This research article evaluated the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity of Trichodesma zeylanicum roots. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in the plant extract. The total flavonoid content was determined to be 6.28 mg/gram of dried extract. Tests showed the extract had reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities, with IC50 values indicating good antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. The results suggest T. zeylanicum has potential as a source of antioxidants for wound treatment.
Phytochemical analysis of the selected five plant extractsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the phytochemical composition of extracts from five Kenyan plant species: Sonchus luxurians, Ocimum americanum, Bridelia micrantha, Croton megalocarpus, and Aloe secundiflora. The plants were extracted using hexane, dichloromethane/methanol, and water. Tests identified various chemical constituents in the extracts including alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, reducing sugars, steroids, flavonoids, and catecholics. Catecholics were the most common constituent found. The study concludes the plant extracts show potential as candidates for drug development due to the presence of compounds like sapon
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves from South Africa, finding the leaves to be a good source of protein (30.3%), various minerals including calcium and iron, fatty acids like alpha-linolenic acid, fiber, and vitamins A and E. The leaves also contain amino acids and polyphenols, indicating their potential as a nutritional supplement for humans and animal feed.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antibacterial properties of Moringa oleifera extracts against Proteus mirabilis bacteria known to cause urinary tract infections. Leaf extracts from M. oleifera were tested against 63 clinical P. mirabilis isolates and a reference strain. Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained various phytochemicals like alkaloids and flavonoids. Disc diffusion assays showed the extracts inhibited both strains, with isopropyl alcohol and petroleum ether extracts most effective. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 0.78-400 mg/ml depending on the extract and strain.
Functional properties of Coconut HaustoriumTimothy Zagada
The document analyzes the functional components and antioxidant activity of the coconut haustorium. It finds that the haustorium contains phenols, flavonoids, and high amounts of saponins, but no tannins or alkaloids. The standard deviation was highest for saponins, indicating more variability in results. Correlation analysis found saponins had the strongest linear relationship to antioxidant activity, followed by flavonoids then phenols. In conclusion, saponins are most likely responsible for the haustorium's antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the strong correlation between saponins and activity.
This research article evaluated the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity of Trichodesma zeylanicum roots. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in the plant extract. The total flavonoid content was determined to be 6.28 mg/gram of dried extract. Tests showed the extract had reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities, with IC50 values indicating good antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. The results suggest T. zeylanicum has potential as a source of antioxidants for wound treatment.
Phytochemical analysis of the selected five plant extractsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the phytochemical composition of extracts from five Kenyan plant species: Sonchus luxurians, Ocimum americanum, Bridelia micrantha, Croton megalocarpus, and Aloe secundiflora. The plants were extracted using hexane, dichloromethane/methanol, and water. Tests identified various chemical constituents in the extracts including alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, reducing sugars, steroids, flavonoids, and catecholics. Catecholics were the most common constituent found. The study concludes the plant extracts show potential as candidates for drug development due to the presence of compounds like sapon
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves from South Africa, finding the leaves to be a good source of protein (30.3%), various minerals including calcium and iron, fatty acids like alpha-linolenic acid, fiber, and vitamins A and E. The leaves also contain amino acids and polyphenols, indicating their potential as a nutritional supplement for humans and animal feed.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antibacterial properties of Moringa oleifera extracts against Proteus mirabilis bacteria known to cause urinary tract infections. Leaf extracts from M. oleifera were tested against 63 clinical P. mirabilis isolates and a reference strain. Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained various phytochemicals like alkaloids and flavonoids. Disc diffusion assays showed the extracts inhibited both strains, with isopropyl alcohol and petroleum ether extracts most effective. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 0.78-400 mg/ml depending on the extract and strain.
Functional properties of Coconut HaustoriumTimothy Zagada
The document analyzes the functional components and antioxidant activity of the coconut haustorium. It finds that the haustorium contains phenols, flavonoids, and high amounts of saponins, but no tannins or alkaloids. The standard deviation was highest for saponins, indicating more variability in results. Correlation analysis found saponins had the strongest linear relationship to antioxidant activity, followed by flavonoids then phenols. In conclusion, saponins are most likely responsible for the haustorium's antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the strong correlation between saponins and activity.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
Behaviour of laying curve in Babcock-380 brown commercial layers in Kelantan,...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on delay ripening treatments to maintain quality of lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) harvested at two different times. The study tested various hot water treatments, potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and wax coating on limes harvested 5 and 6 months after flowering. The results showed that a hot water treatment of 40°C for 2 minutes on limes harvested 6 months after flowering (treatment P7) was most effective in maintaining chlorophyll content, weight loss, vitamin C levels, acidity, and juice content during 20 days of storage compared to other treatments and controls. Potassium permanganate (treatments P5 and P11) was also effective at preventing chlorophyll degradation
Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content in avocado (persia americana)...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the total phenolic content in avocado (Persia Americana) seeds from the Eastern Province of Kenya. Avocado seeds from five varieties were extracted at different temperatures and their total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The maximum phenolic content of 18.55 ± 2.8 mg/g was found in extracts of the Fuerte variety extracted at 50°C. Increasing the extraction temperature to 70°C and 100°C resulted in 10.3% and 32.1% decreases in total phenolic content, respectively, likely due to degradation of thermosensitive phenolic compounds. Overall, an extraction temperature of 50°C was found to be most
The document describes a study that evaluated the bioactive phytochemicals in Gouania longipetala using GC-MS analysis. Eight phytochemicals were identified in the ethanol leaf extract: 11,14-octadecadienoic acid; Hexadecanoic acid; 9,11-octadecadienoic acid; 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol; 9-Octadecenoic acid; Ethyl palmitate; 17-carboxyheptadec-9-en-1-ylium; and Glutaric acid, isobutyl 2-nitrophenyl ester. Many of these compounds showed bioactivities like inhibiting
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves of the South African ecotype. It finds the dried leaves contain 30.3% crude protein with 19 amino acids. Notable mineral contents include 3.65% calcium, 1.5% potassium, and 0.3% phosphorus. Fatty acid analysis identified 17 fatty acids, with alpha-linolenic acid at 44.57%. Vitamin E was the highest vitamin at 77 mg/100g. The fiber contents were 11.4% NDF and 8.49% ADF. Overall, the amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins reflected a desirable nutritional balance for the Moringa leaves.
The document evaluates the antioxidant properties of Albizia amara leaves. It finds that the methanolic extract has stronger antioxidant activity than the petroleum ether extract in various assays. The total phenolic content was higher in the methanolic extract. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity for both extracts, indicating phenolic compounds contribute to the antioxidant effects. The results suggest Albizia amara leaves contain antioxidants and could potentially be developed as a natural antioxidant source.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
The document summarizes research investigating the anti-fungal properties of Moringa oleifera extracts. Ethanol extracts of M. oleifera seeds and leaves showed inhibitory effects against common fungal skin pathogens like Trichophyton rubrum in in vitro tests. Chemical analysis of the essential oil from M. oleifera leaves identified 44 compounds, with (E)-phytol and pentacosane as major constituents. Certain extracts, like the ethyl acetate fraction of seeds, exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations below 10 mg/ml against the test fungi. The results suggest M. oleifera extracts could potentially be developed into anti-fungal agents for skin diseases.
This study evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of bioassay-guided fractions from Malaysian Solanum nigrum leaf and fruit extracts. Fractionation of the methanol leaf extract yielded 13 fractions and the ethanol fruit extract yielded 17 fractions. Some fractions showed high cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines with IC50 values as low as 12-13 μg/mL. The most potent fractions inhibited cancer cells similarly to the positive controls doxorubicin and vinblastine. Additionally, certain fractions exhibited strong radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in antioxidant assays. Overall, the results suggest that Solanum nigrum leaves and fruits contain cytotoxic and antioxidant compounds warranting further purification and investigation.
Bioactive compounds and antibacterial activities in crystallized honey liquef...HaloCantik
The effect of ultrasound on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoids, Maillard products and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys was studied. Three multifloral honeys (M), one monofloral (MO) and one honeydew (HD) honey were used. Ultrasound was performed at 42 kHz for different times (0, 5, 10 and 15 min). The antibacterial activities were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In all honeys, the parameters analyzed had significant differences ((P < 0.05)). After 15 min of ultrasound the HD had increments of 44 mg of gallic acid/100 g of honey in phenols, and some M showed increase in flavonoids (5.64 mg of quercitin /100 g of honey) and improvement in inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium was 13.1%. In some honeys the correlation between phenols or flavonoids and antibacterial activity were significant ((P < 0.05)). No correlation was found between Maillard products and antibacterial activity. The ultrasound treatment effect on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoid, Maillard products, and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys were different in each honey.
Fourier-transform Infrared Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Or...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present research is to assess the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and antibacterial activities of Ormocarpum cochinchinense leaf extract using different solvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and chloroform. To investigation of FT-IR analysis and antibacterial activities become used agar well diffusion method. FT-IR vibrational bands confirmed that the fractions of O. cochinchinense had lots of biologically active compounds which include H–Bonded Phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid, flavonoids, polyphenols, catechins, aromatics, and aliphatic amines. Antibacterial activity showed that the strongest activities had been produced by MeOH solvent reaction with all the human pathogens. This research may be concluded that MeOH solvent extract of O. cochinchinense might be a capability for the treatment of antibacterial activities.
The sources and quality of iranian honeyHaloCantik
Iran is one of the largest honey-producing countries worldwide and is considered as an important source of honey for international markets. However, since Iran is not registered for honey export to Europe, the quality of Iranian honey remains unknown to European traders. As the first step in filling this gap, we analyzed 225 honey samples using palynology, sensory, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and conventional physicochemical analyses as outlined by the European Union coordinated control plan. The results show that while various types of genuine unifloral honey can be harvested in Iran, 85% of collected samples were adulterated.
Unifloral ajwain honey ameliorates differential inhibition of matrix metallop...HaloCantik
Free radicals lead to inflammation, which in turn could intervene several chronic diseases including cancer. The promising scientific finding for anti-cancer properties of honey is an area of great interest.
Objective
The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro biological effects (cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory through differential inhibition of metalloproteinases and antioxidant) of unifloral Ajwain honey along with its physicochemical properties (pH, moisture, ash content, electrical conductivity, color, protein).
Materials and methods
Three Ajwain honey samples (AJ-1, AJ-2, and AJ-3) were collected from different geographical origins of Western Ghats of India. Melissopalynological analysis was carried out to confirm uniflorality. Physicochemical analysis for ash, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, color, and total protein was estimated. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid content, and ferric reducing ability of plasma assay were determined using appropriate methods. The cytotoxic effect was assessed against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins.
A comprehensive presentation about tannin , tannin yielding plants and plant parts from where they are obtained.
Use full for forestry students and others who want to know about non wood forest products.
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
El documento proporciona información sobre la Ley de Cumplimiento Fiscal para Cuentas en el Extranjero (FATCA). Explica que FATCA requiere que las instituciones financieras extranjeras (FFI) identifiquen a los clientes estadounidenses y reporten información sobre sus cuentas al Servicio de Impuestos Internos de EE. UU. (IRS). También describe los acuerdos intergubernamentales celebrados entre EE. UU. y otros países para facilitar el intercambio de información y evitar la retención de imp
This document provides an overview of online fundraising trends and case studies of successful fundraising campaigns. It finds that online donations increased significantly between 2008-2012, with the average donation around $50. Case studies show the power of social rallies, engaging communities of activists in unusual activities, leveraging corporate social responsibility, personalizing campaigns, and generating remarkable creative content around urgent causes. Overall, the most effective campaigns integrate online and offline efforts, engage participants through mass events, and employ transparent purposes with dynamic storytelling.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
Behaviour of laying curve in Babcock-380 brown commercial layers in Kelantan,...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on delay ripening treatments to maintain quality of lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) harvested at two different times. The study tested various hot water treatments, potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and wax coating on limes harvested 5 and 6 months after flowering. The results showed that a hot water treatment of 40°C for 2 minutes on limes harvested 6 months after flowering (treatment P7) was most effective in maintaining chlorophyll content, weight loss, vitamin C levels, acidity, and juice content during 20 days of storage compared to other treatments and controls. Potassium permanganate (treatments P5 and P11) was also effective at preventing chlorophyll degradation
Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content in avocado (persia americana)...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the total phenolic content in avocado (Persia Americana) seeds from the Eastern Province of Kenya. Avocado seeds from five varieties were extracted at different temperatures and their total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The maximum phenolic content of 18.55 ± 2.8 mg/g was found in extracts of the Fuerte variety extracted at 50°C. Increasing the extraction temperature to 70°C and 100°C resulted in 10.3% and 32.1% decreases in total phenolic content, respectively, likely due to degradation of thermosensitive phenolic compounds. Overall, an extraction temperature of 50°C was found to be most
The document describes a study that evaluated the bioactive phytochemicals in Gouania longipetala using GC-MS analysis. Eight phytochemicals were identified in the ethanol leaf extract: 11,14-octadecadienoic acid; Hexadecanoic acid; 9,11-octadecadienoic acid; 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol; 9-Octadecenoic acid; Ethyl palmitate; 17-carboxyheptadec-9-en-1-ylium; and Glutaric acid, isobutyl 2-nitrophenyl ester. Many of these compounds showed bioactivities like inhibiting
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves of the South African ecotype. It finds the dried leaves contain 30.3% crude protein with 19 amino acids. Notable mineral contents include 3.65% calcium, 1.5% potassium, and 0.3% phosphorus. Fatty acid analysis identified 17 fatty acids, with alpha-linolenic acid at 44.57%. Vitamin E was the highest vitamin at 77 mg/100g. The fiber contents were 11.4% NDF and 8.49% ADF. Overall, the amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins reflected a desirable nutritional balance for the Moringa leaves.
The document evaluates the antioxidant properties of Albizia amara leaves. It finds that the methanolic extract has stronger antioxidant activity than the petroleum ether extract in various assays. The total phenolic content was higher in the methanolic extract. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity for both extracts, indicating phenolic compounds contribute to the antioxidant effects. The results suggest Albizia amara leaves contain antioxidants and could potentially be developed as a natural antioxidant source.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
The document summarizes research investigating the anti-fungal properties of Moringa oleifera extracts. Ethanol extracts of M. oleifera seeds and leaves showed inhibitory effects against common fungal skin pathogens like Trichophyton rubrum in in vitro tests. Chemical analysis of the essential oil from M. oleifera leaves identified 44 compounds, with (E)-phytol and pentacosane as major constituents. Certain extracts, like the ethyl acetate fraction of seeds, exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations below 10 mg/ml against the test fungi. The results suggest M. oleifera extracts could potentially be developed into anti-fungal agents for skin diseases.
This study evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of bioassay-guided fractions from Malaysian Solanum nigrum leaf and fruit extracts. Fractionation of the methanol leaf extract yielded 13 fractions and the ethanol fruit extract yielded 17 fractions. Some fractions showed high cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines with IC50 values as low as 12-13 μg/mL. The most potent fractions inhibited cancer cells similarly to the positive controls doxorubicin and vinblastine. Additionally, certain fractions exhibited strong radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in antioxidant assays. Overall, the results suggest that Solanum nigrum leaves and fruits contain cytotoxic and antioxidant compounds warranting further purification and investigation.
Bioactive compounds and antibacterial activities in crystallized honey liquef...HaloCantik
The effect of ultrasound on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoids, Maillard products and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys was studied. Three multifloral honeys (M), one monofloral (MO) and one honeydew (HD) honey were used. Ultrasound was performed at 42 kHz for different times (0, 5, 10 and 15 min). The antibacterial activities were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In all honeys, the parameters analyzed had significant differences ((P < 0.05)). After 15 min of ultrasound the HD had increments of 44 mg of gallic acid/100 g of honey in phenols, and some M showed increase in flavonoids (5.64 mg of quercitin /100 g of honey) and improvement in inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium was 13.1%. In some honeys the correlation between phenols or flavonoids and antibacterial activity were significant ((P < 0.05)). No correlation was found between Maillard products and antibacterial activity. The ultrasound treatment effect on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoid, Maillard products, and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys were different in each honey.
Fourier-transform Infrared Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Or...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present research is to assess the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and antibacterial activities of Ormocarpum cochinchinense leaf extract using different solvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and chloroform. To investigation of FT-IR analysis and antibacterial activities become used agar well diffusion method. FT-IR vibrational bands confirmed that the fractions of O. cochinchinense had lots of biologically active compounds which include H–Bonded Phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid, flavonoids, polyphenols, catechins, aromatics, and aliphatic amines. Antibacterial activity showed that the strongest activities had been produced by MeOH solvent reaction with all the human pathogens. This research may be concluded that MeOH solvent extract of O. cochinchinense might be a capability for the treatment of antibacterial activities.
The sources and quality of iranian honeyHaloCantik
Iran is one of the largest honey-producing countries worldwide and is considered as an important source of honey for international markets. However, since Iran is not registered for honey export to Europe, the quality of Iranian honey remains unknown to European traders. As the first step in filling this gap, we analyzed 225 honey samples using palynology, sensory, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and conventional physicochemical analyses as outlined by the European Union coordinated control plan. The results show that while various types of genuine unifloral honey can be harvested in Iran, 85% of collected samples were adulterated.
Unifloral ajwain honey ameliorates differential inhibition of matrix metallop...HaloCantik
Free radicals lead to inflammation, which in turn could intervene several chronic diseases including cancer. The promising scientific finding for anti-cancer properties of honey is an area of great interest.
Objective
The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro biological effects (cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory through differential inhibition of metalloproteinases and antioxidant) of unifloral Ajwain honey along with its physicochemical properties (pH, moisture, ash content, electrical conductivity, color, protein).
Materials and methods
Three Ajwain honey samples (AJ-1, AJ-2, and AJ-3) were collected from different geographical origins of Western Ghats of India. Melissopalynological analysis was carried out to confirm uniflorality. Physicochemical analysis for ash, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, color, and total protein was estimated. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid content, and ferric reducing ability of plasma assay were determined using appropriate methods. The cytotoxic effect was assessed against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins.
A comprehensive presentation about tannin , tannin yielding plants and plant parts from where they are obtained.
Use full for forestry students and others who want to know about non wood forest products.
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
El documento proporciona información sobre la Ley de Cumplimiento Fiscal para Cuentas en el Extranjero (FATCA). Explica que FATCA requiere que las instituciones financieras extranjeras (FFI) identifiquen a los clientes estadounidenses y reporten información sobre sus cuentas al Servicio de Impuestos Internos de EE. UU. (IRS). También describe los acuerdos intergubernamentales celebrados entre EE. UU. y otros países para facilitar el intercambio de información y evitar la retención de imp
This document provides an overview of online fundraising trends and case studies of successful fundraising campaigns. It finds that online donations increased significantly between 2008-2012, with the average donation around $50. Case studies show the power of social rallies, engaging communities of activists in unusual activities, leveraging corporate social responsibility, personalizing campaigns, and generating remarkable creative content around urgent causes. Overall, the most effective campaigns integrate online and offline efforts, engage participants through mass events, and employ transparent purposes with dynamic storytelling.
El documento proporciona información sobre la Ley de Cumplimiento Fiscal para Cuentas en el Extranjero (FATCA). Explica que FATCA requiere que las instituciones financieras extranjeras (FFI) identifiquen a los clientes estadounidenses y reporten información sobre sus cuentas al Servicio de Impuestos Internos de EE. UU. (IRS). También describe los acuerdos intergubernamentales celebrados entre EE. UU. y otros países para facilitar el intercambio de información y evitar la retención de imp
El documento proporciona información sobre la Ley de Cumplimiento Fiscal para Cuentas en el Extranjero (FATCA). Explica que FATCA requiere que las instituciones financieras extranjeras (FFI) identifiquen a los clientes estadounidenses y reporten información sobre sus cuentas al Servicio de Impuestos Internos de EE. UU. (IRS). También describe los acuerdos intergubernamentales celebrados entre EE. UU. y otros países para facilitar el intercambio de información y evitar la retención de imp
This document discusses activist pages and tools for fundraisers and activists. It describes how activist pages can raise awareness, raise funds, influence others, and build communities. It lists tools available to activists like commenting, following, profiles, donations, fundraising campaigns, and social media sharing. It also provides examples of activities supporters may enjoy like running, cycling, or tea parties that could be incorporated into fundraising campaigns. The document emphasizes that small groups of committed activists can change the world.
[DRAFT] Workshop - Technical Introduction to joola.ioItay Weinberger
This document provides instructions for a hands-on workshop on joola.io, an open source data analytics and visualization framework. The workshop goals are to understand joola.io's components, deploy it, push and query data from the system, and create basic visualizations. Participants will access an online lab and learn about pushing data, querying, and creating visualizations using joola.io's APIs and SDK. The document also outlines how joola.io can be integrated, embedded and extended for various use cases like web analytics, advertising, and infographics.
[DRAFT] joola.io workshop - System and SecurityItay Weinberger
This workshop focuses on system and security aspects of the joola.io framework.
For a complete breakdown of the Workshop itself, refer to the project's wiki @ http://github.com/joola/joola.io/wiki/workshops
This very short document does not contain any discernible information that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less. It appears to be random characters and symbols without any coherent meaning or essential details that could be extracted for a summary.
This document provides tips and guidelines for non-profit organizations using social media. It discusses why social media is important for fundraising and engagement. It provides dos and don'ts for social media use, including maintaining a consistent brand, setting goals, using high-quality images, and respecting privacy. The document emphasizes engaging with audiences, using an appropriate tone, and building relationships to turn followers into donors or activists. It also covers platform-specific guidelines and terms of use.
Carla Ferreira is a community manager at the GivenGain Foundation who created Activist Pages to help activists raise awareness, funds, and influence through customizable profile pages. Activist Pages provide tools like commenting, following, donations, fundraising campaigns, and social media sharing to help activists build communities and make an impact. The platform aims to empower small groups of committed citizens to change the world through causes their supporters care about like running, cycling, or poetry.
This document provides etiquette and best practices for using social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and LinkedIn for organizational purposes. It encourages listening to followers, avoiding self-promotion, and respecting others. Guidelines are given around personal vs professional use, grammar, sharing content and photos ethically, building relationships, complying with terms and conditions, maintaining a professional but fun tone, and exploring social media options. Resources for further information are also included.
The document provides information about standardized testing for students at Glenoaks Elementary. It discusses the STAR program, which includes the California Standards Tests (CST), California Modified Assessment (CMA), and California Alternate Performance Assessment (CAPA). It notes that the CST is taken by students in grades 2 through 11 to measure performance against state standards. Sample test questions are provided for grades 4 and 5 in English language arts and science. Testing dates at Glenoaks for spring 2013 are listed, along with estimated section times.
Le contenu web & multiplateformes : stratégies et bonnes pratiquesCatherine BL
À l'ère où les médias numériques dominent tous les secteurs, comment une marque ou une entreprise peut-elle se distinguer de la masse, atteindre son public et créer la fidélité?
Flavanoids from The Roots of Amomum compactum.docxdedenindradinata
Three flavonoid compounds were isolated from the roots of Amomum compactum. The chemical structures of compounds 1, 2, and 3 were identified through spectroscopy data including UV, IR, NMR and HRTOF-MS. Compound 1, 2, and 3 were isolated from this plant for the first time. MTS assays showed compounds 1, 2, and 3 exhibited no cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of A. compactum showed higher activity against MCF-7 cells than the n-butanol and water extracts.
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial properties of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) extracted from the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata.
2) FAME were produced through transesterification and tested against various bacteria and yeast. Results showed that FAME were more effective against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria and yeast.
3) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the dominant fatty acids in N. oculata oil were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and arachidic acid. DNA inhibition assays further confirmed the bactericidal effects of FAME.
Dna fingerprinting, chemical composition, antitumor and antimicrobial activit...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils and extracts from four Annona species grown in Egypt. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified the major constituents in each species' essential oils. Ethanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic effects against breast, colon, and liver cancer cell lines, with lower IC50 values than the essential oils. Both essential oils and ethanol extracts displayed antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. The essential oil and ethanol extract of Annona cherimola exhibited the strongest antitumor and antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential as a natural medicine.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activities of extracts from the leaves of Sesamum indicum (sesame). Ethanol and aqueous extracts of sesame leaves were tested against four pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) using different concentrations. The ethanol extract strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli and mildly inhibited K. pneumoniae and S. typhii. However, it did not inhibit S. aureus. The aqueous extract did not inhibit any of the bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract was also determined.
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
Effect of Nitrobenzene granules and Seaweed extracts on biochemical contents ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of organic extracts (benzene, diethyl ether and water) of seaweeds (Halimeda gracilis, Ceramium rubrum and Cystophyllum muricatum) and nitrobenzene granuleson biochemical contents of Arachishypogea L. callusunder in vitro conditions. The callus of Arachishypogea L. was obtained from the leaf explants on MS medium containing 2, 4-D (1 mgL-1) and BAP (0.5 mg L-1). The mass multiplication of callus was achieved at 1mg L-1 of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of GA3. The calli were then treated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg L-1) of seaweed extracts and Nitrobenzene granules. Total carbohydrate, total protein and total chlorophyll contents were analyzed at 5, 10 and 15 days intervals. The total carbohydrate content was high (3.7mg/100mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Ceramium rubrumat 1.5 mg L-1 on 15th day. The total protein content was increased (6.9mg/100 mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Cystophyllum muricatum at 0.5 mg L-1 on 5th day and the total chlorophyll content was lower (0.36mg/100mg) in Nitrobenzene granules at 0.5mg L-1 in 5th day when compare to control. The present study reveals the positive role of different extracts of seaweeds on increasing the biochemical contents of callus culture of A.hypogea. The extracts can be further evaluated for their role on enhanced regeneration of plants from callus culture.
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Erythrina variegate bark extracts. Key findings include:
- Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides and flavonoids.
- The extracts showed some toxicity to brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μg/ml.
- n-Hexane extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids.
- Ethanol extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity.
The study concludes the plant extracts possess several antioxidant activities supporting traditional medicinal uses.
Antimicrobial activities of Six Types of Wheat BranIOSRJAC
Six types of wheat bran (Emam, Pohean, Wadielneel, Argeen, Pladi and Debeira) investigated for their biological and antioxidant activities. Physiochemical properties carried for their oil. The polar and nonpolar extracts showed antioxidant activity. These results showed the importance of the wheat bran types as nutritive and medicinal plant. All plant bran types investigated for its biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial. Some types of the plant bran extracts showed antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, some types of the extracts showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, and Aspergillusniger. Polar and nonpolar extracts of the plant bran types prepared. The petroleum ether extracts subjected to determination by GC/ MS. It showed different major fatty acids as Linoleic acid followed by Linolelaidic acid and then Palmatic acid. The ethanolic extract of Plaid type separated by column chromatography. The isolated constituents were structurally determined using spectrophotometric analysis as IR, UV, and GC/MS. The ethanolic extract components may be esters and ketones as suggested by GC/MS and their functional groups appeared in the IR readings.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Anti neoplastic effect of Eclipta prostrata L. (HepG2) cell lines. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor of the liver. HCC is responsible for over 12,000 deaths per year in the United States. It is one of the serious health problems in most developing countries. The present probe proved that ethanol extract of Eclipta prostrata L. significantly suppressed the growth and induced the apoptosis in the liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines. IC50 dose was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium. 100 μg of extract showed 50% reduction of in HepG2 cell line growth at 48 h of incubation. The whole plant of E. prostrata L. extract-induced apoptotic features of cell death was stained with acridine orange. The intracellular enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were slightly decreased in their activities when compared to control. Thus, the study resolves that E. prostrata L. extract is an effective to prevent or retard the spread of malignant cells and antineoplastic effect.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
The document discusses phenolic compounds extracted from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts and their antimicrobial activities. It finds that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration values for bound phenols from hearts were 63μg/ml. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 204 to 206 μg/mL against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The study suggests artichoke byproducts could be used to develop nutritional supplements with antimicrobial properties.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Anti-aging potential of a cream containing herbal oils and honey: Formulation...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
This document reports on a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and in-vitro antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica (mango) kernel against Aeromonas caviae. Phytochemical screening of the mango kernel methanol extract revealed the presence of various compounds including carbohydrates, triterpenes, and flavonoids. Testing of aqueous and methanol extracts of the kernel showed that the methanol extract inhibited the growth of A. caviae at concentrations ranging from 16±2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm, while the aqueous extract was only slightly active at lower concentrations. The study concludes that mango kernel extracts possess antibacterial properties against A. caviae likely due to their phytoc
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
The document summarizes a study on the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalis essential oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 19 constituents making up 96.4% of the oil, with the major components being alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), and delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed antibacterial effects against 6 bacterial strains, including both gram-positive and gram-negative, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. It also exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assays, with 49.8% scavenging at 100 μg/ml concentration. Therefore
This study investigated the antioxidant, anticancer, and chemopreventive properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Methanol and dichloromethane extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The extracts were also evaluated for their antiproliferative effects on liver, colon, and breast cancer cell lines, as well as their ability to induce quinone reductase activity in liver cells as a measure of cancer chemoprevention. The results showed that the methanol extract had higher radical scavenging activity than the dichloromethane extract. Both extracts inhibited the growth of cancer cells, but the dichloromethane extract more strongly induced
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
2. native to Molucca Island of Indonesia. The major clove-producing
countries are Indonesia, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and, on
a limited scale, India. In India it is grown in Kerala, Tamilnadu,
Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Island over an area of 1735
hectares. The stem, unopened buds and leaves are normally used
for extraction of essential oil. Owing to various kind of biological
activities, clove oil finds extensive use in dental formulations,
tooth paste, breath freshner, mouth washes, soaps, cosmetic
items and insect repellent [8].
In present study, we evaluated the melanin biosynthesis
inhibitory effect of the methanol extract from the buds of S.
aromaticum on B16 melanoma cells in order to identify potential
depigmenting agents such as skin-whitening cosmetics.
2. Experimental
2.1. Reagents
Eugenol, NaOH and DMSO were purchased from Wako Pure
Chemical Industries, Ltd (Osaka, Japan). Eugenol acetate was
from TCI (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan). The 3-(4,5-
dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
(MTT) was from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and EMEM from Nissui
Chemical Co (Osaka, Japan). Essential oil of the buds of clove
(S. aromaticum) was purchased from GAIA N. P. Co (Tokyo,
Japan). The ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was from
Dojindo Co, (Kumamoto, Japan). Other chemicals are of the
highest grade commercially available.
2.2. Plant material
The bud of clove (S. aromaticum) was collected from
traditional market in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia on
July 2009. The voucher specimen was deposited in Wood
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Forest Product Technology,
Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University.
2.3. Preparation of plant extract
The dried bud of clove (14.9 g) was extracted with
methanol at room temperature for 24 h. The extract solution
was filtered and concentrated in vacuo, to obtain the crude
methanol extract (5.9 g).
2.4. Isolation of eugenol and eugenol acetate
Methanol extract of S. aromaticum (1.02 g) that showed
potent inhibitory effect of melanin production in B16 melanoma
cells was separated by silica gel column (800 g of Wakogel C-200,
3.5×60 cm) and eluted with n-hexane/EtOAc [10:0 (150 mL),
9:1 (100 mL), 8:2 (100 mL), 7:3 (200 mL), 6:4 (200 mL), 5:5
(100 mL), 4:6 (400 mL), 3:7 (200 mL), 2:8 (100 mL), 1:9
(100 mL)] and EtOAc/MeOH [9:1 (100 mL), 7:3 (100 mL), 5:5
(200 mL), 3:7 (200 mL), 1:9 (100 mL), 0:10 (850 mL)] to give
fifty-six fractions (Fr 1 to Fr 56). Fraction 4 (184.3 mg) was oily,
the highest content and gave pleasant aroma. By using GC-MS,
this fraction was analyzed and compared with the standard
compounds such as eugenol and eugenol acetate.
2.5. GC-MS analysis
Fraction 4 was dissolved in acetone and subjected to
qualitative analysis by using GC-MS instrument (GC-17A, QP-
5050). The instrument equipped with a column: DB-5 (30
m×0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness, J & W Scientific Inc.),
split ratio: 1:50, and running with temperature program: INJ
250 °C DET 250 °C, 50 °C at 3 °C/min hold to 250 °C at 7 °C/
min and 250 °C at 10 °C/min hold. The essential oil of the buds
of clove was dissolved in acetone and analyzed by following
conditions: split ratio: 1:30, and running with temperature
program: INJ 250 °C DET 280 °C, 60 °C at 3 °C/min hold to
250 °C at 5 °C/min and 250 °C at 10 °C/min hold.
2.6. Cell culture
A mouse melanoma cell line, B16, was obtained from
RIKEN Cell Bank. The cells were maintained in EMEM
supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and
0.09 mg/mL theophylline. The cells were incubated at 37 °C in
a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Control
Arbutin 100
200
100
50
% vs control
MTT
Melanin
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
Clove
extract
(µ
µ
g/ml)
Fig. 1. Effect of methanol extracts of the buds of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
on melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells. Each column represents the
mean±SD, with n=3. Significant different from the control value (Student's
t-test): Pb0.05 (*), Pb0.01 (**).
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Control
Arbutin 100
100
50
25
5
% vs control
MTT
Melanin
**
**
**
**
**
**
Fraction
C
-4
(µ
µ
g/ml)
Fig. 2. Effect of fraction C-4 on melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells
[Arbutin 100=100 μg/mL]. Each column represents the mean±SD, with
n=3. Significant different from the control value (Student's t-test): Pb0.05
(*), Pb0.01 (**).
199
E.T. Arung et al. / Fitoterapia 82 (2011) 198–202
3. 2.7. Inhibitory effect of melanin biosynthesis and cell viability
using cultured B16 melanoma cells
This assay was determined as described by Arung et al. [9].
Briefly, confluent cultures of B16 melanoma cells were rinsed
in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and removed from the
plastic using 0.25% trypsin/EDTA. The cells were placed in two
plates of 24-well plastic culture plates (1 plate is for
determining of melanin and other is for cell viability) at a
density of 1×105
cells/well and incubated for 24 h in media
prior to being treated with the samples. After 24 h, the media
were replaced with 998 μL of fresh media and 2 μL of DMSO
was added with or without (control) the test sample at
various concentrations (n=3) and arbutin was used as a
positive control. The cells were incubated for an additional
48 h, and then the medium was replaced with fresh medium
containing each sample. After 24 h, the remaining adherent
cells were assayed (see below).
2.8. Determination of melanin content in B16 melanoma cells
The melanin content of the cells after treatment was
determined as follows. After removing the medium and
washing the cells with PBS, the cell pellet was dissolved in
1.0 mL of 1N NaOH. The crude cell extracts were assayed
using a micro plate reader (Bio-Tek, USA) at 405 nm to
determine the melanin content. The results from the cells
treated with the test samples were analyzed as a percentage
of the results from the control culture.
2.9. Cell viability
Cell viability was determined by use of the micro culture
tetrazolium technique (MTT). The MTT assay provides a
quantitative measure of the number of viable cells by
determining the amount of formazan crystals produced by
metabolic activity in treated versus control cells. Culture was
initiated in 24-well plates at 1×105
cells per well. After
incubation, 50 μL of MTT reagent [3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazo-
lyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide in PBS (5 mg/mL)]
was added to each well. The plates were incubated in a
humidified atmosphere of 5% of CO2 at 37 °C for 4 h. After the
medium was removed, 1.0 mL isopropyl alcohol (containing
0.04 N HCl) was added into the plate, and the absorbance was
measured at 570 nm relative to 630 nm.
3. Results and discussion
Clove oil which is an essential oil of the buds of S.
aromaticum is widely used as a perfume and food flavoring, as
a medicine for the treatment of asthma and various allergic
disorders in Korea and as a general antiseptic in medical
dental practices. The clove oil might also be used as a
chemopreventive agent [10]. Srivastava et al. [8] reported
that clove oil has some properties such as anthelmintic,
analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal and anticarcinogenic.
In present study, we evaluate anti melanogenesis property
of the methanol extracts of the buds of clove. The methanol
extracts were assayed by using B16 melanoma cells in order
to evaluate the inhibition of melanin formation and cell
viability. In Fig. 1, the inhibition of methanol extracts of clove
on melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells was shown at
various concentrations. At the concentration of 50 μg/mL, the
methanol extract of clove showed potent melanin formation
inhibitory activity more than 40% with less cytotoxicity. The
similar result was depicted by arbutin, as positive control.
Based on this result, we separated the methanol extract by
using silica gel column fractionation in order to find the active
compounds. This separation, gave 56 fractions and fraction 4
Fig. 3. GC-MC analysis of fraction C-4 of methanol extracts of the buds of
clove (Syzygium aromaticum).
O
H3
CO
O
OH
H3
CO
Eugenol acetate
Eugenol
Fig. 4. Structure of eugenol and eugenol acetate.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Control
Arbutin 100
200
150
100
50
25
12.5
1
% vs control
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
Eugenol
(µ
µ
g/ml)
MTT
Melanin
Fig. 5. Effect of eugenol on melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells
[Arbutin 100=100 μg/mL]. Each column represents the mean±SD, with
n=3. Significant different from the control value (Student's t-test): Pb0.05
(*), Pb0.01 (**).
200 E.T. Arung et al. / Fitoterapia 82 (2011) 198–202
4. (C-4) which is oily, high content and has pleasant smell, was
founded to have inhibitory activity on melanin formation in
B16 melanoma cells. In Fig. 2, C-4 showed melanin inhibition
on B16 melanoma cells about 25% with less cytotoxicity at
100 μg/mL of concentration. By GC-MS analysis, we have
compared the standard compound, such as eugenol and
eugenol acetate with fraction C-4. The GC-MS data of
standards obviously indicated that fraction C-4 contained
eugenol and eugenol acetate (Figs. 3 and 4). Eugenol was the
main compound in this fraction (Fig. 3). It had been reported
that the essential oil obtained by hydro distillation of buds of
clove, contained eugenol, β-caryophyllene and eugenol
acetate [8,11–13]. In methanol extract of bud of clove, Son
et al. [14] reported that eugenol was isolated with some
phenolic compounds.
Next, we evaluated the effect of eugenol and eugenol
acetate which were dominantly contained in active fraction
C-4 on melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells as shown in
Figs. 5 and 6. Both eugenol and eugenol acetate showed the
inhibitory activity of melanin formation dose dependently.
Eugenol inhibited melanin formation more than 42% with less
cytotoxicity (5%) at 100 μg/mL but high concentration, at
200 μg/mL, it showed cytotoxicity of 23%. Eugenol acetate
attenuated melanin formation about 40% with less cytotoxi-
city (14%) at 200 μg/mL and depicted cytotoxicity effect of
71% at 250 μg/mL. In addition, we tested the melanin
formation of essential oil of the buds of clove in order to
compare the effect on it. In Fig. 7, it depicted the effect of
essential oil of clove, which showed melanin inhibition of 50%
and 80% in B16 melanoma cells at the concentration of 100
and 200 μg/mL. However, cytotoxicity of essential oil is higher
than those of fraction C-4, eugenol and eugenol acetate. GC-
MS analysis of essential oil of clove showed eugenol, eugenol
acetate and β-caryophyllene are dominant (Fig. 8). The
presence of β-caryophyllene and other compounds in
essential oil of clove may cause the cytotoxicity effect. We
have tested the effect of β-caryophyllene in B16 melanoma
cells showed no melanin inhibition but cytotoxicity (data not
shown). In our knowledge, this is the first report that
methanol extract, essential oil from bud of clove, eugenol
and eugenol acetate exhibited melanin inhibition in B16
melanoma cells.
In conclusion, eugenol and eugenol acetate are promising
compounds that could be useful for treating hyperpigmenta-
tion, as a skin-whitening agent with pleasant smell. However,
it should be noted that safety is a primary consideration for its
practical use in humans.
Acknowledgement
This research supported by Japan Society for the Promo-
tion of Science (JSPS) for Postdoctoral Fellow of Foreign
Researchers.
References
[1] Busca R, Ballotti R. Pigment Cell Res 2000;13:60.
[2] Wang KH, Lin RD, Hsu FL, Huang YH, Chang HC, Huang CY, et al. J
Ethnopharmacol 2006;106:353.
[3] Garcia A, Fulton JE. J Dermatol Surg 1996;22:443.
[4] Virador VM, Kobayashi N, Matsunaga J, Hearing VJ. Anal Biochem
1999;270:207.
[5] Roosita K, Kusharto CM, Sekiyama M, Fachrurozi Y, Ohtsuka R. J
Ethnopharmacol 2008;115:72.
[6] Soedarsono RS, Harini SR. S Pac Study 2002;23:1.
[7] Verheij EWM, Snijders CHA. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & PerryIn in
Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 13: Spices. In: de Guzman CC,
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Control
Arbutin 100
250
200
150
100
50
25
12.5
1
% vs control
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
*
Eugenol
acetate
(µ
µ
g/ml)
MTT
Melanin
Fig. 6. Effect of eugenol acetate on melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells
[Arbutin 100=100 μg/mL]. Each column represents the mean±SD, with
n=3. Significant different from the control value (Student's t-test): Pb0.05
(*), Pb0.01 (**).
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Control
Arbutin 100
200
100
50
% vs control
MTT
Melanin
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
Clove
oil
(µ
µ
g/ml)
Fig. 7. Effect of essential oil of clove on melanin formation in B16 melanoma
cells [Arbutin 100=100 μg/mL]. Each column represents the mean±SD,
with n=3. Significant different from the control value (Student's t-test):
Pb0.01 (**).
Fig. 8. GC-MC analysis of essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum).
201
E.T. Arung et al. / Fitoterapia 82 (2011) 198–202
5. Siemonsma JS, editors. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publisher;
1999. p. 211–8.
[8] Srivastava AK, Srivastava SK, Syamsundar KV. Flavour Fragance J 2005;20:51.
[9] Arung ET, Shimizu K, Kondo R. Chem Biodivers 2007;4:2166.
[10] Park MJ, Gwak KS, Yang I, Choi WS, Jo HJ, Chang JW, et al. J Microbiol
2007;45:460.
[11] Prashar A, Locke IC, Evans CS. Cell Prolif 2006;39:241.
[12] Viuda-Martos M, Navajas YR, Zapata ES, Fernandez-Lopez J, Perez-
Alvarez JA. Flavour Fragance J 2010;25:13.
[13] Chaieb K, Hajlaoui H, Zmantar T, Kahla-Nakbi AB, Rouabhia M,
Mahdouani K, et al. Phytother Res 2007;21:501.
[14] Son KH, Kwon SY, Kim HP, Chang HY, Kang SS. Nat Prod Sci 1998;4:263.
202 E.T. Arung et al. / Fitoterapia 82 (2011) 198–202