The document discusses the structure and functions of the main parts of the brain. It explains that the brain stem regulates basic functions like breathing and heart rate. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The limbic system regulates emotions. The diencephalon processes sensory information and controls the pituitary gland. The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like thinking, language, and perception. The document also describes how brain imaging techniques like PET scans are used to study brain activity during different tasks.
lecture 6 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, focus is on split brain studies by Michael Gazzaniga, sulci, gyri, plasticity
Different animal species have many structures in common, including a cerebellum and cortex.
The cortex is much larger in mammals than in species that evolved earlier, such as fish and amphibians.
The cross section of the human brain shows how the cerebral cortex has developed around and above more primitive brain structures. Localization—notion that different functions are located in different areas of the brainLateralization—notion that different functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain or the other
lecture 4 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes about 15 major brain areas, anatomical terminology, brain imaging procedures (CT, MRI, EEG, PET)
Biological bases of human behaviour (complete) 2PoornimaSingh35
Introduction to Psychology/Biological basis of behavior. ... The most important physical structure for psychologists is the nervous system. The nervous system carries orders from the brain and spinal cord to various glands and muscles, it also carries signals from stimuli receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
lecture 6 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, focus is on split brain studies by Michael Gazzaniga, sulci, gyri, plasticity
Different animal species have many structures in common, including a cerebellum and cortex.
The cortex is much larger in mammals than in species that evolved earlier, such as fish and amphibians.
The cross section of the human brain shows how the cerebral cortex has developed around and above more primitive brain structures. Localization—notion that different functions are located in different areas of the brainLateralization—notion that different functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain or the other
lecture 4 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes about 15 major brain areas, anatomical terminology, brain imaging procedures (CT, MRI, EEG, PET)
Biological bases of human behaviour (complete) 2PoornimaSingh35
Introduction to Psychology/Biological basis of behavior. ... The most important physical structure for psychologists is the nervous system. The nervous system carries orders from the brain and spinal cord to various glands and muscles, it also carries signals from stimuli receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
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he nervous system is a network of neurons whose main feature is to generate, modulate and transmit information between all the different parts of the human body. This property enables many important functions of the nervous system, such as regulation of vital body functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion), sensation and body movements. Ultimately, the nervous system structures preside over everything that makes us human; our consciousness, cognition, behaviour and memories.
The nervous system consists of two divisions;
Central nervous system (CNS) is the integration and command center of the body
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) represents the conduit between the CNS and the body. It is further subdivided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Cells of the nervous system
Two basic types of cells are present in the nervous system;
Neurons
Glial cellsCells of the nervous system
Two basic types of cells are present in the nervous system;
Neurons
Glial cells
The site where an axon connects to another cell to pass the neural impulse is called a synapse. The synapse doesn't connect to the next cell directly. Instead, the impulse triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters from the very end of an axon. These neurotransmitters bind to the effector cell’s membrane, causing biochemical events to occur within that cell according to the orders sent by the CNS.
There are two types of neurons, named according to whether they send an electrical signal towards or away from the CNS;
Efferent neurons (motor or descending) send neural impulses from the CNS to the peripheral tissues, instructing them how to function.
Afferent neurons (sensory or ascending) conduct impulses from the peripheral tissues to the CNS. These impulses contain sensory information, describing the tissue's environment.Glial cells
Glial cells (Neuroglia); Image:
Astrocyte (Astrocytus); Image:
Glial cells
Neuroglia
1/5
Synonyms: Neuroglia
Glial cells, also called neuroglia or simply glia, are smaller non-excitatory cells that act to support neurons. They do not propagate action potentials. Instead, they myelinate neurons, maintain homeostatic balance, provide structural support, protection and nutrition for neurons throughout the nervous system.
This set of functions is provided for by four different types of glial cells;
Myelinating glia produce the axon-insulating myelin sheath. These are called oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. Remember these easily with the mnemonic "COPS" (Central - Oligodendrocytes; Peripheral - Schwann)
Astrocytes (CNS) and satellite glial cells (PNS) both share the function of supporting and protecting neurons.
Other two glial cell types are found in CNS exclusively; microglia are the phagocytes of the CNS and ependymal cells which line the ventricular system of the CNS. The PNS doesn’t have a glial equivalent to microglia as the phagocytic role is performed by macrophages.
It talks about nervous system and brain behavior. This include discussion about brain, different aspects of human behavior and thought such us cental core, limbic system and cerebral cortex. Also, it discusses what consists od central core (brainstem, thalamus and cerebellum).
The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The (CNS) is the major division, and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord, while the cranial cavity contains the brain.
Components of the Nervous System, Various Parts of the Brain, Sulci, Gyri and Fissures, Cerebral Hemispheres, Various lobes in the Brain, Cerebellum, Brainstem.
Similar to 4.01 the brain what is going on in there (20)
4. Let’s Explore Some of the Parts of The
Brain
Brain Stem
coordinating functions such as:
*heart rate
*breathing
*eating
*sleeping
5. CEREBELLUM
2nd largest region of the brain
Located behind and below the cerebrum
Coordinates movement
Maintains balance and posture
6. LIMBIC SYSTEM
Located deep within the temporal lobe of the
cerebrum
Responsible for:
Regulates emotions, motivations and
movements
7. DIENCEPHALON
Located between the cerebrum and the
midbrain
Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
Responsible for:
sensory perception
regulation of pituitary gland
8. CEREBRAL CORTEX
*Located over and around most of the brain
*Responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing
and understanding language
*Can be divided into different areas
~ vision ~ hearing ~ movement ~smell
~thinking ~reasoning
9. How Do Scientists Investigate What
Happens in the Human Brain?
• Watching a person’s behavior
• Using various imaging techniques such as CT
scan, MRI or PET scans
• Using animals for research
10. Imaging of the Brain
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
measures the spatial distribution and
movement of radioisotopes in tissues of living
subjects
14. Information for Question #5
The tasks that the subject performed during each of the PET scans
are as follows:
Set #1- The person is resting
Set #2- The person is listening to music
Set #3- The person is looking at a picture showing both pattern
and color
Set #4- The person is performing a thinking task
Set #5- The person must remember an image to be recalled later
Set #6- The person is hopping up and down on their right foot.
15. Activity: Who Was Phineas Gage?
• Computer reconstruction
of the skull of Phineas
Gage illustrating the
projection of the
tampering rod through
the brain.
• Picture taken from NIH Curriculum
Supplement; The Brain: Understanding
Neurobiology Through the Study of
Addiction
18. The Reward System
• Part of the brain produces and regulates
feelings of pleasure
– Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
– Nucleus accumbens
– Portion of the frontal region of the cerebral cortex
21. What Did We Learn?
• Particular functions are localized to specific
areas of the brain
• Imaging techniques allow scientists to study
activity in the brain
• Normal behaviors can activate the reward
system in the brain and drugs of abuse affect
those same reward circuits
Editor's Notes
When most people think about breathing, they think about the lungs, but not usually the involvement of the brain. Remember the respiratory center located in the brain stem.
Right now, your heart is beating. Although the heart is actually pumping the blood, your brain plays an important role in regulating the heart beat.
The involvement of the brain is more obvious for some tasks than for others.
You are going to be analyzing some PET images.
This images use radioactive glucose to identify parts of the brain that are active.
Active brain areas use more glucose than less active areas. So this means more of the glucose is taken up into active areas.
PET images are color-coded by a computer. The most active brain areas are shown in RED.
Areas in YELLOW are less active than areas in red but are more active than areas in GREEN.
The least active areas are shown in BLUE or PURPLE.
There will be a color scale on the screen when you are looking at the PET images.
Work in your groups to analyze the PET images and answer the questions on Master 1.2.
This same region responds to life-sustaining activities such as eating and drinking and species-sustaining sexual activity.
Drugs activate the brain’s reward system
Drugs also act on other regions of the brain
Drugs alter the way the reward system functions. Drugs action in the reward system makes the person abusing drugs feel pleasure and want to continue taking drugs.