This document provides an overview of bioethics concepts and ethical questions related to advances in biology. It defines ethics as seeking to determine the best course of action and provide reasons for how people should behave and treat one another. Bioethics is defined as a subfield of ethics that explores questions related to life sciences. Examples of ethical questions raised by advances in biology include debates around modifying nature with technology, mandatory vaccinations, and privacy of genetic test results. The document notes that bioethics can help analyze and make decisions regarding difficult ethical issues in biology and its applications.
The document discusses bioethics and research ethics. It begins with definitions of ethics, biomedical research, and clinical research. It then outlines the history of international ethical guidelines, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and others. The document defines types of research involving human participants and discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting values like honesty, accountability, and minimizing harm. It concludes by outlining several codes for research ethics regarding topics like informed consent, confidentiality, and protecting human subjects.
This document discusses ethical considerations in bioequivalence studies. It defines key terms like ethics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence. The basic ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are outlined. Informed consent, risks and benefits assessment, and subject selection are identified as essential parameters for ethical studies. Study design and selection of subjects are also discussed. Guidelines for voluntary informed consent, protection from harm, and institutional review boards are provided. Elements of a bioequivalence study protocol including objectives, design, population, and data analysis are summarized.
The document discusses ethics in scientific research. It begins by defining ethics and outlining basic ethical principles like respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. It then discusses the history of research ethics, highlighting abusive human experiments that led to modern codes like the Nuremberg Code. The document outlines the role of institutional review boards in approving ethical research and categorizing risk levels. Key areas of focus in research ethics are discussed like avoiding harm, obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and privacy, issues around deception, and honest reporting of results.
Ethical issues in psychological researchMedhaDebnath
Ethical Issues In Psychological Research
PRESENTED BY: Medha Debnath
APPLICATION NO: 1ac820aee58c11e9857d4723808534dd
AFFILIATION: BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
This document provides an introduction to bioethics and ethical issues in biomedical research. It discusses key concepts in bioethical theory like principlism, deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. It outlines prominent ethical codes and guidelines for research involving human subjects. It also analyzes ethical benchmarks for clinical research including informed consent, risk-benefit assessment, and independent review. The document uses case studies to illustrate how ethical principles can conflict in research and need to be balanced. It emphasizes that the goal of bioethics is to promote trustworthy research while protecting participants.
Ethics in research are integral to protect participants and ensure research is conducted for legitimate purposes. The summary discusses key ethical standards including informed consent, confidentiality, and treating participants according to principles of autonomy, beneficence and justice. Research ethics committees review proposals to evaluate risks and benefits before research begins. Historical documents like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki established ethical guidelines which research ethics boards now use to review proposed studies.
The document discusses bioethics and research ethics. It begins with definitions of ethics, biomedical research, and clinical research. It then outlines the history of international ethical guidelines, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and others. The document defines types of research involving human participants and discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting values like honesty, accountability, and minimizing harm. It concludes by outlining several codes for research ethics regarding topics like informed consent, confidentiality, and protecting human subjects.
This document discusses ethical considerations in bioequivalence studies. It defines key terms like ethics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence. The basic ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are outlined. Informed consent, risks and benefits assessment, and subject selection are identified as essential parameters for ethical studies. Study design and selection of subjects are also discussed. Guidelines for voluntary informed consent, protection from harm, and institutional review boards are provided. Elements of a bioequivalence study protocol including objectives, design, population, and data analysis are summarized.
The document discusses ethics in scientific research. It begins by defining ethics and outlining basic ethical principles like respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. It then discusses the history of research ethics, highlighting abusive human experiments that led to modern codes like the Nuremberg Code. The document outlines the role of institutional review boards in approving ethical research and categorizing risk levels. Key areas of focus in research ethics are discussed like avoiding harm, obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and privacy, issues around deception, and honest reporting of results.
Ethical issues in psychological researchMedhaDebnath
Ethical Issues In Psychological Research
PRESENTED BY: Medha Debnath
APPLICATION NO: 1ac820aee58c11e9857d4723808534dd
AFFILIATION: BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
This document provides an introduction to bioethics and ethical issues in biomedical research. It discusses key concepts in bioethical theory like principlism, deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. It outlines prominent ethical codes and guidelines for research involving human subjects. It also analyzes ethical benchmarks for clinical research including informed consent, risk-benefit assessment, and independent review. The document uses case studies to illustrate how ethical principles can conflict in research and need to be balanced. It emphasizes that the goal of bioethics is to promote trustworthy research while protecting participants.
Ethics in research are integral to protect participants and ensure research is conducted for legitimate purposes. The summary discusses key ethical standards including informed consent, confidentiality, and treating participants according to principles of autonomy, beneficence and justice. Research ethics committees review proposals to evaluate risks and benefits before research begins. Historical documents like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki established ethical guidelines which research ethics boards now use to review proposed studies.
The document discusses the history and importance of ethics in research. It describes some past unethical research studies involving human experimentation without consent, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. This led to the development of ethical guidelines like the Nuremberg Code in 1947 and the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 to protect human rights and require ethics committee approval. The document outlines the role of ethics committees in reviewing research and the rights of research participants.
Ethical aspects of health research nursing research pptNursing Path
This document discusses the ethical aspects of health research. It begins by defining ethics and bioethics. Ethical guidelines are necessary to protect human subjects, as seen in historical examples like the Nazi experiments and Tuskegee study. Ethical dilemmas can arise over whether a new treatment prolongs life. Key codes discussed include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The three main ethical principles are beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice. Informed consent and protecting vulnerable groups are also examined. Research must undergo external reviews by boards to safeguard human rights.
This document outlines the key ethical issues in conducting research. It begins by defining research and explaining where research fits within the knowledge management cycle. It then discusses what makes research ethical, outlining principles such as social or scientific value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, favorable risk-benefit ratio, independent review, and informed consent.
The document goes on to discuss specific ethical issues in research, including benefit-harm analysis, vulnerability and the risk-vulnerability matrix, informed consent, fairness and equity, privacy and confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and ethical issues after research is conducted. It provides examples of vulnerable populations like women, pregnant women, and children.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. It also outlines several international guidelines and regulations established over time to protect human subjects, including the Common Rule in the US and ICH guidelines requiring ethics review and informed consent. The document stresses that while guidelines are important, ethical conduct in research also requires vigilance and no place is immune from violations.
This document discusses ethical considerations in research. It provides historical background on the development of ethics codes from the 1700s experiments of Edward Jenner to the atrocities of Nazi human experiments during World War II. This led to the establishment of the Nuremberg Code in 1949 and the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 to provide ethical standards for research involving human subjects. Subsequent guidelines discussed include the National Research Act of 1974, Belmont Report of 1979, Common Rule, and HIPAA of 1996. Examples are given of unethical research studies and violations of ethics over time.
1. Ethical dilemmas in research occur when participants' rights and study demands conflict, requiring codes of ethics to guide researchers.
2. Major codes discussed include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and guidelines for nursing and psychology research.
3. Key ethical principles for protecting participants include beneficence, respecting human dignity, justice, and informed consent. Researchers must consider risks of harm, confidentiality, and deception in their studies.
The document discusses medical ethics in research proposals and outlines the history and development of ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. It provides an overview of key documents that have shaped ethical standards, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and guidelines from the World Health Organization and Indian Council of Medical Research. The document also describes the composition, responsibilities, standard operating procedures, and training requirements for Institutional Ethics Committees that review research proposals.
Research Methods: Ethics I (Human Research)Brian Piper
lecture 2 from a college level research methods in psychology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Linfield College,
Ethics seek to resolve questions of human morality regarding concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, and virtue and vice. Research ethics involves applying these principles to scientific research. Several historical abuses of human subjects in medical experiments led to the development of ethical codes like the Nuremberg Code to protect research participants. Today, Institutional Review Boards review research proposals to ensure the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are upheld. Researchers must obtain informed consent, protect privacy and confidentiality, minimize harm, and report results honestly.
The document summarizes the history and principles of research ethics involving human subjects. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Nuremberg Code in 1947 set the first rules for medical experiments on humans. Over time, various declarations and guidelines were established to protect human rights in research, such as the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964. The document outlines the general statement, review procedures, responsibilities, informed consent process, and protections required when conducting research with special groups like children, pregnant women, or vulnerable populations.
The document discusses ethics in nursing research. It defines ethics as moral principles researchers must follow to protect individuals, groups, and communities being studied. Key points include:
- Ethics are important to protect vulnerable groups from harm, safeguard against exploitation, and establish risk-benefit ratios for subjects. Researchers must ensure informed consent, privacy, dignity, and fair treatment.
- Ethical principles in nursing research are beneficence (maximizing benefits and minimizing risks), respect for human dignity (voluntary and informed consent), and justice (fair selection and treatment of subjects, maintaining confidentiality).
- The Indian Nursing Council Code of Ethics outlines nurses' responsibilities to respect individuals, maintain competence, practice legally and professionally, and
Research ethics involves applying ethical principles to scientific research involving human subjects. The objectives of research ethics are to protect human participants, ensure research benefits society, and ensure research is conducted ethically. Key principles include minimizing harm, obtaining informed consent, protecting anonymity and confidentiality, avoiding misleading practices, and allowing participants to withdraw. Research ethics promotes trust, accountability, and social values in research. However, research poses risks of physical, psychological, social, and economic harm to participants. It may also divert resources from other health needs.
This document discusses ethics in research. It defines ethics and research ethics, covering honesty and respect for participants. It provides examples of unethical historical studies that harmed participants. Key ethics documents are summarized, including the Nuremberg Code, Belmont Report, and Institutional Review Board guidelines around informed consent, risks/benefits, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. The document also discusses issues like deception, errors versus fraud, plagiarism, and misleading data presentation.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and the postgraduate research (PGR) ethical review process at the School of Education, University of Nottingham. It discusses key concepts in research ethics like informed consent and protecting participants. It also summarizes guidelines from the British Educational Research Association (BERA) on responsibilities to participants, sponsors, and the research community. Additionally, it addresses some challenges with ethical codes and the need for researchers to make judgment calls. Finally, it briefly touches on additional considerations for ethics in practitioner and action research due to dual roles of researchers.
This document discusses ethical issues in medical research. It provides an overview of key topics like the historical perspectives on medical ethics including the Nuremberg Code and Tuskegee Syphilis Study. It describes the origin of guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH-GCP. It discusses informed consent processes and the roles of ethics committees in reviewing research protocols and ensuring ethical standards are followed.
The document discusses the background and definition of research ethics. It defines ethics as norms for conduct that distinguish acceptable from unacceptable behavior. Research ethics refers to rules that define proper conduct for researchers and are aimed at protecting human subjects. The history of modern research ethics is traced back to unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War 2, which led to the Nuremberg Code establishing ethical principles for research involving human subjects. Other influential documents discussed include the Helsinki Declaration, Belmont Report, and controversies like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
This document discusses research ethics and the ethical issues researchers must consider. It defines research ethics as principles guiding how researchers interact with participants, colleagues, and society. Researchers must get informed consent, avoid pressure on participants, respect participant autonomy, protect vulnerable groups, ensure anonymity and confidentiality, avoid harm, be objective, not take advantage of easy groups, and be open. Following ethics promotes respecting participants, advancing knowledge, trust, accountability, and public support. Violations can damage participant cooperation, public confidence, and researcher integrity. Ethics apply to all research stages and contribute to quality.
Research Ethics ARC Speakers Series v4.0James Goho
This document summarizes a presentation on research ethics given to the RRC Research Ethics Board in 2006. It discusses the history of unethical human research, key events that shaped modern ethics policies, and core concepts in research ethics like informed consent and risk/benefit assessment. The presentation covers milestones like the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report that established ethical standards after atrocities like the Nazi experiments and Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The goal of research ethics is to protect human subjects while also allowing critical research.
A global comparative review of REDD+ benefit sharing mechanismsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Moira Moeliono, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the Knowledge Sharing Event "Sharing Insights Across REDD+ Countries" in Georgetown, Guyana, on June 6, 2017.
Introduction to Patents and IP CommercializationHasit Seth
NEWS FLASH: //Check our latest course offering on Patent-Business-Strategy over at Udemy here: http://www.udemy.com/patent-business-strategy/ with a 50 per cent launch discount //
Introduction to Patents and IP Commercialization. These are slides from a talk I gave at Venture Center NCL (National Chemical Laboratory) in Pune, India to a audience of scientists involved in nanotechnology.
The document discusses the history and importance of ethics in research. It describes some past unethical research studies involving human experimentation without consent, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. This led to the development of ethical guidelines like the Nuremberg Code in 1947 and the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 to protect human rights and require ethics committee approval. The document outlines the role of ethics committees in reviewing research and the rights of research participants.
Ethical aspects of health research nursing research pptNursing Path
This document discusses the ethical aspects of health research. It begins by defining ethics and bioethics. Ethical guidelines are necessary to protect human subjects, as seen in historical examples like the Nazi experiments and Tuskegee study. Ethical dilemmas can arise over whether a new treatment prolongs life. Key codes discussed include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The three main ethical principles are beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice. Informed consent and protecting vulnerable groups are also examined. Research must undergo external reviews by boards to safeguard human rights.
This document outlines the key ethical issues in conducting research. It begins by defining research and explaining where research fits within the knowledge management cycle. It then discusses what makes research ethical, outlining principles such as social or scientific value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, favorable risk-benefit ratio, independent review, and informed consent.
The document goes on to discuss specific ethical issues in research, including benefit-harm analysis, vulnerability and the risk-vulnerability matrix, informed consent, fairness and equity, privacy and confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and ethical issues after research is conducted. It provides examples of vulnerable populations like women, pregnant women, and children.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics guidelines and codes. It discusses key events that shaped the field, such as the Nuremberg Code established after World War II experiments and the Declaration of Helsinki. It also outlines several international guidelines and regulations established over time to protect human subjects, including the Common Rule in the US and ICH guidelines requiring ethics review and informed consent. The document stresses that while guidelines are important, ethical conduct in research also requires vigilance and no place is immune from violations.
This document discusses ethical considerations in research. It provides historical background on the development of ethics codes from the 1700s experiments of Edward Jenner to the atrocities of Nazi human experiments during World War II. This led to the establishment of the Nuremberg Code in 1949 and the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 to provide ethical standards for research involving human subjects. Subsequent guidelines discussed include the National Research Act of 1974, Belmont Report of 1979, Common Rule, and HIPAA of 1996. Examples are given of unethical research studies and violations of ethics over time.
1. Ethical dilemmas in research occur when participants' rights and study demands conflict, requiring codes of ethics to guide researchers.
2. Major codes discussed include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and guidelines for nursing and psychology research.
3. Key ethical principles for protecting participants include beneficence, respecting human dignity, justice, and informed consent. Researchers must consider risks of harm, confidentiality, and deception in their studies.
The document discusses medical ethics in research proposals and outlines the history and development of ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. It provides an overview of key documents that have shaped ethical standards, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and guidelines from the World Health Organization and Indian Council of Medical Research. The document also describes the composition, responsibilities, standard operating procedures, and training requirements for Institutional Ethics Committees that review research proposals.
Research Methods: Ethics I (Human Research)Brian Piper
lecture 2 from a college level research methods in psychology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Linfield College,
Ethics seek to resolve questions of human morality regarding concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, and virtue and vice. Research ethics involves applying these principles to scientific research. Several historical abuses of human subjects in medical experiments led to the development of ethical codes like the Nuremberg Code to protect research participants. Today, Institutional Review Boards review research proposals to ensure the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are upheld. Researchers must obtain informed consent, protect privacy and confidentiality, minimize harm, and report results honestly.
The document summarizes the history and principles of research ethics involving human subjects. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Nuremberg Code in 1947 set the first rules for medical experiments on humans. Over time, various declarations and guidelines were established to protect human rights in research, such as the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964. The document outlines the general statement, review procedures, responsibilities, informed consent process, and protections required when conducting research with special groups like children, pregnant women, or vulnerable populations.
The document discusses ethics in nursing research. It defines ethics as moral principles researchers must follow to protect individuals, groups, and communities being studied. Key points include:
- Ethics are important to protect vulnerable groups from harm, safeguard against exploitation, and establish risk-benefit ratios for subjects. Researchers must ensure informed consent, privacy, dignity, and fair treatment.
- Ethical principles in nursing research are beneficence (maximizing benefits and minimizing risks), respect for human dignity (voluntary and informed consent), and justice (fair selection and treatment of subjects, maintaining confidentiality).
- The Indian Nursing Council Code of Ethics outlines nurses' responsibilities to respect individuals, maintain competence, practice legally and professionally, and
Research ethics involves applying ethical principles to scientific research involving human subjects. The objectives of research ethics are to protect human participants, ensure research benefits society, and ensure research is conducted ethically. Key principles include minimizing harm, obtaining informed consent, protecting anonymity and confidentiality, avoiding misleading practices, and allowing participants to withdraw. Research ethics promotes trust, accountability, and social values in research. However, research poses risks of physical, psychological, social, and economic harm to participants. It may also divert resources from other health needs.
This document discusses ethics in research. It defines ethics and research ethics, covering honesty and respect for participants. It provides examples of unethical historical studies that harmed participants. Key ethics documents are summarized, including the Nuremberg Code, Belmont Report, and Institutional Review Board guidelines around informed consent, risks/benefits, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. The document also discusses issues like deception, errors versus fraud, plagiarism, and misleading data presentation.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and the postgraduate research (PGR) ethical review process at the School of Education, University of Nottingham. It discusses key concepts in research ethics like informed consent and protecting participants. It also summarizes guidelines from the British Educational Research Association (BERA) on responsibilities to participants, sponsors, and the research community. Additionally, it addresses some challenges with ethical codes and the need for researchers to make judgment calls. Finally, it briefly touches on additional considerations for ethics in practitioner and action research due to dual roles of researchers.
This document discusses ethical issues in medical research. It provides an overview of key topics like the historical perspectives on medical ethics including the Nuremberg Code and Tuskegee Syphilis Study. It describes the origin of guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH-GCP. It discusses informed consent processes and the roles of ethics committees in reviewing research protocols and ensuring ethical standards are followed.
The document discusses the background and definition of research ethics. It defines ethics as norms for conduct that distinguish acceptable from unacceptable behavior. Research ethics refers to rules that define proper conduct for researchers and are aimed at protecting human subjects. The history of modern research ethics is traced back to unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War 2, which led to the Nuremberg Code establishing ethical principles for research involving human subjects. Other influential documents discussed include the Helsinki Declaration, Belmont Report, and controversies like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
This document discusses research ethics and the ethical issues researchers must consider. It defines research ethics as principles guiding how researchers interact with participants, colleagues, and society. Researchers must get informed consent, avoid pressure on participants, respect participant autonomy, protect vulnerable groups, ensure anonymity and confidentiality, avoid harm, be objective, not take advantage of easy groups, and be open. Following ethics promotes respecting participants, advancing knowledge, trust, accountability, and public support. Violations can damage participant cooperation, public confidence, and researcher integrity. Ethics apply to all research stages and contribute to quality.
Research Ethics ARC Speakers Series v4.0James Goho
This document summarizes a presentation on research ethics given to the RRC Research Ethics Board in 2006. It discusses the history of unethical human research, key events that shaped modern ethics policies, and core concepts in research ethics like informed consent and risk/benefit assessment. The presentation covers milestones like the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report that established ethical standards after atrocities like the Nazi experiments and Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The goal of research ethics is to protect human subjects while also allowing critical research.
A global comparative review of REDD+ benefit sharing mechanismsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Moira Moeliono, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the Knowledge Sharing Event "Sharing Insights Across REDD+ Countries" in Georgetown, Guyana, on June 6, 2017.
Introduction to Patents and IP CommercializationHasit Seth
NEWS FLASH: //Check our latest course offering on Patent-Business-Strategy over at Udemy here: http://www.udemy.com/patent-business-strategy/ with a 50 per cent launch discount //
Introduction to Patents and IP Commercialization. These are slides from a talk I gave at Venture Center NCL (National Chemical Laboratory) in Pune, India to a audience of scientists involved in nanotechnology.
The document discusses several topics related to bioethics, including stem cell research. It explains that stem cells can repair and replace damaged cells, and have been used to treat conditions like Alzheimer's, heart disease, and spinal cord injuries. However, stem cell research is controversial as it involves the use of embryonic stem cells, which some believe requires the destruction of embryos. Religious views and the debate around what constitutes playing God with human life are also discussed.
For my Capstone Course (Contemporary issues in Organizational Leadership) my group decided to discuss the ethics in regards to medical research and treatment, which has been an ongoing debate in our society.
This document discusses animal genetic resources and the need for a broader concept of access and benefit-sharing. It notes that many multi-functional livestock breeds have been developed by pastoralists and smallholder communities to cope in challenging environments. These animals provide adaptive traits that will be important for climate change adaptation. However, their functionality depends not just on genes but also learned behavior within their social and ecological contexts. Thus, these livestock resources can only be conserved in-situ within these communities, not in gene banks. A wider concept of access and benefit-sharing is needed to create real benefits for pastoralists and livestock keepers in order to ensure the long-term survival of these genetic resources.
Commercialization is the final step in the new product development process where the full marketing plan is implemented and the product is launched into the marketplace. Once a product reaches the commercialization stage, no further changes can be made. Commercialization involves introducing the product to its full target market, producing inventory, distributing shipments, training the sales force, making trade announcements, and advertising to customers. It is the public offering of the product to begin sales and distribution, potentially on a limited basis through regional rollouts to manage the launch.
BIOETHICS, a bridge between the facts and moral behaviour.UAS,GKVK<BANGALORE
Ethics guides us to make choices or judgements from the wrong to right.Bioethics refer a study of the ethical issues arising from health care, biological and medical sciences.
IP protection & commercialization strategiesLead To Win
This document discusses various intellectual property strategies and commercialization options. It outlines different types of intellectual property including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. It explains why IP is important to protect ownership, control technology transfer, establish means to pursue infringers, and increase competitive advantage. The document also provides details on patent costs, factors to consider in patent strategy, advantages and disadvantages of trade secrets, and components of a license agreement.
This document introduces the topic of bioethics. It defines key terms such as ethics, biology, bioethics, health ethics, and professional ethics. It explains that bioethics education is important for medical practitioners because medical policies and patient rights are constantly changing, health care systems have evolved, and clinicians now face many new issues. The document also lists some common ethical issues addressed in bioethics such as abortion, euthanasia, cloning, and stem cell technology.
Presented by Dr. Tom Corr, CEO – Waterloo Research and Technology Park Accelerator Centre & Associate Vice President, Commercialization – University of Waterloo
Part of the Ontario Post Doctoral Fellowship Networking Event, October 6, 2008
TOPICS
Research Funding
Who Owns the Intellectual Property?
Commercialization Options
Dealing with VCs
Outcomes of Commercialization Efforts
Technology commercialization strategy for a multidisciplinary R&D institutions such as GRO and CRO under new research and business development (R&BD) paradigm
Descriptions of ethical theories and principlesdborcoman
The document discusses several ethical theories and principles that can be used to analyze ethical dilemmas and guide decision making. It outlines theories based on beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice, deontology, utilitarianism, rights, casuistry, and virtue. For each theory, it provides a brief definition or example of how that theory approaches ethical decisions. The overall document serves to introduce and explain the major ethical theories and principles that form the basis of ethical analysis and decision making.
This document discusses several key concepts in nursing ethics including:
1. Nursing ethics examines how moral principles are applied in nursing care. Nurses are responsible for the care they provide.
2. Values define personal character while ethics examine how morals are applied socially. Virtues are moral excellences that align with God's nature, while values are principles individuals consider important.
3. Ethical theories discussed include utilitarianism, which aims to maximize well-being, deontology, which focuses on intentions over outcomes, and situation ethics, which emphasizes responding lovingly in each context. Approaches have strengths but also weaknesses in application.
This document provides an overview of an ethics presentation given by ServiceMaster Lakeshore. The presentation defines key ethics terms like ethics, values, and morals. It discusses the importance of developing personal convictions, role modeling ethical behavior, and not making assumptions. The presentation contrasts foundational and situational ethics approaches and identifies common sources of ethical frameworks like utilitarianism and deontology. It provides a method for making ethical decisions and includes case studies for participants to practice applying ethical reasoning. The overall goal is to help participants better understand ethics and develop skills for addressing ethical issues.
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines ethics as concerning right and wrong and morality. Bioethics is important because historical events like the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment showed that scientific progress requires ethical guidelines. The document discusses principles of bioethics like beneficence, non-maleficence, and autonomy. It also explains that resolving ethical issues requires open-minded consensus based on reasonable debate between stakeholders, not majority opinion or isolation. Overall, the document outlines what bioethics is, why it is important, and basic approaches to addressing ethical problems.
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines ethics as a set of moral principles concerning rights, obligations and ideals that guide judgments of good and bad. Bioethics applies ethical principles to situations involving life sciences and health care. The document discusses how ethics relates to morals and values, and gives examples throughout history where bioethics issues arose, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. It also outlines principles for evaluating ethical dilemmas, such as beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy. The document stresses that there are often no absolute right answers in ethics, but rather reasoned justifications must be considered.
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines ethics as concerning right and wrong and morality. Bioethics is important because historical events like the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment showed that scientific progress requires ethical guidelines. The document discusses principles of bioethics like beneficence, non-maleficence, and autonomy. It also explains that ethical dilemmas have no right answers, but require reasoned debate and consideration of all perspectives to find the best solution. Developing ethical solutions takes time and open discussion rather than isolation or majority rule.
Introduction to Bioethics, Powerpoint presentationDeanSmith181815
This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines ethics as a set of moral principles concerning rights, obligations and ideals that guide judgments of good and bad. Bioethics applies ethical principles to issues in medicine and life sciences. The document discusses how ethics relates to morals and values, and gives examples throughout history where bioethics became important, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and Nazi human experimentation. Basic ethical principles like beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy are introduced. The document emphasizes that there are no absolute answers in ethics, but rather weighing different perspectives and justifications is needed to make well-reasoned decisions.
Living our credo_values_facilitator_presentationPablo Galiana
The document discusses Johnson & Johnson's (J&J) Credo values and decision making process. It provides an overview of the objectives which include exploring the origin and importance of the Credo, understanding how it impacts jobs, and using case studies to show how Credo values help employees make ethical choices. It then discusses the Credo in more detail including its history and values. It outlines a 7-step decision making process incorporating Credo values and considering stakeholders. Finally, it discusses using multiple perspectives when examining ethical issues and provides examples of applying the Credo to case studies.
This document discusses ethics and bioethics. It defines ethics as determining the best course of action and providing reasons for moral behavior. Bioethics explores ethical issues related to life sciences. When addressing bioethical questions, it is important to consider: what is the ethical question being asked, what are the relevant facts, who may be affected by how the question is resolved, and what ethical principles like respect for persons, minimizing harm and maximizing benefit, and fairness apply. Proper ethical reasoning requires considering multiple perspectives, weighing different considerations, and justifying one's position without relying on moral absolutism or ethical relativism. The document provides several examples of controversial bioethical issues.
This document provides an overview of ethics and related concepts. It defines ethics as the study of right and wrong conduct, and notes there are three central concepts: good, right, and ought. It discusses virtue ethics, deontological ethics, consequentialism, and how they differ based on character, actions, and consequences. The document also covers civic ethics, professional ethics, codes of ethics, and what constitutes an ethical person and responsible citizenship. It provides examples of civic duties and rights in Tanzania. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to ethics by defining key terms and comparing different ethical approaches.
It contains factors that a professional should include while making decision when he/she is in moral dilemma. It also gives insights on moral, ethics and engineers code of conduct.
This document provides guidance for a Year 13 internal assessment on a socio-scientific issue. Students must integrate biological knowledge to present a slideshow and podcast discussing their response to a contemporary issue. They will take a personal position and propose actions, justifying their response by analyzing relevant biology. Students have 4 weeks to complete the independent work and must submit research notes and references.
Whole Health in Your Practice Day 2/3 Morning Cristalyne Bell
Whole Health is part of collaborative effort by the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, VA Office of Patient Care and Cultural Transformation, and University of Wisconsin Integrative Health Program to transform healthcare and help people live healthier, happier lives, and more purpose-driven lives.
Learn more: https://wholehealth.wisc.edu/courses-training/whole-health-in-your-practice/
Class 3-ethics-and-behavior-in-organizations-1233274710310841-1Mario Phillip
This document discusses ethics and behavior in organizations. It provides an overview of key topics including:
1) Different models of business ethics including utilitarianism, rights, justice, and egoism.
2) International aspects of ethics and differing views around cultural relativism and ethical realism.
3) Ethical dilemmas that can arise in international business contexts regarding issues like child labor and anti-bribery laws.
Class 3-ethics-and-behavior-in-organizations-1233274710310841-1Mario Phillip
This document discusses ethics and behavior in organizations. It provides an overview of key topics including:
1) Different models of business ethics including utilitarianism, rights, justice, and egoism.
2) International aspects of ethics and differing views around cultural relativism and ethical realism.
3) Common ethical dilemmas that can arise in international business contexts such as issues around child labor and anti-bribery laws.
Here are 3 categories of ethical reasoning we did not discuss:
1. Care ethics - Focuses on the cultivation of compassion and empathy, prioritizing relationships and responsibilities to others.
2. Virtue ethics - Evaluates actions based on the moral character of the agent rather than the consequences of the act itself. A virtuous person will act virtuously in any situation.
3. Contractualism - Actions are right if an informed, unbiased observer would consent to everyone acting in the same way in a similar situation. It focuses on what principles people could rationally agree to.
Let me know if you would like me to elaborate on any of these categories.
The document discusses the concept of ethics. It provides definitions of ethics from various sources, noting that ethics deals with concepts of right and wrong, moral duty and obligations. It discusses ethics as applying to human behavior and choice. The document outlines the purpose of ethical reflections as gathering information, identifying issues, constructing arguments, generating options, and evaluating outcomes. It also discusses characteristics of moral standards, business ethics, mediating between moral demands and interests, and duty ethics in the business environment.
Short version ethical decision making processPablo Galiana
The document provides guidance on making ethical and effective decisions using a 7-step process: 1) stop and reflect, 2) clarify objectives, 3) gather information, 4) develop options, 5) consider impacts, 6) make the decision, and 7) monitor impacts. It also discusses 5 perspectives to examine issues from: personal character, cost/benefit, human value, fairness, and common good. The 6 pillars of character are trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship. Case studies are presented to apply the decision-making process and perspectives.
Module 1: Overview of Professional Ethics
Professional Ethics - Big Picture View - Organizational Culture and Climate- Senses of ‘Engineering Ethics’- Leadership theories: Transactional, Transformational, charismatic leadership, situational leadership - Participative style of management- Engineers as Managers - Concept of Continuous improvement- PDCA Cycle- Suggestion Schemes and Quality circles
This document provides information about measuring and understanding vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It focuses on temperature measurement, describing the normal temperature ranges for adults, different methods and sites for taking a temperature, and safety considerations. Temperature is an important vital sign that can provide information about a resident's health status and response to treatment.
This document provides information about skills related to residents' elimination and urination needs. It begins with an overview of elimination and urination processes. It then discusses skills a nurse aide needs to assist residents with their elimination and urination needs, including using the bathroom, bedside commode, bedpan, applying adult briefs, administering enemas, and collecting stool specimens. The document also covers digestive and urinary system structures and functions, common diseases, aging changes, observations, and bladder and bowel retraining guidelines. It concludes with a section on indwelling urinary catheters.
This document discusses nurse aide responsibilities in providing proper nutrition and hydration to residents. It covers the basics of nutrition including nutrients, food groups, dietary guidelines, and factors that influence dietary needs. It also discusses therapeutic diets for various medical conditions, cultural influences on diets, and signs of good and poor nutrition. Nurse aides must understand residents' dietary needs and serve the appropriate diet, food consistency, and fluids as ordered to support residents' health and wellness.
The document discusses the nurse aide's role in maintaining a safe and clean environment for residents. It focuses on proper environmental controls like temperature, lighting, noise levels and hygiene to promote resident independence, comfort and self-esteem. Specific tasks covered include cleaning patient rooms, storing belongings, changing linens, making beds for open, closed and occupied beds. The goal is to create a home-like setting and prevent unsafe conditions.
The document discusses the nurse aide's role in promoting skin integrity by understanding skills needed to prevent pressure ulcers. As a direct caregiver, the nurse aide is key in preventing pressure ulcers through regular repositioning of residents, keeping their skin clean and dry, and reporting any skin changes immediately. The document provides information on proper positioning, moving, turning, and lifting techniques to prevent skin breakdown and pressure ulcers.
Nurse aides play an important role in providing personal hygiene and grooming care for residents, which helps promote independence, self-esteem, and a positive self-image. Key responsibilities include assisting residents with bathing, oral and nail care, shaving, hair care, and dressing; and encouraging residents to do as much for themselves as possible. Proper hygiene is essential for physical and psychological well-being, and nurse aides must understand residents' individual needs and preferences to effectively support their hygiene needs.
This document discusses the role of nurse aides in rehabilitative/restorative care. It explains that the goal of rehabilitative care is to help residents regain abilities and restore them to their highest level of functioning, while restorative care aims to maintain the abilities achieved through rehabilitation. The nurse aide's role involves encouraging independence, praising efforts, and working with residents to set goals and measure progress in regaining skills.
This document provides information about measuring and understanding vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It focuses on temperature measurement, describing the normal temperature ranges for adults, different methods and sites for taking a temperature, and safety considerations. Temperature is an important vital sign that can provide information about a resident's health status and response to treatment.
Addiction is a chronic disease that is likely to recur, similar to other chronic diseases like diabetes or hypertension. Treatment is most effective when it combines both medication and behavioral treatments. Research shows treatment can be very effective, even when ongoing treatment is required, as addiction may otherwise recur without continued intervention and support. The document discusses understanding addiction as a disease, whether it is acute or chronic, and variability between individuals, before directing readers to a website to learn more about specific treatment experiences.
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction through a series of questions about an experiment with rats. The experiment shows that rats administered cocaine or electrical brain stimulation to the reward system will compulsively press a lever to receive more, demonstrating how drug use becomes reinforcing. It defines addiction as a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. While drug use is initially voluntary, it can lead to long-term changes in the brain that undermine a person's self-control and ability to stop using drugs. The risk of addiction is influenced by biological and environmental factors, and the threshold for addiction is not the same for all individuals.
4.03 drugs change the way neurons communicatemelodiekernahan
Certain drugs can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain by mimicking or blocking neurotransmitters like dopamine. Drugs like methamphetamine, nicotine, and cocaine cause the release of dopamine in the brain's reward system, producing feelings of pleasure. Alcohol alters brain neurons by binding to receptors for neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate. The effects of a drug depend on factors like dosage, route of administration, genetics, and environmental stresses.
4.02 neurons, brain chemistry, and neurotransmissionmelodiekernahan
The document discusses neurons, brain chemistry, and neurotransmission. It describes how neurons communicate with each other through synapses using electrical and chemical signals. When a presynaptic neuron is activated, it releases neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which may excite or inhibit that neuron and propagate the signal. The brain contains billions of neurons that interact through this synaptic transmission to control functions, behaviors, and emotions.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the main parts of the brain. It explains that the brain stem regulates basic functions like breathing and heart rate. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The limbic system regulates emotions. The diencephalon processes sensory information and controls the pituitary gland. The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like thinking, language, and perception. The document also describes how brain imaging techniques like PET scans are used to study brain activity during different tasks.
3.05 making decisions in the face of uncertainitymelodiekernahan
This document discusses making decisions involving biomedical technologies when facing uncertainty. It notes that while science can help analyze uncertain situations and identify susceptible individuals through genetic screening, this ability also raises difficult ethical questions about using genetic information. Ultimately, science can determine what is possible but public policy and ethics analysis are needed to determine what should be done.
3.05 making decisions in the face of uncertainitymelodiekernahan
Sergei Grinkov, an Olympic gold medalist figure skater, suddenly collapsed and died during a practice session at age 28. He was found to have been born with a mutation in a single gene that affects blood clot formation, causing clots to form in the wrong places and leading to his unexpected heart attack. The document discusses how all diseases have both genetic and environmental factors that influence risk and how identifying genetic risks can help enable prevention strategies.
Molecular medicine is advancing as scientists sequence disease-related genes to better understand and treat disease. Physicians will tailor drug prescriptions based on genetic differences in how people respond to treatment. Determining the molecular structure of disease genes allows scientists to develop new treatment strategies by applying this genetic knowledge. As understanding of human genetic variation improves, diagnosis and treatment of diseases by physicians will change substantially.
This document discusses human genetic variation and how scientists study it. It covers several key points:
- Genetics is the study of inherited variation in humans. Studying human genetics helps us understand ourselves as well as treat diseases.
- Scientists use techniques like transmission genetics, cytology, molecular analysis and DNA microarrays to study genetic variation.
- While humans share much of our genetic information, no two individuals (except identical twins) have the same complete genetic makeup. There is natural genetic variation among humans.
- Understanding genetic variation is important for medicine to promote health and treat diseases. It also raises ethical issues that society must address.
2. What is Ethics?
• Definition:
– Ethics seeks to determine what a person should
do, or the best course of action, and provides
reasons why. It also helps people decide how to
behave and treat one another, and what kinds of
communities would be good to live in.
3. What is Bioethics?
• A subfield of ethics that explores ethical
questions related to life sciences.
4. Ethical Questions Raised by Advances
in Biology
• Should there be limits to how much people
modify the natural world using technology?
• Should all students be required to have
vaccinations?
• If you take a genetic test, who should know
the results?
6. Bioethics
Offers ways to think about, analyze, and make
decisions about difficult ethical questions
related to biology and its applications.
7. Definition
Ethics seeks to determine what a person should
do, or the best course of action, and provides
reasons why. It also helps people decide how
to behave and treat one another, and what
kinds of communities would be good to live in.
8. You will face issues that your parents
never had to….
1- New inventions, medicines, and biomedical
procedures are in the news everyday.
2- People who used to die due to organ failure
can now continue living if they receive an
organ transplant. However, the number of
organs are limited.
10. Here’s Your Assignment….
• Discuss with your partner: Should Lisa give her
friends her medication?
• Provide reasons for why Lisa should or should
not give her medicine to her friends.
11. Why do you think ethics is
important???
Help people discuss issues that need to be
decided by individuals as well as members of
communities.
12. Step 1 for Analyzing an Issue
IDENTIFY THE ETHICAL QUESTION
Always needs to be addressed first!!!!!
13. Questions Activity
Round 1
• Get with your partner
• You are going to distinguish between different
types of questions
• With your partner, sort the questions into 2
piles
• Together with your partner, identify the two
types of questions you think you have been
sorting
14. Questions Activity
Round 2
• Keep Round 1 questions in the 2 piles
• You are going to distinguish between different
types of questions
• With your partner, sort the questions into 2
piles
• Together with your partner, identify the two
types of questions you think you have been
sorting
15. Questions Activity
Round 3
• Keep Round 2 questions in the 2 piles
• You are going to distinguish between different
types of questions
• With your partner, sort the questions into 2
piles
• Together with your partner, identify the two
types of questions you think you have been
sorting
17. Round 4
• There are 4 types of questions
• Mark the appropriate box on your worksheet
• Turn in to be graded
18. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
• Read “Oscar Pistorius- The Fastest Man with
No Legs
• Write down 5 questions the case raises. The
questions can be scientific, legal, or ethical.
• Be sure to identify which type of question you
have written.
• Your questions will be used tomorrow in our
next activity
21. Ethical Analysis
• Begins with identifying an ethical question
very clearly
• Hopefully you were able to identify some
ethical questions last night on your homework
assignment.
• Today’s focus will be……
SHOULD OSCAR PISTORIUS BE ALLOWED TO
COMPETE IN THE OLYMPICS????
22. Let’s Look at the Next Step in Analysis
(Four Questions to Always Ask Yourself)
• Ethical Questions
• Relevant Facts
• Who or What Could Be Affected
• Relevant Ethical Considerations
24. What is the Ethical Question?
Should Oscar Pistorius be
allowed to compete in the
Olympics?
.
25. What are the Relevant Facts ?
• Record the relevant facts from Master 1.6 in
the appropriate area on your worksheet
26. Who or what might be affected by
what the IAAF decides to do?
27. What are the relevant ethical
considerations?
• Write these down in the appropriate place on
your worksheet
28. HOMEWORK Assignment
• Read Carl’s Case
• Answer only these 3 questions
What is the ethical question?
What are the relevant facts?
Who or what could be affected by the way the
question is resolved?
31. Group Activity
• Divide into groups of 4 people
• Get a paper and four different colored crayons
(one for each member of the group)
• Divide your paper into four quadrants
• Label the each quadrant with one of these
terms: RESPECT, HARMS AND BENEFITS,
FAIRNESS, and AUTHENTICITY
• Work individually and together to come up
with examples of each these considerations
32. Group Activity (continued)
• Take turns putting check marks next to the
comments or ideas that you believe are
particularly good examples, explaining to
each other why they chose those examples.
• You will be sharing with the class at least one
good example from each quadrant.
33. Let’s Define Respect for Person
Not treating someone as a mere means to a
goal or end
34. Let’s Define Minimizing Harm While
Maximizing Benefits
Acting to lessen negative outcomes and
promoting positive outcomes
36. Let’s Define Authenticity
Achieving a goal in a manner consistent with
what is valued about the performance and
seen as essential (or true) to its nature
38. Activity (continued)
• Each group will have one of the ethical
considerations
• Circle the name of that consideration on your
piece of paper.
• Think about arguments either for or against Carl
taking the steroids, based on the ethical
consideration you were assigned.
• Each group will have one person record these
ideas in the appropriate quadrant on your sheet
of paper
39. RESPECT
• Society should respect Carl’s choices about his
body, even if the use of steroids harms him, as
long as no one else is physically harmed by his
actions. He should have the liberty to make those
decisions for himself.
• Society should respect Carl’s choices to a certain
degree but should not allow Carl to make choices
that can harm him physically or mentally.
40. HARMS AND BENEFITS
• The enhancement might be beneficial to Carl because it might help
him win a scholarship, and that will have important benefits for his
future.
• The enhancement might be harmful to Carl because he might
develop breasts, acne, baldness, a weakened immune system,
stroke, cancer, and “roid rage” (become prone to angry outbursts).
• The enhancement might benefit Carl’s school because Carl might be
able to help his team win sports victories.
• Carl’s steroid use might hurt the school’s reputation and jeopardize
its athletic standings. The school’s eligibility to participate in athletic
events might be revoked.
41. FAIRNESS
• It is fair for Carl to use the steroids because other players on
his team, on other teams, or in the league are using them.
• It is fair for Carl to use the steroids because he is using them
to compensate for an injury.
• It isn’t fair for Carl to use the steroids, because fairness in
sports requires using your natural abilities, and taking
steroids alters one’s natural abilities.
• Competitors who have not taken steroids are at an unfair
disadvantage.
42. AUTHENTICITY
•The very things people value in the sport—such as natural talent—
are undermined when competitors take steroids.
• Using steroids is no different from using other types of
enhancements, such as specially designed swimsuits. Their use will
not reduce what people value in the sport; Carl will still have to
work hard and train consistently.
• Carl will still be his authentic self if he takes steroids. He would just
be using more of a naturally occurring substance until his body
recovers from the injury and gets back to its “normal” steroid levels.
• Carl will not be his authentic self when he takes steroids since he is
altering his physical condition with something that creates a
dramatic effect.
43. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
• Complete Part 2 on Master 1.7 for Carl’s Case
• You should provide 5 reasons for your position
• This will be collected for a quiz grade.
Editor's Notes
Ethics is an activity of deciding what one should do, as an individual and a member of a community.
For example: Members of a democratic society must offer each other reasons that show why one way of dealing with a problem is better than another.
Ethics is the activity of offering reasons to support a decision about what one should do.
Life sciences include biology, botany, zoology, microbiology, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry
Some more examples could include:
should doctors provide fatal medicines to terminally ill patients who want to end their own lives?
should scientists clone pets or animals for food?
how should doctors distribute scarce flu vaccines?
Who should scientists test new medicines on?
Ethics addresses questions such as, which actions should be permitted? and Which action is best? by providing arguments and reasons.
Bioethics addresses ethical questions that arise with respect to biological advances. An example would be: Should running with artificial limbs be permitted in the Olympics?
1- What if a new genetic test was available for a fatal disease that you knew ran in your family, should you have the test?
2- Who should receive an organ transplant? Should the organs go to someone who is sickest or someone who is most likely to live the longest if they receive it?
A group of college students is staying up late together to study for exams.
Several of them have been drinking coffee all day and are wide awake, although
feeling jittery. One of the students, Lisa, mentions that she has recently started
taking a prescription medication that helps her stay awake because of a medical
condition. Lisa had previously been a heavy coffee drinker, consuming four or
more cups of coffee a day in her struggle to stay awake. Since starting on the new medication, she is able to stay awake easily for more than 24 hours and is
not experiencing any serious negative side effects. “It’s better than coffee,” she
tells her friends, “but it is a lot more expensive.”
Record student responses on board.
Ethics helps people decide what to do in difficult cases; it focuses on analyzing situations and providing reasons for choices.
People have difficulty giving reasons, especially if strong feelings are involved. Simply stating “because its just wrong” or “I think its ok and that’s just what I believe” is not enough.
1- Example: Lisa needs to decide whether she should give her friends her medication, and her friends need to decide whether they should take it. There are ethical questions at the societal level too, such as whether the type of medication should be made widely available, whether policies to regulate and restrict its use should be in place, or whether people who take the medication without a prescription should be penalized.
Scientists seek to understand phenomena in the world—they
want to describe what is. They answer scientific questions with
observations and experimentation.
• Bioethicists seek to understand what people should or ought to do.
They answer ethical questions with reasons, using both the facts
at hand and relevant ethical considerations, such as respect for
persons and fairness.
• The difference between “is” and “ought” is a good way to summarize
a main difference between scientists (who seek to describe and
understand the natural world) and ethicists (who seek to determine
what one ought to do).
• Ethical analyses should take the legal context and local laws into
consideration, but something can be illegal yet ethical.
• Something can also be legal and unethical, such as the Jim Crow
laws that prohibited African Americans from using public water
fountains used by whites. It is not illegal to lie about breaking a
cereal bowl at your house, but it may be unethical.
• With respect to performance enhancers in sports, some
interventions could be considered unethical even if they are not yet
illegal and vice versa.
• The law typically sets the minimum standards to which people must
adhere; ethical standards sometimes focus on ideals or what would
be the best thing to do, and not just the minimum or what would be
merely acceptable to do.
Ethical analyses should take customs into consideration, but
something can be ethical and yet not in accord with personal
preference, custom, or habit.
• Something can be in accord with personal preference, custom, or
habit but still be unethical. For example, not long ago in the United
States, it was customary to discourage women from becoming
business managers, but this was not ethical.
Start by asking students to look at the three piles
containing the ethical questions from Rounds 1 through 3. Ask them
what those ethical questions have in common, and develop these
characteristics as a class:
• Ethical questions are often about what we should or ought to do.
(While the word should frequently appears in ethical questions, it is
not always there.)
• Ethical questions often arise when people aren’t sure what the right
thing to do in a certain situation is or when there is a choice or a
controversy about what is best.
Scientific
Legal
Personal preference
Ethical
Provide Master 1.6 to each student for homework.
Identify any ethical questions…..
Examples could include
• Should the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF)
allow Oscar Pistorius to compete?
• Should artificial limbs be permitted in organized sports competitions?
• Should Pistorius be allowed to compete in the Olympics?
• What alterations to the human body create an unfair advantage?
This question needs to be answered not by an individual but by members of a particular community—in this case, the International Association of Athletic Federations.
Students should imagine that they are members of the IAAF, having to make a
considered judgment in the Pistorius case.
Before you do that, though, I am going to share with you a way of approaching
all kinds of ethical issues.
They will be able to apply the method (four key questions to always ask themselves) to any case they confront in bioethics.
Once they’ve been introduced to the four key questions, they will have the chance to use them in an analysis of the Pistorius case.
Ethical Questions: These are about what a person should do, how people ought to interact, what sort of person one should be, and what kind of communities it would be good to live in.
Relevant Facts: These are the biological, psychological, sociological, economic, and historical facts you need for thinking carefully about the ethical question and answering it.
Who or What Could Be Affected: The people and entities affected by ethical decisions are considered stakeholders. Stakeholders are not always human beings or human organizations; animals, plants, organisms, or the environment might be affected by the way an ethical issue is decided, so they can also be stakeholders.
Relevant Ethical Considerations: These are particular concepts in ethics that can help you analyze a case.
Students may come up with the following answers:
• Oscar Pistorius was born missing both fibulas.
• His parents chose to have both his legs amputated below the knees
when he was less than one year old so that he could learn to walk
with prosthetic legs and feet.
• Pistorius would have been wheelchair bound without the
amputation and prosthetics.
• Pistorius is an excellent track athlete and trains to maintain and
improve his running ability.
• He wears artificial limbs made of carbon fiber.
• The Paralympics is an alternative athletic competition for people
with differently abled bodies.
Pistorius competed in the Paralympics and set world records in
track events.
• Pistorius now requests the opportunity to compete in the
Olympics.
• Engineers disagree on whether the prosthetics give Pistorius an
advantage with respect to speed over those athletes competing with
flesh-and-blood legs.
individuals or groups who have a stake in the outcome of a decision are often called stakeholders. In addition, other things can be at stake—like the meaning that we want sports to have.
Possible answers include
• Oscar Pistorius
• All athletes, whether they are differently abled or not
• Sports competitions in general
• Coaches
• What kinds of concerns does the stakeholder have?
• What is important to the stakeholder? What does the stakeholder
care about and value?
• Referees
• Young children (and others) with different abilities who are
thinking about their future opportunities
Tell students that they will spend more time learning about these ethical considerations in Day 3. Point out that for now, it is important to know that ethical considerations are issues that are morally relevant in a case and that ought to be taken into account when thinking about what the best course of action should be.
Some students will undoubtedly note that the major ethical considerations in this case pertain to fairness (Will Oscar Pistorius have an unfair advantage?) and to respect for persons (Which course of action will demonstrate the greatest respect to Oscar? To the
other athletes?). Authenticity is also a relevant ethical consideration.
This next activity will build their understanding of the core ethical considerations of respect for persons, harms and benefits, and fairness. They will then apply the ethical considerations to Carl’s case and complete the remainder of Master 1.7 as a final
assessment.
Respect: When you show respect to someone, what do you do? What are examples of disrespectful actions?
Harms and Benefits: What are examples of harms? What are examples of benefits? Can you think of actions or policies that minimize harm? What are some examples of actions or policies that maximize benefits? (Framing this concept as ways to “make potentially dangerous situations safer” may be helpful. Examples of taking actions to minimize harms
include establishing a minimum driving age, speed limits, and limits on the use of medications.)
Fairness: What are examples of fair actions or policies? Can you think of examples of unfair actions or policies?
Authenticity: What is it about a performance that we value? What makes a sports performance “authentic” (that is, valuable and true to its essential nature)? What might make it “inauthentic”?
Write each of the ethical considerations on the board or a transparency. Note that bioethicists often focus on the first three considerations, but other considerations (such as authenticity) sometimes factor in, too, as in this case.
This is often a matter of not interfering with a person’s ability to make
and carry out decisions. In some cases, it is also a matter of enabling a
person to make choices or supporting the person in the choices he or
she makes.
focuses on trying to promote positive consequences and lessen negative consequences. “First of all, do no harm” is a familiar expression of minimizing harms when practicing
medicine. Even if a physician cannot help a patient directly, he or she should avoid actions that cause harm. “Do no harm’” is sometimes referred to as “nonmaleficence.” A closely related concept, “beneficence” (“Do good”), stresses acting in the best interest of others, and being of benefit to them.
Sometimes what is fair is described as giving each person an equal amount of something. Other times, it is described as providing according to each person’s need or according to each person’s merit or contribution.
People sometimes use the word authentic to point out that there are certain ways of doing something that are considered essential to the action and are, therefore, highly valued as intrinsically important or “true.”
For example, climbing a ladder to get the basketball through the hoop would not be considered an authentic way to play basketball. People might agree beforehand to create a new game of “ladder basketball,” but the use of the ladder, without such a change in the rules, would not be an authentic (or true) version of the ordinary game of basketball as we know it.
Respect for Persons
• Should society respect a person’s choice to use an enhancement technology even when doing so will negatively affect the person’s health?
Harms and Benefits
• Are enhancements harmful or beneficial to individuals who
use them?
• Are enhancements harmful or beneficial to society when
individuals use them?
Fairness
• Is it fair for an individual to use an enhancement?
• Does fairness require that everyone in society have equal access to
enhancements?
Authenticity
• Does using enhancements in sports performance violate what
people most value about sports?