. Various types of dynamos are described, along with factors that determine the magnitude of induced voltages and forces. Formulas are provided for calculating voltage, force, and torque.
Drives are systems used for motion control that employ electric motors as prime movers, known as electrical drives. About 50% of electrical energy is used for drives, which can operate at either fixed or variable speeds, with 75% used for constant speed and 25% for variable speed applications. Variable speed drives allow controlling motor speed through adjusting input power frequency and provide benefits over constant speed drives like reduced power losses.
The document discusses various types of electric motors and generators. It begins by introducing generators, which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy, and motors, which convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. It then provides details on simple AC and DC generators, DC generators/dynamos, AC generators/alternators, DC motors, AC motors including synchronous and induction motors, and universal motors. Key points are summarized at the end.
This document provides an overview of electric motors and opportunities for improving their energy efficiency. It begins with an introduction to electric motors, including their basic function and common types such as DC motors, synchronous AC motors, and induction AC motors. It then discusses assessing motor load and efficiency, highlighting factors that influence efficiency like age, load level, and temperature. The document concludes by outlining several energy efficiency opportunities for electric motors, such as using high-efficiency motors, reducing underloading, improving power quality, proper sizing for variable loads, and regular maintenance.
The document discusses the operation of synchronous motors connected to large power systems. Some key points:
1) Synchronous motors operate similarly to synchronous generators but consume power instead of supplying it.
2) When connected to a large power system represented as an "infinite bus", the motor's speed is locked to the system frequency and its voltage matches the system voltage.
3) Under steady state operation, the motor supplies constant speed power to loads while drawing constant real power from the system. An increase in load causes the motor's torque angle to increase to produce more torque.
1) AC motors can be categorized as induction motors or synchronous motors. Induction motors are the most common type and can be single-phase or three-phase.
2) Three-phase induction motors have a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. The rotor can be a squirrel cage design or wound rotor design. Squirrel cage rotors are simpler and require less maintenance.
3) Synchronous motors rotate at exactly the same speed as the frequency of the power supply. They are more efficient than induction motors but require an external mechanism to start rotating.
The document describes different types of circuit breakers including air blast circuit breakers, oil circuit breakers, SF6 circuit breakers, and vacuum circuit breakers. It provides details on their construction, working principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Air blast circuit breakers use compressed air to extinguish arcs, while oil circuit breakers absorb arc energy through oil decomposition. SF6 circuit breakers have very short arcing times due to SF6's arc quenching properties. Vacuum circuit breakers interrupt current at the first current zero using a vacuum as the arc quenching medium.
Motors use electromagnetic induction to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. AC motors have a stationary stator and rotating rotor that interact via magnetic fields generated by alternating currents. DC motors consist of an armature winding and stator winding, with the armature acting as the rotor. Motor starters are used to control motor speed and current during starting to prevent damage. Common motor starters include magnetic, full-voltage, reversing, reduced-voltage, and solid-state starters. Reduced-voltage starters gradually apply voltage during starting for smoother acceleration.
This document provides an overview of electric motors used in industry. It begins with an introduction that defines electric motors and notes they account for 70% of industrial electrical load. It then outlines the training agenda which will cover motor types, assessment, and efficiency opportunities. The document proceeds to describe the different types of electric motors including alternating current motors like induction and synchronous, as well as direct current motors. It provides details on motor components, operation, and classifications. Finally, it discusses factors that influence motor efficiency and how motors lose energy while serving a load.
This document discusses different types of single-phase induction motors, including their operating principles, starting methods, and characteristics. It describes split-phase, capacitor-start, capacitor-run, and capacitor-start/capacitor-run induction motors. It also discusses shaded-pole induction motors and their applications in small, low-power devices.
This document discusses different types of electric motors, including AC motors, DC motors, and brushless DC motors. It provides details on the parts and operation of AC motors like synchronous speed calculations. It also covers single-phase motor types like split-phase, capacitor-start, and permanent split-capacitor motors. For DC motors it discusses classifications, armature voltage control, and shunt field control. Brushless DC motors are described as using transistors controlled by encoders to replace brushes.
1. The document discusses DC generators and DC motors, including their operating principles, different types (shunt, series, compound), and methods of speed and torque control.
2. Some key topics covered include separately excited DC generators, armature reaction, back EMF in motors, starting and braking methods for DC motors, and the differences between shunt, series, and compound motor characteristics.
3. The document provides information on DC machines that would be useful for understanding their design and applications.
In this slide given description about different Type of Single phase induction Motor.
i.e.Capacitor start motor
Permanent capacitor motor
Capacitor start capacitor run motor
The document discusses different types of electrical motors and their driving electronics. It provides an overview of DC motors with brushes, brushless DC motors, stepper motors, synchronous motors, and AC induction motors. It describes the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each motor type. Vector control is discussed as an improved control method for AC induction motors that allows for full torque capability at low speeds and higher efficiency. Challenges of using electrical motors in high temperature, high pressure applications like oilfield services are also summarized.
An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction. It has a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. Induction motors are the most common type, having a squirrel cage rotor. When a three-phase current is applied to the stator, it creates a rotating magnetic field that induces currents in the rotor and causes it to turn, but at a slightly slower synchronous speed due to slip. The torque and power output can be varied by changing the supply frequency or voltage.
Electric motors are electromechanical devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The document discusses types of electric motors including direct current (DC) motors and alternating current (AC) motors. It also discusses assessing motor efficiency and energy efficiency opportunities for electric motors such as using energy efficient motors, reducing underloading, improving power quality, and power factor correction.
This document discusses speed control methods for AC induction motors. It describes several methods including pole changing, stator frequency variation, stator voltage variation using a slip ring induction motor, and rotor resistance variation. It also mentions slip power recovery schemes and basic inverter circuits for variable voltage frequency control. The document provides introductions and explanations of these various speed control techniques for AC induction motors.
The single-phase induction motor uses two windings arranged perpendicularly on an iron core stator - a main winding and an auxiliary starting winding. It requires a mechanism to generate a rotating magnetic field to start, such as a capacitor, resistance, or secondary winding with phase shift. Common starting methods are split-phase, capacitor-start, and shaded-pole. Split-phase uses an auxiliary winding with phase shift. Capacitor-start uses a capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding. Shaded-pole uses shaded bands to generate phase shift. Applications depend on starting torque requirements.
This document discusses electrical drives and power electronic converters used in drive systems. It begins by introducing power electronics and its use of semiconductor devices to efficiently control electric power. Modern electrical drive systems are then described as using power electronic converters to supply AC motors for variable speed applications. Various configurations of power electronic converters are presented for both DC and AC drive systems, including AC-DC, DC-DC, and AC-AC converter types.
The document describes the key components and operating principles of DC dynamos and motors. It explains that a dynamo is a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy or vice versa. The main parts are identified as the armature windings, field poles, and commutator. Generators use mechanical input to produce electrical output via electromagnetic induction. Motors use electrical input to produce mechanical output via the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. Various types of dynamos are described, along with factors that determine the magnitude of induced voltages and forces. Formulas are provided for calculating voltage, force, and torque.
Drives are systems used for motion control that employ electric motors as prime movers, known as electrical drives. About 50% of electrical energy is used for drives, which can operate at either fixed or variable speeds, with 75% used for constant speed and 25% for variable speed applications. Variable speed drives allow controlling motor speed through adjusting input power frequency and provide benefits over constant speed drives like reduced power losses.
The document discusses various types of electric motors and generators. It begins by introducing generators, which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy, and motors, which convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. It then provides details on simple AC and DC generators, DC generators/dynamos, AC generators/alternators, DC motors, AC motors including synchronous and induction motors, and universal motors. Key points are summarized at the end.
This document provides an overview of electric motors and opportunities for improving their energy efficiency. It begins with an introduction to electric motors, including their basic function and common types such as DC motors, synchronous AC motors, and induction AC motors. It then discusses assessing motor load and efficiency, highlighting factors that influence efficiency like age, load level, and temperature. The document concludes by outlining several energy efficiency opportunities for electric motors, such as using high-efficiency motors, reducing underloading, improving power quality, proper sizing for variable loads, and regular maintenance.
The document discusses the operation of synchronous motors connected to large power systems. Some key points:
1) Synchronous motors operate similarly to synchronous generators but consume power instead of supplying it.
2) When connected to a large power system represented as an "infinite bus", the motor's speed is locked to the system frequency and its voltage matches the system voltage.
3) Under steady state operation, the motor supplies constant speed power to loads while drawing constant real power from the system. An increase in load causes the motor's torque angle to increase to produce more torque.
1) AC motors can be categorized as induction motors or synchronous motors. Induction motors are the most common type and can be single-phase or three-phase.
2) Three-phase induction motors have a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. The rotor can be a squirrel cage design or wound rotor design. Squirrel cage rotors are simpler and require less maintenance.
3) Synchronous motors rotate at exactly the same speed as the frequency of the power supply. They are more efficient than induction motors but require an external mechanism to start rotating.
The document describes different types of circuit breakers including air blast circuit breakers, oil circuit breakers, SF6 circuit breakers, and vacuum circuit breakers. It provides details on their construction, working principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Air blast circuit breakers use compressed air to extinguish arcs, while oil circuit breakers absorb arc energy through oil decomposition. SF6 circuit breakers have very short arcing times due to SF6's arc quenching properties. Vacuum circuit breakers interrupt current at the first current zero using a vacuum as the arc quenching medium.
This document outlines a technical seminar presentation on the effect of new Internet of Things (IoT) features on security and privacy. It discusses various IoT features like interdependence, constrained resources, unattended operation, mobility, ubiquity, intimacy with devices, and the myriad of devices and data. It analyzes research on security threats in different IoT application scenarios and years. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of IoT, examples applications, and concludes by summarizing threats, challenges and opportunities of each discussed IoT feature.
1) Synchronous machines are AC rotating machines whose speed is proportional to the frequency of the current in the armature. They are commonly used as generators in power grids.
2) A synchronous generator has a rotor that is excited by DC current to produce a rotating magnetic field. The rotation of this field induces AC voltage in the stationary stator windings.
3) Synchronous machines have high operating efficiency, reliability, and allow control of power factor, making them well-suited for large power generation applications like power plants.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety topics including hazards, safe working practices, emergencies, first aid procedures, and documentation. It covers various types of hazards like physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical hazards. It describes safe working practices, use of personal protective equipment, safe material handling, classification of fires and use of fire extinguishers. The document demonstrates how to deal with emergency situations, provide first aid for bleeding, wounds, burns, choking, and perform CPR. It also shows how to move injured people correctly during an emergency.
The document discusses the key concepts of induction motors. It explains that an induction motor operates by using a rotating magnetic field in the stator to induce currents in the rotor that generate torque. It describes the different components of an induction motor including the squirrel cage and wound rotors. It also discusses important concepts like slip speed, synchronous speed, rotor frequency, equivalent circuits, power flow, and how torque is developed based on the interaction between stator and rotor magnetic fields.
This document provides an overview of DC machines, including DC motors and DC generators. It discusses:
- The basic components and construction of DC machines, including the stator, rotor, field winding, armature winding, commutator, and brushes.
- The fundamentals of how DC machines operate based on electromagnetic induction principles of generator and motor action.
- The equivalent circuits used to model DC machines, representing the armature and field circuits.
- Different types of DC motors like separately excited, shunt, series, and compound motors.
- Factors that determine the speed of DC motors like armature voltage, current, and magnetic flux.
- Examples calculating voltages,
This document describes the components and working principle of a DC generator. It contains the following key points:
1. A DC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. It consists of a magnetic field and a conductor that can move to cut the magnetic flux.
2. The basic components are a magnetic frame, field coils, armature shaft, armature core and windings, commutator, and brushes. The rotating armature windings cut the magnetic flux from the stationary field coils to induce an alternating current.
3. The commutator rectifies the alternating current from the armature to produce a unidirectional current that is collected by the brushes and supplied to the external
The document discusses various topics related to DC machines including Maxwell's corkscrew rule, Fleming's left-hand and right-hand rules, Lenz's law, the construction and working principles of DC generators and motors. It describes the field system, armature, commutator, brushes, and winding types. It also covers EMF equations, characteristics, speed control methods, losses, testing, and applications of DC generators and motors.
The document summarizes new challenges facing electricity distribution and regulation in India. Key challenges include high costs from past capacity additions, financial losses for distribution companies, high transmission and distribution losses, poor supply quality, grid integration of renewables, and safety issues. Suggested solutions discussed include avoiding long-term coal contracts, encouraging large consumer migration to open access, promoting efficiency, deploying agricultural solar feeders, rationalizing tariffs, and increasing professional participation in policy processes.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
10319264.ppt
1. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• AC current reverses direction
• Two parts: stator and rotor
• Stator: stationary electrical component
• Rotor: rotates the motor shaft
• Two types
• Synchronous motor
• Induction motor
AC Motors
5. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• Most common motors in industry
• Advantages:
• Simple design
• Inexpensive
• High power to weight ratio
• Easy to maintain
• Direct connection to AC power
source
AC – Induction motor
6. Electric Motors
MECH1200
AC – Induction motor
How induction motors work
• Electricity supplied to stator
• Magnetic field generated that moves around
rotor
• Current induced in rotor
Electromagnetics
Stator
Rotor
• Rotor produces
second magnetic field
that opposes stator
magnetic field
• Rotor begins to rotate
7. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• Single-phase induction motor
• One stator winding
• Single-phase power supply
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Require device to start motor
• Up to 3 to 4 HP
• Household appliances: fans, washing
machines, dryers
AC – Induction motor
8. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Shaded-pole motor
• The shaded pole delays the
creation of the magnetic field in
that portion of the stator poles.
• This produces a magnetic field
in the shaded portion that is
approximately 90° apart from
the magnetic field produced in
the main portion of the pole.
• Considered a nonreversible
motor.
9. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Split-phase motor
• Start winding
– Many turns of heavy-gauge
wire
• Centrifugal switch opens
after start-up removing the
start winding from the
circuit.
• Reverse direction of
rotation by interchanging
run winding or start
winding connections
(preferred).
10. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Three Types of Capacitor
Start Motors
1. Capacitor Start (disconnects capacitor
after motor speed picks up)
2. Capacitor Run (Keeps the capacitor
connected during the operation of the
motor, in order to keep the electric power
consumption low)
3. Capacitor Start-Run (uses two capacitors,
one for starting and one for running. This
further improves Power Consumption)
11. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Capacitor-start motor
• Start circuit has:
– Centrifugal switch
– Start winding
– Start capacitor
• This produces higher
starting torque.
• Run winding
• Reverse direction of
rotation by interchanging
run winding or start
winding connections
(preferred).
12. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Capacitor-run motor
• The capacitor shifts the phase
on one of the windings so that
the voltage across the winding
is at 90° from the other winding
• Run capacitor produces higher
running torque.
• Start winding stays as part of
the circuit
• Run winding
• Reverse direction of rotation
by interchanging run winding
or start winding connections
(preferred).
13. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Capacitor-start/capacitor-run
motor
• Start circuit:
– Start winding
– Centrifugal switch
– Start capacitor
• Larger value produces higher
starting torque.
• Run winding
• Run capacitor
– Smaller value produces
higher running torque.
• Reverse direction of rotation
by interchanging run winding
or start
winding connections
(preferred).
16. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• Requires DC voltage for starting
excitation
• Has low starting torque
• Suited for low load applications
• Rotor of the synchronous motor
travels at the same speed as the
rotating magnetic field
AC - Synchronous motor
18. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• Constant speed fixed by system frequency
• Used where there is a need to improve the
power factor
• Synchronous speed (Ns):
AC - Synchronous motor
F = frequency of the voltage
source supplied
P = number of poles
P
F
NS
*
120
5252
*
)
(
)
(
)
( RPM
lbs
ft Speed
Torque
HP
Power
20. Electric Motors
MECH1200
4-Pole stator winding
• Each AC phase has
4 stator windings
• Each winding is in
opposite direction
from preceding
winding, making a
N-S-N-S field
• Field strength
rotates with AC
current of each
phase
21. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• Three-phase induction motor
• Three-phase supply produces
magnetic field
• Squirrel cage or wound rotor
• Self-starting
• High power capabilities
• Fractional to 100’s of HP
• Applications: pumps, compressors,
conveyor belts, grinders
• 70% of motors in industry!
AC – Induction motor
22. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• Aka: Asynchronous motor
• The induction ac motor is a
common form of an
asynchronous motor
• Is basically an AC transformer
with a rotating secondary
AC – Induction motor
23. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Components
• Rotor
•Squirrel cage:
conducting bars
in parallel slots
•Wound rotor: 3-
phase, double-layer,
distributed winding
AC – Induction motor
• Stator
• Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase
windings
• Wound for definite number of poles
24. Electric Motors
MECH1200
3-phase Induction Motor
Operation
• Arrows shows
stator magnetic field
vector
• Stator field
precedes the rotor’s
induction field
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3phase-rmf-noadd-60f-
airopt.gif
25. Electric Motors
MECH1200
• Interchange any two of the three stator
leads.
– The industry standard is to switch T1 and T3 .
• The wound-rotor induction motor is
considered to be a variable-speed motor.
• Initial cost is higher and maintenance
costs are higher than for a squirrel-cage
induction motor.
Reversing Direction of a 3 Phase Motor
27. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Changing AC Motor Speed
• Voltage – Hertz Ratio:
– Operating motor in a range different from
rated frequency and voltage affects both
torque and current .
Hertz
Voltage
Ratio
Hz
V AC
28. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Changing AC Motor Speed
• Voltage – Hertz Ratio:
– Maintaining the ratio gives a constant torque
range
Hertz
Voltage
Ratio
Hz
V AC
For a synchronous motor rated
for 3 phase, 460 volts, 60 Hz and
3600 rpm, what will be the
operating frequency and voltage
if the motor controller commands
the motor to run at 2750 rpm?
60
460
Ratio
Hz
V
7.67
P
f
NS
*
120
3600
60
*
120
P 2 poles
P
f
NS
*
120
2750
*
120
2
2750rpm
at
f
45.83 Hz
83
.
45
67
.
7
V
351.52 volts
30. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Speed and slip
• Motor never runs at synchronous
speed but lower actual rotor speed
• Difference is “slip”
• Install slip ring to avoid this
• Calculate % slip:
Ns = synchronous speed in RPM
NR = rotor speed in RPM
AC – Induction motor
100
*
%
S
R
S
N
N
N
Slip
31. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Wound-rotor induction motor
• The rotor contains
windings.
• Slip rings and brushes
provide an electrical
connection to the rotor
windings.
• The wound-rotor induction
motor is considered to be a
variable-speed motor.
• Initial cost is higher and
maintenance costs are
higher than for a squirrel-
cage induction motor.
32. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Relationship: load, speed and torque
Starting Torque
(aka LRT): high
torque and low
speed
“Pull-up” torque:
lower torque and
increasing speed
“Breakdown”
torque: 75%
speed and
highest
torque = 178.6
ft-#’S
Full load torque: motor
operates at rated voltage,
frequency and load and
stator current are zero
30 HP
1765 RPM
33. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Torque Curve
Calculate:
Speed at 100% full load current
% Slip
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 98 100
%
Full
Load
Current
% Synchorous Speed
Torque Curve For Asychronous Induction Motor
with a synchronous speed of 1800 RPM
35. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Types of Motor Enclosures
• ODP – Open Drip Proof
– Air flows through motor (fan blades help flow)
– Used in environments free from contaminants
36. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Types of Motor Enclosures
• TENV – Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilating
– Protect motor from corrosive and harmful elements
– Frame fins help to dissipate heat
37. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Types of Motor Enclosures
• TEFC – Totally enclosed Fan Cooled
– Similar to TENV except has external fan for cooling
40. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Summary
• DC motors are:
– permanent magnet
– series-wound,
– shunt-wound,
– compound-wound
• AC single phase motors are:
– the shaded-pole,
– split-phase,
– capacitor-start,
– capacitor-run,
– capacitor-start/ capacitor-run
41. Electric Motors
MECH1200
Questions
• Name two motors that do not need brushes for
their rotor windings.
• Which motor supplies the highest output torque to
weight ratio?
• Why is it not recommended to use dc motors in
artificial hearts?
• In an environment that contains explosive gases,
such as in mines, which motor do you recommend
using:
a) series dc motor b) shunt dc motor
c) induction motor d) universal motor
Editor's Notes
Alternating current (AC) motors use an electrical current, which reverses its direction at regular intervals.
An AC motor has two basic electrical parts: a "stator" and a "rotor". The stator is in the stationary electrical component. The rotor is the rotating electrical component, which in turn rotates the motor shaft.
The main advantage of DC motors over AC motors is that speed is more difficult to control for AC motors. To compensate for this, AC motors can be equipped with variable frequency drives but the improved speed control comes together with a reduced power quality.
There are two types of AC motors: synchronous (see figure) and induction. The main difference between the synchronous motor and the induction motor is that the rotor of the synchronous motor travels at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field.
Alternating current (AC) motors use an electrical current, which reverses its direction at regular intervals.
An AC motor has two basic electrical parts: a "stator" and a "rotor". The stator is in the stationary electrical component. The rotor is the rotating electrical component, which in turn rotates the motor shaft.
The main advantage of DC motors over AC motors is that speed is more difficult to control for AC motors. To compensate for this, AC motors can be equipped with variable frequency drives but the improved speed control comes together with a reduced power quality.
There are two types of AC motors: synchronous (see figure) and induction. The main difference between the synchronous motor and the induction motor is that the rotor of the synchronous motor travels at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field.
Induction motors are the most common motors used for various equipments in industry.
Their popularity is due to
their simple design,
they are inexpensive (half or less of the cost of a DC motor)
High power to weight ratio (about twice that of a DC motor)
easy to maintain
can be directly connected to an AC power source
Induction motors work as follows:
Electricity is supplied to the stator, which generates a magnetic field.
This magnetic field moves at synchronous speed around the rotor, which in turn induces a current in the rotor.
The rotor current produces a second magnetic field, which tries to oppose the stator magnetic field, and this causes the rotor to rotate.
Induction motors can be classified into two main groups: single-phase and three-phase induction motors
Single-phase induction motors. These only have one stator winding, operate with a single-phase power supply, have a squirrel cage rotor, and require a device to get the motor started. This is by far the most common type of motor used in household appliances, such as fans, washing machines and clothes dryers, and for applications for up to 3 to 4 horsepower.
A synchronous motor is an AC motor, which runs at constant speed fixed by frequency of the system.
It requires direct current (DC) for excitation and has low starting torque, and synchronous motors are therefore suited for applications that start with a low load, such as air compressors, frequency changes and motor generators.
Synchronous motors are able to improve the power factor of a system, which is why they are often used in systems that use a lot of electricity.
This motor rotates at a synchronous speed, which is given by the following equation
Ns = 120 f / P
Where:
f = frequency of the supply frequency
P= number of poles
A synchronous motor is an AC motor, which runs at constant speed fixed by frequency of the system.
It requires direct current (DC) for excitation and has low starting torque, and synchronous motors are therefore suited for applications that start with a low load, such as air compressors, frequency changes and motor generators.
Synchronous motors are able to improve the power factor of a system, which is why they are often used in systems that use a lot of electricity.
This motor rotates at a synchronous speed, which is given by the following equation
Ns = 120 f / P
Where:
f = frequency of the supply frequency
P= number of poles
Arrow in stator depicts magnetic field of windings according to the left hand rule. X is out of plane; dot is into plane.
Induction motors can be classified into two main groups:
Single-phase induction motors. These only have one stator winding, operate with a single-phase power supply, have a squirrel cage rotor, and require a device to get the motor started. This is by far the most common type of motor used in household appliances, such as fans, washing machines and clothes dryers, and for applications for up to 3 to 4 horsepower.
Three-phase induction motors. The rotating magnetic field is produced by the balanced three-phase supply. These motors have high power capabilities, can have squirrel cage or wound rotors (although 90% have a squirrel cage rotor), and are self-starting. It is estimated that about 70% of motors in industry are of this type, are used in, for example, pumps, compressors, conveyor belts, heavy-duty electrical networks, and grinders. They are available in 1/3 to hundreds of horsepower ratings.
An induction motor has two main electrical components as shown in the figure
Rotor. Induction motors use two types of rotors:
A squirrel-cage rotor consists of thick conducting bars embedded in parallel slots. These bars are short-circuited at both ends by means of short-circuiting rings.
A wound rotor has a three-phase, double-layer, distributed winding. It is wound for as many poles as the stator. The three phases are wired internally and the other ends are connected to slip-rings mounted on a shaft with brushes resting on them.
Stator. The stator is made up of a number of stampings with slots to carry three-phase windings. It is wound for a definite number of poles. The windings are geometrically spaced 120 degrees apart
From wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3phase-rmf-noadd-60f-airopt.gif
WARNING Animation shows flaws when GIF is resized. The reason for this behavior is unclear, but it is common both to Mozilla and Konqueror on Linux. Any advice welcome (mtodorov3_69@yahoo.com). Note: IE 7.0 does not seem to share this deficiency. (The error seems to affect Chrome on Windows XP too)
Model of 3 phase synchronous electric motor with animated vector adding of stator coil magnetic fields. Stator phases R, S and T have sine current shifted by 120 degrees between each. Magnetic field is proportional to current in linear approximation. Magnetic field vectors of the phases add up on the axis of the motor as vectors, combining into single rotating vector according to parallelogram law, which is clearly visible. Rotor has a constant current and hence constant magnetic field, which shows the inclination to follow rotating magnetic field of the stator coils, causing rotor to rotate. This particular image shows phase vectors change in time, the other one sums them using parallelogram theorem.
In practice however, the motor never runs at synchronous speed but at a lower “base speed”. The difference between these two speeds is the “slip”, which increases with higher loads. Slip only occurs in all induction motors. To avoid slip, a slip ring can be installed, and these motors are called “slip ring motors”. The following equation can be used to calculate the percentage slip
% Slip = Ns – Nb x 100
Ns
Where:
Ns = synchronous speed in RPM
Nb = base speed in RPM
The figure shows the typical torque-speed curve of a three-phase AC induction motor with a fixed current. When the motor:
(Click once) Starts there is a high starting current and low torque (“pull-up torque”).
(Click once) Reaches 80% of the full speed, the torque is at its highest level (“pull-out torque”) and the current begins to drop.
(Click once) Is at full speed, or synchronous speed, the torque and stator current drop to zero.
More questions:
How does the rotor of a dc motor maintain electrical contact with its commutation circuit?
Name two motors that do not need brushes for their rotor windings.