Ethics guides us to make choices or judgements from the wrong to right.Bioethics refer a study of the ethical issues arising from health care, biological and medical sciences.

1. BIOETHICS
Presented by Course Teacher
Monoj Sutradhar Dr. D Dayal Doss
Jr. M.sc(Plant Biotechnology) Prof
PALB 3243 Dept of Plant Biotechnology
UAS,GKVK,Bangalore UAS,GKVK,Bangalore
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2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 ETHICS AND MOALS
 AGRICULTURAL BIOETHICS
 ANIMAL BIOETHICS
 HUMAN BIOETHICS
 BIOETHICS PRINCIPLE
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3. INTRODUCTION
 The study of the ethical and moral implications of new
biological discoveries and biomedical advances, as in the
fields of genetic engineering and drug research is
bioethics.
 The term “bioethics” was introduced in the 70’s by Van
Rensselaer Potter for a study aiming at ensuring the
preservation of the biosphere.
 It was later used to refer a study of the ethical issues
arising from health care, biological and medical sciences. 9/8/2014 3

4. ETHICS
 Discipline concerned with right or wrong conduct.
 Guides to moral behavior.
 Making choices or judgments.
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5. ETHICS VS MORALS
 Morals are an individual frame work for
decision making that includes personal values.
 Ethics are a generalized conceptual frame work
for decision making.
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6. Main topics in Bioethics
 Pre-birth Issues
 Issues in human reproduction
 Human cloning
 Stem cell research
 The new genetics
 Organ transplant
 Experimentation with human subjects & animals
 GM crops research
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7. BIOETHICS IN AGRICULTURE
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8. BENEFITS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
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9. GOLDEN RICE
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10. GOLDEN RICE GENE CONSTRUCT
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13. GOLDEN RICE ISSUES
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14. 9/8/2014 14

15. BT BRINJAL
 Resistant against lepidopteran insects like brinjal fruit and shoot borer
(Leucinodes orbonalis) and Mahyco, an Indian seed company based
in Jalna, Maharashtra developed bt brinjal.
 The genetically modified brinjal event is termed Event EE 1 was
introgressed by plant breeding into various local varieties by University
of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad andTamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore. Some of the cultivars of brinjal include: Malpur local,
Manjari gota, Kudachi local, Udupi local, 112 GO, and Pabkavi local.
The cry1Ac gene is under the transcriptional control of an
enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter,
which ensures the gene is expressed in all the brinjals tissue
throughout its complete lifecycle. NptII and aad are selectable
marker genes, nptII to identify transgenic from non-transgenic,
and aad is used to identify the transformed bacteria used during
the development of the 9/8/construct. 2014 Aad 15
contains a bacterial
promoter and is not expressed in the Bt brinjal.

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17. TERMINATOR SEEDS
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20. Consumer Issues
 Food Safety
 Allergenicity
 Negative effects on nutrients
 Introduction or increase of toxins
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21. Environmental Issues
 Modified crop could become a weed, negatively effecting natural
ecosystems.
 Transgenes could spread to nearby relatives, negatively effecting natural
ecosystems.
 Direct or indirect negative effects on non-target organisms.
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22. SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES
 Negative effects on prices
 Increasing yield in regions where there is already a surplus can push down prices,
hurting farmers
 Negative effects on small farms
 Many technologies are not scale neutral.
 Negative effects on organic farms
 Increased resistance to Bt, an important tool to organic farmers
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23. HUMANITARIAN ISSUES
 The most important stakeholders in this whole debate are those who
are suffering from food shortages.
 Some 80,000 infants die every two days from the effects of
malnutrition.
 It is estimated that by 2020, farmers will have to produce 40% more
grain than they do know, despite little room for expanding agriculture
onto new land.
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24. GLOBAL STATUS OF GM CROPS
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25. ANIMAL BIOETHICS
DOLION GLOFISH
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26. ANIMAL WELFARE THEORY
 Animal welfare is the theory which maintains that it is morally
acceptable to use nonhuman animals for human purposes as long as
they are treated humanely and do not impose unnecessary suffering
on them.
 The goal of animal welfare is the regulation of animal use.
 INDIAN ORGANISATIONS:
• The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI,Chennai)
• Buddha Society for Animal Welfare(BSAW,Bihar)
• Federation of Indian Animal Protection Authority
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27. ANIMAL RIGHTS THEORY
 The animal rights theory maintains that we have no moral
justification for using nonhuman animals for human purposes
however humanely we treat them.
 The goal of animal rights activists is to abolish the use of
animals.
 ORGANISATIONS:
 People for Ethical Treatment of Animals(PETA India,Mumbai)
 Central Zoo Authority (CZA India, Delhi)
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28. SIGNIFICANCE
 Treating animals inhumanely results in economic costs.
Animal cruelty is against the law.
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29. FARMING ANIMALS
 Animals are used for meat, milk, fibre, pharmaceuticals, research,
companionship,exhibition.
REASONS BEHIND QUESTIONABLE PRODUCTION PRACTICES
Consumer demand: Safe, cheap, high quality,
consistent food
Efficiency: Labor, distribution, price
Animal protection and care: From predators,
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environmental extremes, veterinary care, nutrition

30. WELFARE IN CATTLE PRODUCTION
BRANDING DEHORNING
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31. DAIRY FACILITIES
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32. WELFARE IN POULTRY PRODUCTION
 Laying Hens: Beak trimming, crowding, dust bathing, forced
molting, social disorder
 Broilers: Fast growth
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33. ANIMALS AS RESEARCH MATERIALS
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34. GM ANIMALS
AquaAdvantage salmon. A growth
hormone-regulating gene from a
Pacific Chinook salmon and
a promoter from an ocean pout
inserted in atlantick salmon by
AquaBounty.
Genetically modified line
of Yorkshire pigs with
efficient plant phosphorus
digestion by phytase enzyme in
saliva.University of Guelph.
Bioluminiscent lab rat,Stanford
University,1997
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35. Nexia Biotechnologies, and later by the Randy Lewis lab of the University of Wyoming and Utah State
University.] It is reportedly 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can
stretch up to 20 times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties. It also has very high
resistance to extreme temperatures, not losing any of its properties within -20 to 330 degrees Celsius.
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36. ANIMAL CLONING
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37. CLONING
 Cloning is the process of making genetically identical organisms from a
single parent.
 Cloning could also help provide scientists with a better understanding of
some genetic diseases
 The cloning of genetically modified farm animals can have agricultural
and industrial advantages.For instance, genetically modified cows can
produce milk with certain drugs inside for mass production.
 Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and
the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the
process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith
Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of
Edinburgh, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics
near Edinburgh in Scotland, the United Kingdom.
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38. RELIGIOUS ISSUES IN ANIML PRODUCTION
 Religious slaughter is a major current animal welfare issue.
Significant numbers of Muslim and Jewish people demand meat
products from animals killed using practices according to religious
requirements.
 There are differences between conventional and religious slaughter
practices. Although both methods have been subjected to criticism on
animal welfare grounds, religious slaughter has received much recent
attention.
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43. TEST TUBE MEAT
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47.  Current concerns about religious
slaughter focus on stress of preslaughter
handling using certain devices, pain and
distress that may be felt during and
after neck cutting, as well as prolonged
times to loss of brain function and death
if stunning is not applied.
 Universally agreed correct religious
slaughter rules and practices are still
under debate, and certification and
labeling of meat products remain as
other issues to be addressed. Because of
the above, moves to minimize welfare
problems are under way to improve
slaughter practices by providing more
training and new regulations.
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48. DESIGNER MILK
Modification of the primary structure of casein, alteration
in the lipid profile, increased protein recovery, milk
containing nutraceuticals, and replacement for infant
formula offer several advantages in the area of
processing. Less fat in milk, altered fatty acid profiles to
include more healthy fatty acids such as CLA and omega-fats,
improved amino acid profiles, more protein, less
lactose, and absence of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) are
some opportunities of "designing" milk for human health
benefits.
Cow milk allergenicity in children could be reduced by
eliminating the beta-LG gene from bovines. Animals that
produce milk containing therapeutic agents such as
insulin, plasma proteins, drugs, and vaccines for human
health have been genetically engineered.
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50.  The ultimate acceptability of the "designer" products will depend
on ethical issues such as animal welfare and safety, besides
better health benefits and increased profitability of products
manufactured by the novel techniques
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51. HUMAN BIOETHICS
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52. ORGAN TRANSPLANT AND RESOURCES ALLOCATION
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53. ONE WHAT CRITERIA SHOULD ORGANS BE
ALLOCATED TO PATIENTS FOR TRANSPLANTATION?
One heart available  who should get it?
17-year old girl 40-year-old school principal 70-year-old woman
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54. xenotransplantation
 The transplantation of organs, tissues, or cells from one species to
another. Mainly from pigs to humans.
 Every 12 minutes another name is added to the national organ transplant
waiting list
 18 people die per day - one person every 80 minutes
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55. BUT ITS NOT AN OPTION YET
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56. OVERCOMING REJECTION
 Elimination of xenoreactive natural antibodies that bind to endothelial
cells of pig organ.
 Inhibition of complement produced by the antibodies – introduce
protein into pig endothelial cells to prevent lysis of the cells.
 Transgenic pigs with this protein have been produced and organs from
these pigs usually do not undergo antibody rejection.
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57. OVERCOMING T CELL REJECTION
 Main immunological barrier to successful xenotransplantation
 Immunosuppression- greater organ survival time
 Further genetic engineering of animal- number of genes may suppress
the inflammatory response that causes this type of rejection
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58. PIGS MOST PROMISING DONORS
 Risk of transmission of viruses low
 Reach sexual maturity rapidly
 Multiple offspring per litter
 Insulin used to treat diabetes
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59. FEAR OF ZOONOSES
 Transmission of infectious agents from one species to
another
 Spread of HIV and hepatitis through transplants from
humans
 Some diseases mild in animals but deadly to humans
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60. IN PROCESS
 Thousands of people have received living pig tissues
 Insulin to treat diabetes
 Skin to treat burns, skin cancer
 Heart valves
 Liver cells to treat liver disease
 Islets to treat diabetes
 Neurons for Parkinson’s disease, stroke
 Held back by stem cell research
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61. HUMAN CLONING
 Two techniques:
 Embryo splitting
 Nuclear substitution
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62. Embryo splitting
 The clone is usually used for tests of abnormality, and will be destroyed
subsequently
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63. NUCLEAR TRANSFER
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67. STEM CELL RESEARCH
 Stem cells: undifferentiated, multi-potent, precursor cells, capable of
developing into virtually any body tissue.
 Three types of stem cells:
 Embryonic stem cells (ESC)
 Fetal stem cells
 Adult stem cells
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69. STEM CELL RESEARCH ON DISEASES
 Independent Citizen’s Oversight Committee (ICOC) includes:
 Spinal cord injuries about 35,000 cases in CA
 Alzheimer’s disease about 470,000 cases in CA
 Type II (adult) diabetes 10% of adults (20 and up) have it
 Multiple sclerosis in NorCal, 150 in 100,000 people have it
 Type I (juvenile) diabetes 1 in every 400-600 children/adolescents
 Heart disease #1 cause of death in US (12% of adults)
 Cancer #2 cause of death in US (7.4% of adults)
 Parkinson’s disease about 500,000 cases in US
 Mental illness 22% of Americans have mental disorders
 HIV/AIDS about 1 million cases of HIV in US
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70. 9/8/2014 70

71.  Three main sources:
 Adult bone marrow
 Miscarried or aborted embryos/fetus; extra embryos left over from
IVF
 Embryos from therapeutic cloning
 Potential Treatments:
 They may be used to replace damaged organ tissues (e.g., cardiac
tissues), repair irreversible injuries (e.g., spinal cord injuries), or
cure diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases).
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75.  Ethical issues:
 Destroying an embryo to harvest ESC is equivalent to
killing a child to obtain his organs.
 Left-over from IVF are already there.
 Therapeutic cloning: The embryo is not created for
reproduction.
 How about the wellbeing of many patients who may be
cured by ESC research?
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76.  Create unnecessary psychological distress
 Discrimination by employers and insurance companies
 Confidentiality and Privacy
 Social stigmatization
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77. PRENATAL SCREENING
 Sex selection: Gender discrimination and imbalance of
sex ratio unless it is done solely for therapeutic
purpose.
 Discrimination: Lives of the disable are not worth living.
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78. IVF- IN VITRO FERTILISATION
 Available since 1986
 About 100,000 IVF kids in U.S.
 Often creates extra embryos
 U.S. - About 400,000 frozen embryos (unregulated)
 England – 52,000 (regulated by government
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79. 9/8/2014 79

80. PRE IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)
 Diagnosing inherited genetic disorders “in vitro”
 Choosing which embryos will be transferred to the uterus based upon
desired traits
 Gender decisions
 “Designer Babies?”
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81. DESIGNER BABIES AND ARCHITECT PARENTS
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83. HOW ABOUT GIVING EVERY CHILD AN EQUAL CHANCE
 The Potential of Children
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85. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE WEAPONS
 Anthrax
Cutaneous
Inhalation
Intestinal
 Smallpox
 Botulinum toxin
 Bubonic plague
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86. CHEMICAL WARFARE WEAPONS
 Nerve gas agents
 Sarin
 Tabun
 VX gas
 Blistering agents
 Lewsite gas
 Mustard gas
 Choking agents
 Chlorine
 Phosgene
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87. EFFECTS OF BIO-CHEMICAL WARFARE
 Muscle contractionAbdominal pains, severe diarrhoea
 Vomiting with blood
 Rashes and boils
 Flu like fever
 Blurred double vision
 Nausea
 Fever, loss of appetite, vomiting
 Paralysis
 Skin blisters and burns
 Choking and cough leading to death
 Respiratory failure
 Formation of painless ulcers
 Seizures
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89. EUTHANASIA
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90. 9/8/2014 90

91. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOETHICS
 Environment
 Your total surroundings;
 includes both biotic (living) and
 abiotic (non-living) factors 9/8/2014 91

92.  The body of moral principles or values followed by a person in regards to
their total surroundings
SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT
IS AN ENVIRONMENT IN
WHICH THE ESSENTIAL
QUALITIES OF LIFE ARE
NEITHER LESSENED NOR
DEPLETED.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF
LIFE:
OXYGEN, FOOD, WATER,
NUTRIENTS, WARMTH,
SHELTER,
UNSUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT IS AN
ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF
LIFE ARE LESSENED OR
DEPLETED.
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93.  Traditional moral value pays attention to human relations, and does not
realize that the nature is the source of human life, while the people consider
the nature as the objects freely obtained and used.
 Environmental ethics ask the human to establish a correct view of nature,
learn to respect, imitate, and protect nature, and get along amiably and
peacefully with the nature.
 However, conservation of nature can not be one-sided emphasized without
enterprising, and then walking to other extreme. 9/8/2014 93

94. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
 Ethics with sustainable development
asks us to observe and understand the
world with ecological thinking, which is
considered as the standard to survey the
words and deeds, i.e. treatment of the
ecological environment should follow the
following principles.
basic principles
of environmental
ethics
The principle of
min harm
The principle of
proportionality
The principle of
coordination
The principle of
moderate
consumption
The principle of
distributive justice
The principle of
fair compensation
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95. 6.5.2The essence of sustainable
development
economical goal Pursue quality and efficiency
ecology -environment -
resource goal
Emphasize for the benign circulation of
system , coordinate development with
own bearing capacity
social goal
Social justice, moderate
growth of population
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96. Green card: the differences between
sustainable development and traditional
development model
Sustainable development is a new development strategy, and clear that the
human is one member of nature center, rather than its center. The human
must get along amiably and peacefully with the nature. The differences
compared to traditional development model is
traditional development modelsustainable development
material resources-motivated non-material resources-motivated
Simply pursue economic growth
Coordinated development of
economic and social environment
material-oriented people-oriented
Pay attention to local
interests at present
Pay attention to
long-term global interests
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97. Global human population growth
 Our population has skyrocketed
 The agricultural and industrial
revolutions drove population
growth.
Figure 1.2
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98. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
 Population growth will lead to
starvation, war, disease.
 Death rates check population
unless birth rates are lowered.
 In our day, Paul Ehrlich
(The Population Bomb, 1968) is
called
“neo-Malthusian.”
Figure 1.3
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99. What is an “environmental problem?”
 Definitions differ.
 The pesticide DDT:
 was thought safe in 1945
 is known to be toxic today
 but is used widely in Africa to
combat malaria
Figure 1.5
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100. Some questions in environmental ethics
Should the present
generation conserve
resources for future
generations?
Is is OK to destroy a forest to
create jobs for people?
Are humans justified in
driving other species to
extinction?
Is it OK for some communities
to be exposed to more
pollution than others?
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101. Environmental Ethics
 is concerned with the moral relationships between humans
and the world around us. Do we have special duties,
obligations, or responsibilities to other species or nature in
general? Are our dispositions towards humans different
than towards nature? How are they different? Are there
moral laws objectively valid and independent of cultural
context, history, situation, or environment?
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102. Three ethical worldviews
Figure 2.4
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103. DECISION MAKING AND ETHICS:
‘ETHICAL REASONING’
1. Fact deliberation
2. Value deliberation
3. Duty deliberation
4. Testing consistency
5. Conclusion
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104. BIOETHICS- THE BRIDGE BETWEEN FACTS AND
VALUES
 During the second half of the 20th century, knowledge and technical power in
biological sciences had been increasing continuously but reflection about the
values at stake had not progressed in the same proportion.
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105. THE WEST ARGUED, THE AFRICANS DIED
 The cloning scenario is only highlight of a world wide
debate about genetic engineering of animals, vegetables
and every thing except minerals
 With religion, green fanaticism and trade interests getting
involved, facts are hard to separate from agendas
 The real biotech tragedy of 2002: Starvation deaths in
Zambia – because of an US-EU row over providing biotech
(cloned) corn for famine relief
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106. UNESCO’s 15 Bioethical principles
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107. ETHICS COMMITTEES
 Conflicts often arise when people are entitled to
decide and take part in decision-making processes
 Conflicts are more frequent as respect for human
freedom and moral diversity increases
 Collective deliberation- the main purpose of ethics
committees
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108. ANTI GMO ORGANISATIONS
 Green Peace( !971,Amsterdam,Netherlands)
 Navdanya(1984,India,Uttarakhand)
 Friends of the Earth international(1961,Amsterdam,Netherlands)
 Alter tour(France)
 Citizens Biotechnology Information Centre(Japan)
 Council of Canadians(1985,Ottawa)
 Institute of Science for Society(2009,Malaysia)
 Centre for Food Safety(Pennsylvania,Washington DC)
 GM watch centre(Japan)
 Organic Consumers Association(1998,USA)
 Gene Ethics Network(Australia)
 Inter Environment
 Earth Island Institute(1982,Berkeley,California)
 International Council of Voluntary Agencies 9/8/2014 108

109.  OGM Dangers(France)
 GE Free Canada
 Consumers Union of Japan
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110. 9/8/2014 110