1/10 cerebellum
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The document discusses various aspects of the cerebellum and cerebellar disorders: 1) The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the cerebrum and plays an important role in motor coordination and balance. Damage or dysfunction can cause ataxia, instability, slurred speech, and other issues. 2) There are two main types of cerebellar syndromes - midline syndromes affecting balance and trunk control, and hemispheric syndromes affecting limb coordination. 3) Causes of cerebellar injuries include toxins, autoimmune conditions, structural lesions, and inherited degenerations. Diagnosis involves neurological exams and often MRI scanning.
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Ataxia refers to poor coordination of movement and balance. It is a symptom of neurological dysfunction rather than a specific disease. The summary discusses the causes, presentation, and classification of ataxia:
1. Ataxia can be caused by disorders of the cerebellum, sensory pathways, vestibular system, or cortical regions. It affects coordination of gait, limbs, speech, and eye movements.
2. Common signs include titubation, nystagmus, hypotonia, intentional tremors, dysarthria, and dysmetria. Causes include genetic, vascular, infectious, autoimmune, metabolic, and neoplastic etiologies.
3. Ataxias are
CEREBELLAR DISEASES AND ATAXIA.pptx
CEREBELLAR DISEASES AND ATAXIA This reading material consist of the rehabilitation treatment of Cerebral diseases and ataxia
Approach to a Patient with Ataxia
This document provides an overview of approach to a patient presenting with ataxia. It begins with defining ataxia and describing the anatomy and physiology of the cerebellum. It then discusses differentiating cerebellar ataxia from other causes. The document classifies ataxias as hereditary or acquired and further subclassifies each. Within hereditary ataxias, it describes several specific conditions like Friedreich's ataxia and autosomal dominant ataxias. Within acquired ataxias, it briefly discusses acute cerebellar ataxia and ataxia-telangectasia. Treatment approaches are also mentioned.
Diagnosis and Management of Special Populations 2010
Diagnosis and Management of Special Populations presents the latest in the assessment and treatment of those with physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. Up to date information concerning the etiology, prevalence/incidence and physical/cognitive findings of individuals with developmental/acauired disabilities (Cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, autism, acquired/traumatic brain injury) will be discussed. New diagnostic and treatment techniques are reviewed. The eye care practitioner will be able to confidently provide eye and vision care for those with disability at the end of this presentation.
Akinetic rigid syndrome
This document discusses various akinetic rigid syndromes including their causes, symptoms, and distinguishing features. The most common etiology is neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). Idiopathic PD is characterized by rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, and a generally asymmetric presentation that responds well to levodopa. DLBD can present similarly but has a poorer levodopa response and more early cognitive deficits than PD.
Epileptic encephalopathies during infancy
It contains description and salient points to diagnose various epileptic encephalopathies seen during infancy such as early myoclonic encephalopathies, Otahara syndrome, Dravet syndrome, West syndrome.
Cns Movement2007.
1. The document discusses various movement disorders including tremors, myoclonus, tics, and extrapyramidal movement disorders.
2. Specific movement disorders covered include Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, chorea, dystonia, athetosis, hemibalismus, and tardive dyskinesia.
3. The causes, characteristics, and treatments of each disorder are described. Common causes include neurological diseases, drugs, toxins, and various medical conditions.
Habilitation Perspective in the management of Cerebral Palsy.pptx
Institute for Child Development (ICD) is a private company registered under section 25 of company registration act, 1956. ICD is the brain child of Dr. Mansoor Alam, a pediatric developmental specialist who has treated more than 50,000 children with special needs during the last 25 years. ICD is a premier organization which provides the best treatment to children with complex health issues, developmental delay, neurodevelopmental disorders and childhood onset disabilities. ICD’s facility is available to children from birth to 21 years of age. Adult with disabilities are specially supported in case of need. ICD is the only organization in India which practices integrated approach of treatment, named as Multimodal treatment / Combination Therapy for children with developmental disorders. Combination Therapy combines the best available treatments into one treatment plan to get the best result. Researches have proved that combination therapy is better than isolated therapy. In fact, pediatric developmental disorders cannot be treated in isolation. It requires a team of professionals with varied specialization.
Presently ICD has its model centre named as “PediaMed” in Malviya Nagar (South Delhi), New Delhi. The model centre has capacity to treat 100 children in daily basis.
ICD is going to have its branches in the following places
North Delhi
West Delhi
East Delhi
Noida ( UP)
Ghaziabad (UP)
Faridabad (Haryana)
Gurugram /Gurgaon (Haryana)
Bahadurgarh (Haryana)
ICD is open to collaborate with other organizations with similar interests in rest of India
Delirium by Dr. Aryan
Delirium, also referred to as "acute confusional state" or "acute brain syndrome," is a condition of severe confusion and rapid changes in brain function.
80-Year-Old Woman With Dementia And Parkinsonism
An 80-year-old woman presented with a 4-year history of progressive memory loss and a 3-year history of gait deterioration. On examination, she showed signs of dementia, parkinsonism, and upper motor neuron dysfunction. Brain imaging showed diffuse cerebral atrophy, most pronounced in the medial temporal lobes. Based on the clinical features and test results, the diagnosis was probable Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychological testing supported impaired memory, language, and cognitive function consistent with AD.
Undergraduate PDF downloads...Ataxia
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and management of acute and chronic ataxia in children. It describes several potential causes of acute recurrent ataxia including drug ingestion, postinfectious cerebellitis, migraine, and encephalitis. Conversion reaction is also noted as a possible cause. Chronic progressive ataxia may be caused by hereditary ataxias, brain tumors, congenital malformations, and other genetic or metabolic disorders. The document provides tables listing specific disorders that can cause acute recurrent or chronic progressive ataxia and outlines an approach to evaluating and managing acute cerebellar ataxia.
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Diagnosis and Management of Special Populations 2010
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Reproductive system day3
The document discusses human reproduction and the menstrual cycle. It describes the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, in which haploid gametes are produced through meiosis. Spermatogenesis results in four sperm cells from each meiosis event in males, while oogenesis results in a single ovum and three polar bodies from each meiosis event in females. The document then explains the menstrual cycle, which occurs monthly in females and involves the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy, ovulation of a single ovum, and shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur.
Reproductive system day2
The document discusses puberty and adolescent development. It describes the physical changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, such as growth of body hair, breast development, and changes to the reproductive system. It also explains that adolescents experience a peak in dopamine levels that makes risk-taking and peer relationships more rewarding during this developmental period. While this can lead to risky behaviors, it is an adaptive and normal part of developing independence from one's family. The document advises that parents can best support adolescents by offering guidance while still encouraging independence.
Reproductive system day2
The document discusses puberty and adolescent development. It describes the physical changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, such as growth of body hair, breast development, and changes to the reproductive system. It notes that adolescence is a period of rapid growth second only to infancy. The document also examines risk-taking behavior in teens and explains this is partly due to brain development and the rewarding effects of dopamine and oxytocin when with peers. Finally, it suggests parents can help by offering guidance but also allowing independence as teens separate from their family to establish their own identity.
Reproductive system day1
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It describes the main parts of the male reproductive system including the penis, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland. It also describes the main parts of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. The process of sexual reproduction through fertilization is explained, from the union of egg and sperm cells to forming a zygote, embryo and eventually a baby.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates through hormones secreted by various glands to control body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands on the kidneys, the pineal gland in the brain, and cells in the pancreas and reproductive organs. Hormones regulate processes like metabolism, growth, mood, stress response, and calcium levels without connecting ducts by circulating in the bloodstream to target tissues.
10/10 The senses
The document discusses the five main human senses - touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight. It describes the key components of each sensory system, including skin receptors, taste buds, the nose, ears, eyes and retina. Each sense is specialized to receive a different type of stimulus from the environment and transmit that sensory information to the brain via specialized nerves.
9/10 The cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain located in the upper region. It contains over 9 billion of the brain's 12 billion neurons. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes in each hemisphere that control different functions like vision, motor skills, memory, and speech. Communication between the hemispheres occurs through connecting nerve fibers so that the left hemisphere typically controls the right side of the body and vice versa.
8/10 Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the brain and acts as a conduit for motor and sensory information traveling between the brain and body. It coordinates reflexes and is divided into five regions - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx - each having a specific function in supporting the head, protecting organs, and bearing weight. The spinal cord can be damaged in many ways, such as being cut, compressed, or affected by disease, resulting in various symptoms depending on the location of injury or damage.
7/10 Other senses
The document discusses several other human senses beyond the traditional five. It describes thermoception, which is the sense of heat and cold. It explains proprioception, which provides information about the relative positions of the body parts. It details nociception, which detects potential tissue damage and triggers pain. It also outlines equilibrioception, which is the sense of balance and helps prevent falling over. The cerebellum helps coordinate unconscious aspects of proprioception and balance.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system is made up of nerve cells called neurons that receive, interpret, and respond to information. Neurons have dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. Neuroglia provide protection and nourishment to neurons but do not transmit impulses. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
6/10 Neurological disorders
Neurological disorders are disorders of the nervous system that can cause symptoms like paralysis, weakness, poor coordination, sensory changes, seizures, confusion, pain, and altered consciousness. Some common neurological disorders include Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, dystonias, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and stroke. Huntington's disease is a genetic neurological disorder that causes movement, cognitive, and behavioral problems. Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that results from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra.
4/10 Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates through hormones secreted by various glands to control body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands on the kidneys, the pineal gland in the brain, and cells in the pancreas and reproductive organs. Hormones regulate processes like metabolism, growth, mood, and stress response without the need for ducts by circulating in the bloodstream to target tissues.
3/10 Diencephalon
The diencephalon is the region of the vertebrate forebrain situated between the cerebrum and brain stem. It develops from the most anterior part of the neural tube and contains four main components - the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The diencephalon relays sensory information between brain regions, controls autonomic functions, and connects the nervous and endocrine systems to generate emotions and memories.
2/10 Brain stem
The brainstem is the lower extension of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It contains neurological functions necessary for survival like breathing, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure. Most cranial nerves originate from the brainstem. It is an important part of the brain as nerve connections between the main brain and body pass through it, including pathways for motor functions, touch/vibration/proprioception, and pain/temperature. The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons, each serving relay and reflex functions.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Animals breathe in oxygen which is used to burn ATP and produce energy, expelling carbon dioxide as a byproduct. In humans, respiration occurs externally between the atmosphere and blood, and internally between the blood and body tissues through the process of inspiration and expiration using the lungs and alveoli which facilitate gas diffusion.
Kidney disease
This document summarizes several kidney diseases and conditions. It discusses acute kidney injury which is a rapid loss of kidney function caused by factors like dehydration or blood clots. It also covers urinary tract infections which cause urinary symptoms and are treated with antibiotics. Additionally, it mentions renal cell carcinoma, a type of kidney cancer, nephrotic syndrome which causes protein leaks, and urinary retention where one cannot empty their bladder. The document provides symptoms and treatments for each condition.
Kidney dialysis
Dialysis is a treatment that replaces kidney function by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It is commonly prescribed for those with temporary or permanent kidney failure, as their kidneys cannot remove fluids from the body. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which circulates blood outside the body through a machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter through a surgically implanted catheter. Dialysis is the primary treatment option for end stage renal disease besides kidney transplantation.
Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body. The lungs expel carbon dioxide and the skin excretes water and salts. The main excretory organs are the kidneys, which are comprised of an outer cortex and inner medulla and pelvis. The nephrons in the kidneys act as filters to control blood composition, and urine is formed through filtration and reabsorption. Diuretics inhibit the nephron's ability to retain water, increasing the urination rate.
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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1/10 cerebellum
- 1. The Cerebellum Bianca Ching CN 02 Kristin Te CN 24
- 2. Cerebellum – part of the brain, located under the cerebrum, towards the back, behind the brainstem and above the brainstem. largely involved in "coordination”; persons whose cerebellum doesn't work well are generally clumsy and unsteady
- 3. Functions Main Motor Functions : 1) Coordination 2)Speed and smoothness of movements 3)Walking or gait
- 4. The cerebellum consists of two halves called cerebellar hemispheres. Each controls one side of the body. Between the hemispheres is a thin central part (vermis) that controls our trunk (posterior vermis) and legs (anterior vermis).
- 25. That’s Up! :) P.S. If you are currently experiencing those symptoms, please see your physician!:) Health is Wealth!