10/10 The senses
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The document discusses the five main human senses - touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight. It describes the key components of each sensory system, including skin receptors, taste buds, the nose, ears, eyes and retina. Each sense is specialized to receive a different type of stimulus from the environment and transmit that sensory information to the brain via specialized nerves.
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The document discusses the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. It describes the organs and processes involved in each sense. For sight, it explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina before the image is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. For hearing, it outlines the three parts of the ear - outer, middle, and inner - and their roles in sound reception and transmission. It also describes the three layers of skin that enable the sense of touch and the receptors involved. The nose contains receptors for smell, while the tongue houses taste buds for flavor detection.
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The eye is the organ of sight, protected by eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids. Light enters through the cornea and passes through the pupil and iris, then the crystalline lens focuses the image onto the retina. The retina then passes this visual information through the optic nerve to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing and has three parts: the external ear picks up sounds, the middle ear transforms sounds into vibrations using the eardrum and three small bones, and the inner ear transforms these vibrations into nerve impulses sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
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The document discusses several key parts of the human skeletal and digestive systems. It notes that the human skeleton contains 206 bones of varying shapes and sizes. Marrow is described as a spongy material found inside bones that produces blood cells. Joints are classified as either fixed, not permitting movement, or semi-fixed, allowing movement like in the elbows and knees. Bones connect to each other at joints and are moved by muscles attached via tendons. Teeth have a hard enamel crown and softer dentine below, with a pulp cavity containing blood vessels and nerves in the center. The respiratory system brings air through the nose and throat to the lungs, which are aided by the diaphragm in breathing. Digestion
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This document discusses the five human senses - hearing, sight, touch, smell, and taste. It describes the organs associated with each sense: the ear for hearing, the eye for sight, the skin for touch, the nose for smell, and the tongue for taste. Each organ contains specialized structures that allow it to receive sensory input, like the retina in the eye or taste buds on the tongue. The sensory information is then transmitted to the brain for processing via nerves like the optic nerve or auditory nerve.
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This document summarizes the main sensory organs in the body - vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, taste buds, olfactory system, and receptors for touch. The eye contains the retina with rods and cones for vision. The ear is divided into external, middle, and inner sections for hearing and balance. Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect the five basic tastes. The olfactory region contains sensory cells that detect smells. Various receptors throughout the body sense touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
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The five main human senses are sight, taste, smell, hearing, and touch. Each sense has specialized sensory organs that contain receptors which detect stimuli and send signals along sensory nerves to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to inform us about our surroundings through our five senses.
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The document discusses various sensory organs and systems. It begins by explaining how sensations are initiated by stimuli and receptors. It then covers the different types of receptors - exteroceptors which detect stimuli near the body surface, interoceptors which detect internal stimuli, and proprioceptors which detect deep stimuli. Specific sensory systems are then described in more detail, including touch, pain, temperature, smell, taste, hearing and sight. The anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear and other sensory organs are explained.
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The sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit this information to the brain. The main sensory organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The eyes detect light, ears detect sound, nose detects smell, tongue detects taste and skin detects touch, pressure, temperature and pain. Within each sensory organ are specialized receptor cells that detect specific stimuli like light, sound, chemicals etc. The stimuli are converted to electrical signals that travel along sensory nerves to the brain which interprets these signals as the different senses.
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SPECIAL SENSES
Senses : any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted in the brain.
The special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin.
Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for us to experience our environment and to make that experience more pleasant
Sensory system
The document discusses the human senses and how they work. It explains that there are more than eight senses that detect various forms of energy like sound, light, heat, pressure, and chemicals through specialized receptor cells. The stimuli are converted into neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain for perception. Thresholds refer to the minimum amount of stimuli needed to activate a sense. The document then focuses on the anatomy and functions of the eye and ear in more detail.
The senses 7
The eye is the organ of sight, protected by eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids. Light enters through the cornea and passes through the pupil and iris, then the crystalline lens focuses the image onto the retina. The retina then passes this visual information through the optic nerve to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing and has three parts: the external ear picks up sounds, the middle ear transforms sounds into vibrations using the eardrum and three small bones, and the inner ear transforms these vibrations into nerve impulses sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
The tongue is the organ of taste, with taste receptors located in taste buds distributed across its surface according to the four basic
Special Senses eye, ear , nose, tongue ppt
The document discusses the special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and ear. The eye contains three layers - outer, middle and inner layers. The ear is divided into outer, middle and inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea for hearing and semi-circular canals for balance. Sensory receptors in these organs detect stimuli and transmit signals to the brain.
The sensory system unit 1 natural science.
The sensory system allows humans to receive information about the environment and body through five senses: smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch. Smell receptors are located in the nasal cavity near the pituitary area, and the sense of smell needs taste to work properly. Taste receptors are located on the tongue in bumps called taste buds, which help detect different flavors. Sight is mediated through the eyes, where light enters through the pupil and is focused by the lens on the retina, which sends signals through the optic nerve to the brain. Hearing occurs when sound is collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the inner ear canal, middle ear bones, cochlea, and auditory nerve to the brain. Touch
Perception and sensation
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as receiving messages about the world through the senses, while perception involves interpreting sensory information. It describes the human senses including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It discusses sensory thresholds, adaptation, and defects. It also covers perceptual concepts such as figure-ground relationship, laws of perceptual organization, attention, depth perception, and factors influencing perception.
Human ear pr
The document summarizes the human auditory system. It describes the two main parts as the peripheral and central auditory systems. The peripheral system includes the outer, middle, and inner ear, which work to capture sound waves and transmit the vibrations as electrical signals. The inner ear contains the cochlea with hair cells that change sound vibrations into neural signals. The central system then processes these signals through structures like the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, and auditory cortex.
Sense Organ: Ear
The ear is the organ of hearing and has three main parts - the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sound waves through the pinna and ear canal. The middle ear contains three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the inner ear. The inner ear's cochlea contains hair cells that convert sound waves into electrical signals sent to the brain for processing and interpretation of sounds.
Perception and sensation
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as receiving messages about the world through the senses, while perception is interpreting this sensory information. It describes the basic processes of transduction, thresholds, and adaptation in sensation. It then covers the five human senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch in detail, including the sensory receptors and processing involved. Finally, it discusses various factors that influence perception such as attention, depth perception, illusions, and personal factors.
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Reproductive system day3
The document discusses human reproduction and the menstrual cycle. It describes the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, in which haploid gametes are produced through meiosis. Spermatogenesis results in four sperm cells from each meiosis event in males, while oogenesis results in a single ovum and three polar bodies from each meiosis event in females. The document then explains the menstrual cycle, which occurs monthly in females and involves the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy, ovulation of a single ovum, and shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur.
Reproductive system day2
The document discusses puberty and adolescent development. It describes the physical changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, such as growth of body hair, breast development, and changes to the reproductive system. It also explains that adolescents experience a peak in dopamine levels that makes risk-taking and peer relationships more rewarding during this developmental period. While this can lead to risky behaviors, it is an adaptive and normal part of developing independence from one's family. The document advises that parents can best support adolescents by offering guidance while still encouraging independence.
Reproductive system day2
The document discusses puberty and adolescent development. It describes the physical changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, such as growth of body hair, breast development, and changes to the reproductive system. It notes that adolescence is a period of rapid growth second only to infancy. The document also examines risk-taking behavior in teens and explains this is partly due to brain development and the rewarding effects of dopamine and oxytocin when with peers. Finally, it suggests parents can help by offering guidance but also allowing independence as teens separate from their family to establish their own identity.
Reproductive system day1
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It describes the main parts of the male reproductive system including the penis, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland. It also describes the main parts of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. The process of sexual reproduction through fertilization is explained, from the union of egg and sperm cells to forming a zygote, embryo and eventually a baby.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates through hormones secreted by various glands to control body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands on the kidneys, the pineal gland in the brain, and cells in the pancreas and reproductive organs. Hormones regulate processes like metabolism, growth, mood, stress response, and calcium levels without connecting ducts by circulating in the bloodstream to target tissues.
9/10 The cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain located in the upper region. It contains over 9 billion of the brain's 12 billion neurons. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes in each hemisphere that control different functions like vision, motor skills, memory, and speech. Communication between the hemispheres occurs through connecting nerve fibers so that the left hemisphere typically controls the right side of the body and vice versa.
8/10 Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the brain and acts as a conduit for motor and sensory information traveling between the brain and body. It coordinates reflexes and is divided into five regions - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx - each having a specific function in supporting the head, protecting organs, and bearing weight. The spinal cord can be damaged in many ways, such as being cut, compressed, or affected by disease, resulting in various symptoms depending on the location of injury or damage.
7/10 Other senses
The document discusses several other human senses beyond the traditional five. It describes thermoception, which is the sense of heat and cold. It explains proprioception, which provides information about the relative positions of the body parts. It details nociception, which detects potential tissue damage and triggers pain. It also outlines equilibrioception, which is the sense of balance and helps prevent falling over. The cerebellum helps coordinate unconscious aspects of proprioception and balance.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system is made up of nerve cells called neurons that receive, interpret, and respond to information. Neurons have dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. Neuroglia provide protection and nourishment to neurons but do not transmit impulses. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
6/10 Neurological disorders
Neurological disorders are disorders of the nervous system that can cause symptoms like paralysis, weakness, poor coordination, sensory changes, seizures, confusion, pain, and altered consciousness. Some common neurological disorders include Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, dystonias, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and stroke. Huntington's disease is a genetic neurological disorder that causes movement, cognitive, and behavioral problems. Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that results from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra.
4/10 Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates through hormones secreted by various glands to control body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands on the kidneys, the pineal gland in the brain, and cells in the pancreas and reproductive organs. Hormones regulate processes like metabolism, growth, mood, and stress response without the need for ducts by circulating in the bloodstream to target tissues.
3/10 Diencephalon
The diencephalon is the region of the vertebrate forebrain situated between the cerebrum and brain stem. It develops from the most anterior part of the neural tube and contains four main components - the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The diencephalon relays sensory information between brain regions, controls autonomic functions, and connects the nervous and endocrine systems to generate emotions and memories.
2/10 Brain stem
The brainstem is the lower extension of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It contains neurological functions necessary for survival like breathing, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure. Most cranial nerves originate from the brainstem. It is an important part of the brain as nerve connections between the main brain and body pass through it, including pathways for motor functions, touch/vibration/proprioception, and pain/temperature. The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons, each serving relay and reflex functions.
1/10 cerebellum
The document discusses various aspects of the cerebellum and cerebellar disorders:
1) The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the cerebrum and plays an important role in motor coordination and balance. Damage or dysfunction can cause ataxia, instability, slurred speech, and other issues.
2) There are two main types of cerebellar syndromes - midline syndromes affecting balance and trunk control, and hemispheric syndromes affecting limb coordination.
3) Causes of cerebellar injuries include toxins, autoimmune conditions, structural lesions, and inherited degenerations. Diagnosis involves neurological exams and often MRI scanning.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Animals breathe in oxygen which is used to burn ATP and produce energy, expelling carbon dioxide as a byproduct. In humans, respiration occurs externally between the atmosphere and blood, and internally between the blood and body tissues through the process of inspiration and expiration using the lungs and alveoli which facilitate gas diffusion.
Kidney disease
This document summarizes several kidney diseases and conditions. It discusses acute kidney injury which is a rapid loss of kidney function caused by factors like dehydration or blood clots. It also covers urinary tract infections which cause urinary symptoms and are treated with antibiotics. Additionally, it mentions renal cell carcinoma, a type of kidney cancer, nephrotic syndrome which causes protein leaks, and urinary retention where one cannot empty their bladder. The document provides symptoms and treatments for each condition.
Kidney dialysis
Dialysis is a treatment that replaces kidney function by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It is commonly prescribed for those with temporary or permanent kidney failure, as their kidneys cannot remove fluids from the body. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which circulates blood outside the body through a machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter through a surgically implanted catheter. Dialysis is the primary treatment option for end stage renal disease besides kidney transplantation.
Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body. The lungs expel carbon dioxide and the skin excretes water and salts. The main excretory organs are the kidneys, which are comprised of an outer cortex and inner medulla and pelvis. The nephrons in the kidneys act as filters to control blood composition, and urine is formed through filtration and reabsorption. Diuretics inhibit the nephron's ability to retain water, increasing the urination rate.
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10/10 The senses
- 1. The Senses
- 13. The sense of sight