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The document discusses different types of skepticism and views on perception and knowledge. It outlines two basic types of skepticism - academic skepticism which questions whether we can distinguish perceptions from illusions, and pyrrhonian skepticism which says we must withhold all judgment. Regarding perception, direct realism holds that we directly perceive physical objects, representationalism is that we perceive sensory representations, and phenomenalism is that physical objects do not exist independently of sense impressions.
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The document discusses different types of skepticism about perception and knowledge. It outlines two basic types of skepticism - academic skepticism which asserts we cannot have knowledge of propositions, and pyrrhonian skepticism which says we must withhold judgment altogether. There are also different views on perception - direct realism which holds that objects of perception exist independently, representationalism which argues we only perceive representations caused by external objects, and phenomenalism which claims physical objects do not exist independently of sense impressions. The document also discusses counterarguments to skepticism like empirical evidence for knowledge of the external world, and responses that this begs the question by assuming what skepticism denies.
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The document discusses several philosophical theories of knowledge:
1) Empiricism claims knowledge comes from sense experience, while rationalism claims ideas are formed through reason alone.
2) Skepticism doubts the possibility of certain knowledge from senses or reason.
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The document discusses different theories of perception from common sense realism to phenomenalism to phenomenology. It outlines some of the key ideas from each view: common sense realism holds we directly perceive objects through the senses, while representational realism and phenomenalism argue we only indirectly perceive sense data or ideas. Phenomenology, represented by Merleau-Ponty, argues knowing involves interpretation and that perception centers around attention, the body, and sensory synthesis rather than isolated sensations. The document concludes that phenomenology best accounts for the full range of human perceptual experience.
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Knowledge is justified true belief according to Plato's theory of knowledge, requiring that a belief be justified, true, and actually held. Belief is more subjective than knowledge and exists on a continuum with knowledge, where strongly supported beliefs move closer to knowledge. While knowledge distinguishes truth and is objective, belief can be justified through personal experience, intuition, or being told by others, making it a more subjective state than knowledge.
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The document discusses the differences between truth, belief, and knowledge. It presents examples of statements that are considered truths, beliefs, or claims of knowledge. Some key differences discussed include:
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The document discusses different types of skepticism about perception and knowledge. It outlines two basic types of skepticism - academic skepticism which asserts we cannot have knowledge of propositions, and pyrrhonian skepticism which says we must withhold judgment altogether. There are also different views on perception - direct realism which holds that objects of perception exist independently, representationalism which argues we only perceive representations caused by external objects, and phenomenalism which claims physical objects do not exist independently of sense impressions. The document also discusses counterarguments to skepticism like empirical evidence for knowledge of the external world, and responses that this begs the question by assuming what skepticism denies.
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The document discusses several philosophical theories of knowledge:
1) Empiricism claims knowledge comes from sense experience, while rationalism claims ideas are formed through reason alone.
2) Skepticism doubts the possibility of certain knowledge from senses or reason.
3) Correspondence theory holds that true beliefs correspond to reality while false beliefs do not. It is criticized for not allowing for false beliefs.
4) Pragmatic theory claims ideas are true if they have practical and desirable consequences. It is criticized for allowing truth to vary between individuals.
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The document discusses different theories of perception from common sense realism to phenomenalism to phenomenology. It outlines some of the key ideas from each view: common sense realism holds we directly perceive objects through the senses, while representational realism and phenomenalism argue we only indirectly perceive sense data or ideas. Phenomenology, represented by Merleau-Ponty, argues knowing involves interpretation and that perception centers around attention, the body, and sensory synthesis rather than isolated sensations. The document concludes that phenomenology best accounts for the full range of human perceptual experience.
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Knowledge is justified true belief according to Plato's theory of knowledge, requiring that a belief be justified, true, and actually held. Belief is more subjective than knowledge and exists on a continuum with knowledge, where strongly supported beliefs move closer to knowledge. While knowledge distinguishes truth and is objective, belief can be justified through personal experience, intuition, or being told by others, making it a more subjective state than knowledge.
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The document discusses the differences between truth, belief, and knowledge. It presents examples of statements that are considered truths, beliefs, or claims of knowledge. Some key differences discussed include:
- Truths are statements that correspond to objective facts, while beliefs are opinions or perspectives that may or may not correspond to facts.
- Knowledge requires that a belief be both true and justified through evidence or reasoning. However, a true and justified belief may not necessarily count as knowledge if the justification is fallible or due to luck rather than solid evidence.
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According to Plato, true knowledge requires justified true belief. In his Simile of the Line, he outlines four levels of understanding - images, sensible objects, concepts, and Forms. Images are dependent representations, while sensible objects are physical things. Concepts involve theories and sciences. However, only grasping the eternal and perfect Forms, which exist independently of the physical world, constitutes the highest level of knowledge. The Forms are archetypes that sensible objects imperfectly imitate.
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The document defines various sources of knowledge including senses, intuition, authority, and reason. It discusses each source in detail and notes both strengths and limitations. The senses are described as the most important source but also prone to providing a useful rather than objective reality. Intuition can provide insights but often proves incorrect. Authority and reason can generate new knowledge but depend on initial facts being accurate. The document also defines educational research as a systematic process to improve education through applying scientific methods. It notes research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory and discusses qualitative and quantitative methods.
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2) However, criticisms of religious experiences note that they are varied, contradictory, vague, and often rely on circular reasoning by conforming to preexisting beliefs.
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The document defines knowledge as a justified true belief consisting of three elements: truth, belief, and justification. Justification can come through language, perception, reason, or emotion. For a belief to be considered true, it must always have been and remain true. There are three types of belief: vague, well-supported, and beyond reasonable doubt. The relationship between knowledge, belief, justification, and truth is explained using the equation K=JTB (knowledge equals justified true belief).
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Rationalism holds that some knowledge comes from intuition alone or can be deduced from intuitive knowledge. The intuition/deduction thesis claims that some propositions can be known intuitively and others deduced from them. The innate knowledge thesis says we have innate knowledge as part of our rational nature. The innate concept thesis says we have innate concepts. Empiricism claims all knowledge comes from experience, either external sense experience or internal reflection. Locke argued against innate ideas and said knowledge comes only from sensation and reflection on sense experiences. While rationalism and empiricism differ on the source of knowledge, some overlap exists between the views.
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This document discusses different aspects of epistemology and the theory of knowledge. It addresses what knowledge is according to different philosophers like Plato, the types of knowledge including propositional and procedural knowledge. It also examines how we acquire knowledge through different theories like empiricism and rationalism. The document analyzes concepts like justification, belief, truth, skepticism and addresses issues like the Gettier problem, externalism vs internalism, the regress problem and responses to it like foundationalism, coherentism and foundherentism. It also briefly mentions other topics related to knowledge acquisition like perception, memory, reason, testimony and consciousness.
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1. The document discusses different aspects of how mental maps and beliefs are formed.
2. It explains that mental maps are influenced by a variety of sources like teachers, friends, family, books, and culture.
3. Mental maps can distort reality and be influenced by biases without us realizing it, so common sense and intuition cannot always be trusted.
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Plato's theory of forms proposes that there are two realms: the physical realm of objects we can perceive with our senses, and the realm of forms which contains the ideal, eternal versions of things. According to Plato, the physical world is just an imperfect imitation of the true forms that exist in the realm of forms. The document discusses how this theory challenges ideas about what is real, and whether our own existence and experiences could truly be considered real. It also raises philosophical questions about whether concepts like love, emotions, and even God are products of human ideas or could have a true existence beyond what is physically present in our reality.
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The document discusses the view of knowledge innatism, which holds that some truths are innate or inherent in humans and not derived from experience. It examines various arguments and examples in support of this view, such as Plato's doctrine of forms, which proposes that knowledge of abstract concepts like mathematics precede experience. However, the document also outlines Locke's critique of innatism in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, where he argues that experience is sufficient to explain all human knowledge and that there is no evidence certain ideas are universally innate.
The problem of induction of David Hume
The problem of induction is the philosophical question of whether the inductive reasoning leads to knowledge.
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Indirect realism holds that the immediate objects of perception are mind-dependent sense-data caused by and representing mind-independent physical objects. This view faces two main issues:
1) It leads to skepticism about whether the external world exists, as we can only perceive sense-data and not physical objects directly. Responses point to the coherence of sensory experiences and the external world as the "best hypothesis."
2) It leads to skepticism about our ability to know the true nature of the external world, as sense-data only represent it. Responses note sense-data reveal relations between objects and distinguish primary from secondary qualities of objects.
The document discusses these issues through the views of philosophers like Descartes, Lock
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The document summarizes a dialogue between three characters - Demea, Cleanthes, and Philo - discussing the existence and nature of God. Cleanthes argues that order in the universe implies an intelligent designer similar to humans. Philo critiques this argument, noting that the universe is vastly more complex than human artifacts and we cannot assume it operates under the same principles. Demea agrees with Philo that God's nature is unknowable to humans. The dialogue explores the limitations of using experience to infer characteristics of God.
Empiricist epistemology – Hume & Kant
David Hume believed that empiricism had not been fully and consistently applied. He argued that there are only analytic and synthetic propositions, and that synthetic propositions must be derived from sense data. However, concepts like God and causality cannot be traced to sense data, making them "nonsense" according to Hume. Hume also argued that the self is an illusion, as when we introspect we only find particular perceptions and not a continuous self. Immanuel Kant sought to address problems with both rationalism and empiricism by arguing that while knowledge comes from sense data, the mind structures and organizes this data using innate categories like unity and plurality.
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Why do people believe the things they believe? What does it even mean to “know” something is true, and how can we determine what is true? In this sermon by Harmony member Mike Markey, you'll learn about epistemology—the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
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This document provides an overview of key figures and theories in epistemology, the study of knowledge. It discusses Plato's view that knowledge comes from rational concepts rather than experience, Descartes' view that knowledge begins with doubting all beliefs except one's own existence, Locke's view that the mind begins as a blank slate filled by experience, Berkeley's idealism that objects only exist when perceived, Hume's skepticism of abstract concepts and generalization from experience, and Kant's view that both rational concepts and experience shape our knowledge of objects.
David hume
David Hume was an 18th century Scottish philosopher who made important contributions to epistemology and the theory of empiricism. Some of his key ideas were that all knowledge comes from experience rather than reason, that inductive reasoning cannot logically prove causes and effects, and that custom and habit, rather than reason, guide our beliefs and judgments about the future based on the past. He argued against rationalists like Descartes and believed that nothing can be known except what is based on the direct evidence of our senses.
kant vs. hume
Kant sought to address a flaw in Hume's view that knowledge could only come from empirical matters of fact or rational connections of ideas known a priori. Kant introduced a new class of propositions called "synthetic a priori" propositions. These propositions expand knowledge through connections of ideas that are known independently of experience. Kant argued pure mathematics contains synthetic a priori propositions because mathematical concepts are constructed from pure intuitions of space and time that are imposed on objects a priori. This allowed metaphysical concepts to also be known through synthetic a priori propositions, resolving issues metaphysics faced.
Course 0837 assingment 1 roll no ce529580
The document defines various sources of knowledge including senses, intuition, authority, and reason. It discusses each source in detail and notes both strengths and limitations. The senses are described as the most important source but also prone to providing a useful rather than objective reality. Intuition can provide insights but often proves incorrect. Authority and reason can generate new knowledge but depend on initial facts being accurate. The document also defines educational research as a systematic process to improve education through applying scientific methods. It notes research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory and discusses qualitative and quantitative methods.
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1) The document discusses the argument from religious experience for the existence of God. It claims that religious experiences are said to offer a strong argument in favor of God, though not a conclusive proof.
2) However, criticisms of religious experiences note that they are varied, contradictory, vague, and often rely on circular reasoning by conforming to preexisting beliefs.
3) Religious experiences also cannot be confirmed since they offer no way to make accurate predictions or check the veracity of their claims, which is generally taken as evidence an explanation is faulty.
Difference between knowledge and belief
The document defines knowledge as a justified true belief consisting of three elements: truth, belief, and justification. Justification can come through language, perception, reason, or emotion. For a belief to be considered true, it must always have been and remain true. There are three types of belief: vague, well-supported, and beyond reasonable doubt. The relationship between knowledge, belief, justification, and truth is explained using the equation K=JTB (knowledge equals justified true belief).
What is knowledge 2016 revision virtue epistemology
Reliabilism focuses on the reliability of belief-forming processes, while virtue epistemology focuses on the character traits of the knower. Virtue epistemology subsumes and addresses issues with foundationalism, coherentism, and reliabilism by defining knowledge as true belief arising from intellectual virtues like sound reasoning, perception, and memory. It explains why Gettier cases and unreliable beliefs are not knowledge. However, virtue epistemology is criticized for not precisely specifying how to justify beliefs and for potentially changing standards of knowledge over time and circumstances.
Beliefs versus Knowledge
The document outlines different categories of beliefs and knowledge regarding theism, atheism, and related concepts. It defines theism as a belief in the supernatural, and atheism as lacking such a belief. Belief can range from absolutism to deism, and knowledge positions include gnosticism, agnosticism, ignosticism, and apathetic agnosticism. Various combinations of beliefs and knowledge stances are described as existing within these overarching categories.
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First Enquiry David Hume 12 The sceptical philosophy‘But .docx
First Enquiry David Hume 12: The sceptical philosophy
‘But with regard to your main line of thought’ (I continued)
‘there occurs to me a difficulty that I shall just propose to
you without insisting on it, lest it lead into reasonings of
too subtle and delicate a nature. Briefly, then, I very much
doubt that it’s possible for a cause to be known only by its
effect (as you have supposed all through) or to be so singular
and particular that it has no parallel or similarity with any
other cause or object we have ever observed. It is only when
two kinds of objects are found to be constantly conjoined
that we can infer one from the other; and if we encountered
an effect that was entirely singular, and couldn’t be placed
in any known kind, I don’t see that we could conjecture
or infer anything at all concerning its cause. If experience
and observation and analogy really are the only guides we
can reasonably follow in inferences of this sort, both the
effect and the cause must have some similarity to other
effects and causes that we already know and have found
often to be conjoined with each other. I leave it to you to
think through the consequences of this principle. I shall
merely remark that, as the antagonists of Epicurus always
suppose that the universe, an effect that is quite singular
and unparalleled, is proof of a god, a cause no less singular
and unparalleled, your reasonings about this seem at least
to merit our attention. There is, I admit, some difficulty in
grasping how we can ever return from the cause to the effect,
and by reasoning from our ideas of the cause infer anything
new about the effect.’
Section 12: The sceptical philosophy
Philosophical arguments proving the existence of a god and
refuting the fallacies of atheists outnumber the arguments
on any other topic. Yet most religious philosophers still
disagree about whether any man can be so blinded as to
be an atheist. How shall we reconcile these contradictions?
The knights-errant who wandered about to clear the world
of dragons and giants never had the least doubt that these
monsters existed!
The sceptic is another enemy of religion who naturally
arouses the indignation of all religious authorities and of
the more solemn philosophers; yet it’s certain that nobody
ever met such an absurd creature ·as a sceptic·, or talked
with a man who had no opinion on any subject, practical
or theoretical. So the question naturally arises: What is
meant by ‘sceptic’? And how far it is possible to push these
philosophical principles of doubt and uncertainty?
Descartes and others have strongly recommended one
kind of scepticism, to be practised in advance of philosophy
or any other studies. It preserves us, they say, against
error and rash judgment. It recommends that we should
doubt not only all our former opinions and principles but
also our very faculties. The reliability of our faculties, these
philosophers say, is something we must be assured of by a
chain of reasoning, deduced fr ...
10-5
Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what can be known. There are two main views on how knowledge is acquired: rationalism and empiricism. Rationalists believe some knowledge comes from innate ideas or concepts that are known a priori through intuition or deduction, while empiricists believe all knowledge comes from experience through the senses a posteriori. Rationalists like Descartes argued reason is superior to sense experience as the source of knowledge, while empiricists like Locke argued there are no innate ideas and knowledge comes only from sensation and reflection on sense experiences.
Epistemology and the problem of knowledge
The document discusses epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, scope, and validity of knowledge. It defines epistemology and examines what constitutes knowledge, including the traditional definition of knowledge as justified true belief. The document also explores the sources of knowledge according to rationalism and empiricism, and theories of truth such as the correspondence theory.
edu
This document discusses perception and how it relates to gaining knowledge. It addresses several key points:
1. Perception is shaped by context, expectations, and emotions. Our senses can be fallible and perceptions vary between individuals.
2. While perception provides important knowledge, we cannot take it as absolute truth. We can gain a more accurate understanding by using multiple senses, considering coherence, and relying on independent testimony.
3. Theories of reality range from common-sense realism to phenomenalism. Ultimately, perception cannot reveal ultimate reality as our senses are limited and reality may differ from our perceptions. While perception cannot provide certainty, it can still form a basis for reliable knowledge when consistent with other ways of
Sources of knowledge
There are two main types of knowledge: a posteriori knowledge gained through experience via senses like perception, introspection, and memory; and a priori knowledge gained through reason independently of experience. A posteriori knowledge comes from internal sources like perception, introspection, and memory as well as external sources like testimony from others and knowledge from authorities. A priori knowledge comes from reasoning through logic and forming rational insights. Science combines both rationalism and empiricism by collecting empirical data through observation and testing hypotheses rationally. Other potential sources like intuition and tenacity are more questionable due to possible misinterpretations or clinging to beliefs despite evidence.
What are the limitations of rationalism of empiricismSolutio.pdf
What are the limitations of rationalism? of empiricism?
Solution
The term ‘rationalist’ originates from the Latinratio; meaning reason. Rationalists believe that
thenature of human knowledge is logic. The main argument forrationalism is based on the
assumption that knowledge requirescertainty. Therefore, one can only claim to possess
knowledge if itis logically impossible to prove that they are wrong. Rationalstatements are
known a priori, or independent of experience. Itstruth or falsity can be proven by reasoning
alone. The claim‘two add three equals five’ is rational. From ourknowledge of the concept, it
cannot be otherwise. Therefore we saythat a priori truths are necessarily true. Likewise, ‘asquare
has four sides’ is also known a priori and isnecessarily true, for a square has four sides by
definition. We canwork it out by logic alone. A priori truths tend to be associatedwith maths and
geometry.
The term ‘empirical’ comes from the Greekemperia, meaning experience. An empirical
statement is onewhose truth or falsity can be known by experience alone. The term‘experience’
refers to the senses of sight, sound,touch, taste, and smell. Unlike rationalism, empiricism claims
thatprior to experience, the mind is like a ‘blank slate’and we have no innate a priori knowledge.
Empirical claims areknown a posteiori, or through experience. For example, the claim‘There are
three people in the room’ would be known aposteriori. It would be impossible to work out by
reason. It canonly be known through experience. However, it could have beenotherwise; there
could only have been two people in the room.Therefore, we say that empirical claims are
contingently true.Empirical truths are associated with scientific research and theway the world
works. Everything we know about the world is known aposteriori.
Plato, René Descartes and Goltfreid Wilhelm Von Leibnizwere all rationalist philosophers. Plato
argued that themathematical concepts of a triangle, the fact that all three anglesadd up to 180, for
example, were indubitable and eternal. However,any triangle which we may see in the
experiential world will neverbe quite perfect. Perhaps it would be slightly crooked. It willonly be
an approximate of the ideal triangle. Therefore Platoconcluded that logic is a vastly superior
means to obtain knowledgethan through the senses.
Being a mathematician, Descartes was drawn to the rationalapproach. In his first meditation, ‘of
things which we maydoubt’, he firmly rejects the senses as unreliable, for hehas often found
himself deceived by them before. Descartesconsidered arithmetic and geometry, which ‘regard
merely thesimplest and most general of objects’ to be more reliablethan physics and medicine,
For physics and medicine rely uponexperience whereas geometry relies purely on logic.
Descartesfamously claimed to gain knowledge of his own existence from thefact that he was
thinking.
Hume, Berkeley, and Lock were all empiricists. Lock stronglydisagreed with Descartes that.
Rationalism
Rationalism holds that reason rather than experience is the chief source of knowledge. It asserts that some knowledge can be known a priori through reason alone. Major rationalists include Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. While rationalists believe in substantive a priori knowledge, empiricists deny this and assert that all knowledge comes from experience. Rationalism emphasizes innate ideas, logical necessity, and that knowledge through reason is more certain than knowledge gained through the senses. However, empiricists critique rationalism by arguing we have no way to verify innate ideas and that most ideas still rely on experience in some way.
David Hume Essay
David Hume developed a theory of knowledge based on empiricism. He believed that all knowledge comes from experience, and that experiences exist in the mind as individual impressions or ideas. According to Hume, we can only have true knowledge of matters of fact and relations of ideas that can be directly observed or inferred from observation. He was skeptical that we can have certain knowledge of causation or make predictions about the future based on the past.
10 epistemelogy
This document discusses epistemology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge. It addresses questions like what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what can be known. The document outlines several key approaches in epistemology, such as rationalism which emphasizes the power of reason, and empiricism which prioritizes sense experience and evidence from the senses. It also summarizes perspectives from important epistemologists like Plato, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant regarding the nature and limits of knowledge.
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L-name 1
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Date
Empiricism vs. Rationalism
Epistemology is the study of knowledge, what knowledge is, what we can know and how we can know it. The two main parts of Epistemology are Empiricism and Rationalism. The disagreement between rationalism and empiricism is the way in which we gain knowledge. Rationalism is a theory that reason is the basis of all certainty of knowledge whereas empiricism is based on the principles that all knowledge comes from experience especially that from our senses and that the knowledge we acquire is the basis of our understanding. Rational knowledge occurs in any situation where we are taught something. Impersonal or propositional knowledge are examples of rational knowledge for the reason that through both logic is used to acquire knowledge. Rational knowledge requires the mind to be active in gaining knowledge whereas experience is downplayed. Descartes is a key rationalist thinker.
Empiricists share the view that there is no such thing as innate knowledge, and that instead knowledge is derived from experience either sensed via the five senses or reasoned via the brain or mind. A key Empiricist is John Locke. Each theory, however, has a problem of knowledge because you can never solely have empirical or rational knowledge. This essay will explore the arguments for each theory in turn.
The fundamental idea of Empiricism is that we can only be sure of something once it has been tested, proven and experienced. An Empiricist would argue that we ought to only make decisions once a person has got the information needed in order to make fact, usually by using the five senses. Empiricism has been used to explain aspects in philosophy and science. Empiricism in philosophy focuses on the roles of experience and evidence and the use of humans’ sensory awareness. In science, empiricism is associated with the knowledge that is based upon evidence, which has been gained through scientific experiment in order to prove.
It may be argued that Empiricism is ‘simpler’, as rationalism has one more entity that exists which is innate knowledge. According to empiricism, the innate knowledge is unobservable and inefficacious, it does not do anything. It is knowledge that may never be used. Using ‘Ockham’s Razor’, a principle that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible, Empiricism is easily the simpler theory.
Another argument, is the argument of color. Those with a sight impairment would be unable to know what colors look like as they would be unable to see them. The only way to have known about colors would be to see them and experience them. However, Descartes and Plato would reject this argument, arguing that we have innate knowledge of the forms [mathematical objects and concepts], moral concepts [goodness, beauty, virtue and piety] and possibly color. Descartes believes that the idea of God, or perfection and infinity and knowledge of ...
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGEPerception has traditionally been considered.docx
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
Perception has traditionally been considered our most reliable guide to the truth. That perception is considered a source of knowledge should not surprise us, for most of our information about the world comes to us through our senses. If our senses weren’t reliable, we could not have survived as long as we have. But even though senses are reliable, they’re not infallible. The existence of illusions and hallu- cinations demonstrates that our senses can’t always be trusted.
Illusions and hallucinations occur only under certain circum- stances, however. Only when we, our tools, or our environment are in a state that impedes the accurate flow of information do our senses lead us astray. For example, if we are injured, anxious, or drugged; if our glasses are cracked, our hearing aid broken, or our measuring devices malfunctioning; or if it is dark, noisy, or foggy, then our obser- vations may be mistaken. But if we have good reason to believe that no such impediments to accurate perception are present, then we have good reason to believe what we perceive.
Just as perception is considered a source of knowledge about the external world, introspection is considered a source of knowledge about the internal world, that is, about our mental states. Some peo- ple have considered this source of knowledge to be infallible. We may be mistaken about many things, they argue, but we cannot be mis- taken about the contents of our own minds. We may be mistaken, for example, about whether we see a tree, but we cannot be mistaken about whether we seem to see a tree. But we must be careful here. While we may infallibly know what our experience is like, we may not infallibly know that it is of a certain sort. In other words, we may mis- categorize or misdescribe what we experience. Infatuation, for example, may be mistaken for love, jealousy for envy, rage for anger. So the beliefs we form through introspection about our current expe- rience are not infallible.
Similarly, the beliefs we form through introspection about our dispositional mental states are not infallible. There are certain mental states (like believing, wanting, hoping, fearing, and so on) that we may be in even though we are not currently feeling or doing anything in particular. Such states are called dispositional because to be in them is to have a tendency to feel or do certain things under certain conditions. For example, if you are afraid of snakes, you will normally have a tendency to feel fear and run away when you see one. Unfor- tunately, we can deceive ourselves about our dispositional mental states. We may believe, for example, that we are in love when we really aren’t. Or we may believe that we don’t have a certain desire when we really do. Since introspection is not error free, it is not an infallible source of knowledge about our mental states.
Though introspection is fallible, it can still be trusted. Our beliefs about our mental states are about as certain as they.
Neuroeconomics Critique Part 2
This one focues on evolutionary psychology and critiques through a discussion of Hume, Kant and Hegel
Philosophy of-the-human-person
This presentation was created by Mr. Robert Mayonilla, a professor of Ateneo de Zamboanga University, Philosophy Department.
Tok Sample Essay
Tok Essay
TOK Knowledge Essay
Tok Sense Perception
Essay Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Platos Theory of Knowledge Essay
Tok Emotion Essay
Possession of Knowledge Tok Essay
Tok
Getting The Eyes Of Knowledge
1. The document discusses different types of knowledge - direct sensory perception, reasoning, and knowledge from scripture.
2. It argues that direct perception and reasoning have limitations and defects, as the senses are imperfect and speculation leaves us uncertain.
3. The only way to attain perfect and absolute knowledge is through knowledge from Vedic scripture, as it comes directly from God without human interpretation and is not limited by the senses. This knowledge can lead one to the highest truth and realization.
L5 the way of reason
Rationalism holds that reason rather than experience is the basis of knowledge. Two main rationalist philosophers discussed are Plato and Descartes.
Plato believed that knowledge comes from innate ideas and recollection of forms from our pre-earthly existence. He believed that reason allows understanding of transcendent truths. Descartes developed a method of intuition and deduction, believing that some truths about reality can be intuitively known with certainty and further knowledge deduced from intuitions.
Descartes presented rules in his Discourse on Method to ensure the intellect can grasp all that can be known through orderly and certain processes of reason alone.
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- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
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