This document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style from the University of Tasmania. It discusses (1) why it is important to reference sources used, (2) how to cite sources in both in-text citations and a reference list, and (3) examples of different source types such as books, journal articles, websites, and more.
Introduction to Cataloging and ClassificationIme Amor Mortel
This document discusses the history and development of cataloging codes. It describes several important early cataloging codes including Panizzi's 91 Rules (1841), Jewitt's Code (1860), Cutter's Rules (1876), and the Prussian Instructions (1892). It also summarizes later codes such as the Vatican Rules (1948), ALA Catalog Rules (1949), AACR (1967, 1978), ISBD, and AACR2 (1988, 1998). The document outlines the purposes, characteristics, and types of library catalogs, including book, card, COM, OPAC, and CD-ROM catalogs.
This document discusses various aspects of subject cataloguing including:
1. It defines subject cataloguing as showing documents on specific subjects possessed by a library and bringing together entries on a subject.
2. It outlines different types of subject catalogues and the objectives of subject entries/cataloguing.
3. It discusses principles of subject entries, problems in deriving subject entries, and methods of subject analysis.
This document provides a brief history of the development of cataloging codes from the 19th century to present. It discusses early English codes like the British Museum Rules and Cutter's Rules. It then covers the development of international cooperation through codes like the 1908 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules and its successors. Major editions include the 1967 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, which incorporated descriptive rules from the Library of Congress, and the 1978 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition, which was divided into descriptive and entry/heading rules. Revisions have continued to incorporate standards like the International Standard Bibliographic Description.
Presented at the seminar Libraries and the Semantic Web: the role of International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, 25 Feb 2011
The document summarizes the history of card cataloging and the development of MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging). Some key events include the earliest card catalog in France in 1789, the formation of the Library Bureau in 1876 which standardized catalog cards, and the Library of Congress beginning to distribute catalog cards in 1901. In the 1960s, there was a shift towards automating library cataloging which led to the creation of the MARC format and a pilot project in 1966 to test converting catalog records into a machine-readable format. This pilot project helped launch the operational MARC Distribution Service in 1969, allowing libraries to share catalog records electronically. MARC has continued to evolve and change over the decades to accommodate new materials and
MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) is a metadata format for describing bibliographic resources. It uses fields, indicators, subfields, and tags to encode bibliographic data in a structured format. A MARC record contains the metadata needed to process and display a bibliographic item, such as title, author, publisher, subjects, and more. MARC was created to facilitate information sharing and exchange between library catalogs and systems.
Cite is right is a presentation about citation. It discusses what a citation is, when citations are needed, and examples of common citation styles like Chicago style. A citation provides information about the author, title, publisher and date to allow readers to find the source. Citations are needed whenever using someone else's words, ideas, references or work. Chicago style citations typically include the author, publication date, publisher, city of publication and page numbers. The Chicago Manual of Style has evolved over 100 years to become the authoritative reference for citation.
The document discusses the acquisitions process in libraries. It defines acquisitions as how libraries add materials to their collections through purchases, gifts, or exchanges. The main functions of acquisitions include ordering materials, receiving them, paying invoices, and maintaining appropriate records. Acquisitions works closely with other departments to quickly process materials and satisfy user needs. The goals are to acquire materials quickly and accurately while maintaining low costs and good relationships with other departments and vendors.
Introduction to Cataloging and ClassificationIme Amor Mortel
This document discusses the history and development of cataloging codes. It describes several important early cataloging codes including Panizzi's 91 Rules (1841), Jewitt's Code (1860), Cutter's Rules (1876), and the Prussian Instructions (1892). It also summarizes later codes such as the Vatican Rules (1948), ALA Catalog Rules (1949), AACR (1967, 1978), ISBD, and AACR2 (1988, 1998). The document outlines the purposes, characteristics, and types of library catalogs, including book, card, COM, OPAC, and CD-ROM catalogs.
This document discusses various aspects of subject cataloguing including:
1. It defines subject cataloguing as showing documents on specific subjects possessed by a library and bringing together entries on a subject.
2. It outlines different types of subject catalogues and the objectives of subject entries/cataloguing.
3. It discusses principles of subject entries, problems in deriving subject entries, and methods of subject analysis.
This document provides a brief history of the development of cataloging codes from the 19th century to present. It discusses early English codes like the British Museum Rules and Cutter's Rules. It then covers the development of international cooperation through codes like the 1908 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules and its successors. Major editions include the 1967 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, which incorporated descriptive rules from the Library of Congress, and the 1978 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition, which was divided into descriptive and entry/heading rules. Revisions have continued to incorporate standards like the International Standard Bibliographic Description.
Presented at the seminar Libraries and the Semantic Web: the role of International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, 25 Feb 2011
The document summarizes the history of card cataloging and the development of MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging). Some key events include the earliest card catalog in France in 1789, the formation of the Library Bureau in 1876 which standardized catalog cards, and the Library of Congress beginning to distribute catalog cards in 1901. In the 1960s, there was a shift towards automating library cataloging which led to the creation of the MARC format and a pilot project in 1966 to test converting catalog records into a machine-readable format. This pilot project helped launch the operational MARC Distribution Service in 1969, allowing libraries to share catalog records electronically. MARC has continued to evolve and change over the decades to accommodate new materials and
MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) is a metadata format for describing bibliographic resources. It uses fields, indicators, subfields, and tags to encode bibliographic data in a structured format. A MARC record contains the metadata needed to process and display a bibliographic item, such as title, author, publisher, subjects, and more. MARC was created to facilitate information sharing and exchange between library catalogs and systems.
Cite is right is a presentation about citation. It discusses what a citation is, when citations are needed, and examples of common citation styles like Chicago style. A citation provides information about the author, title, publisher and date to allow readers to find the source. Citations are needed whenever using someone else's words, ideas, references or work. Chicago style citations typically include the author, publication date, publisher, city of publication and page numbers. The Chicago Manual of Style has evolved over 100 years to become the authoritative reference for citation.
The document discusses the acquisitions process in libraries. It defines acquisitions as how libraries add materials to their collections through purchases, gifts, or exchanges. The main functions of acquisitions include ordering materials, receiving them, paying invoices, and maintaining appropriate records. Acquisitions works closely with other departments to quickly process materials and satisfy user needs. The goals are to acquire materials quickly and accurately while maintaining low costs and good relationships with other departments and vendors.
This document provides guidelines for shelflisting and subject authority control. It defines key terms like call numbers, class numbers, and book numbers used for shelflisting. It describes filing rules for organizing materials alphabetically, including rules for identical titles, abbreviations, dates, editions, and translations. Guidelines are provided for assigning call numbers to corporate bodies, biographies, and supplementary materials. The document also describes the purpose and MARC format of subject authority records and the process for creating new subject headings, including when to establish one, how to research existing usage, and how to formulate the new heading.
This document provides guidelines for cataloging electronic resources according to AACR2R. It discusses describing direct and remote access electronic resources, with the chief source of information being the resource itself. It also outlines how to transcribe titles, statements of responsibility, editions, descriptions of type and extent of resource, publication details, and notes for things like system requirements, language, variations in title, and file names.
This document provides definitions and guidelines for key terms used in research such as references, bibliographies, and citations.
References are organized listings of works cited in the text that are placed at the end of a document. They include author name, title, publication details, and pages cited. References are arranged alphabetically. Bibliographies are full listings of all material consulted for research, including sources not directly cited.
Citations acknowledge original authors when using their information. They appear in text or at the end and provide enough information to identify the source. Style manuals like MLA, APA, and Chicago provide standardized formats for citations and bibliographies to avoid plagiarism and organize references.
Selected-Library Associations of India (Part-1)SunilKumar5028
The document discusses several library associations in India, including the Indian Library Association (ILA), Central Government Library Association (CGLA), Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC), Indian Association of Teachers of Library and Information Science (IATLIS), Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation, and Academic Library Association (ALA) India. It provides details on the formation, objectives, publications, awards, and conferences of these major Indian library associations.
The document discusses Library of Congress call numbers, which are like addresses that indicate where items are located in the library. Call numbers appear on book spines and in catalogs. They use letters and numbers to arrange materials by subject. The first letters indicate the general subject area, the first number indicates a specific subject, and additional lines provide author name and publication year. Knowing how to read call numbers helps users browse shelves by subject area. Some special collections use local call numbers instead of the Library of Congress system.
ASLIB is an association for information management that was originally formed in 1924 in the UK. It has since expanded internationally with members in over 70 countries. ASLIB organizes an annual conference and courses, publishes various journals and newsletters, and provides information services and professional development programs to its members. It focuses on library automation, online information retrieval, and other areas of information management. ASLIB also has several specialist groups that organize programming around topics like business, science, engineering and more.
RDA is the new cataloging code that will replace AACR2. It is based on FRBR and FRAD conceptual models and designed to be more flexible and accommodate online resource description. RDA differs from AACR2 in its structure, terminology, categorization of resources, and transcription rules. Testing of RDA began in 2010 by national libraries and partners. Resources are available to help libraries prepare for the transition to RDA.
Library and Information Science Education for the 21st Century / Lyn Robinson Infodays
This presentation will consider the recent development of library and information science as an academic discipline, and the consequent changes required to library school curricula, in order to prepare professional practitioners for employment in today’s information society. These changes, led primarily by technological developments, include the need for consideration of new forms of documents, new methods of dissemination, new information behaviour patterns and increasing demand for novel information architectures. Alongside changes in technology, we can see the emergence of overlap with companion disciplines such as the digital humanities, and these must be accommodated, alongside more obvious connections, such as those with computer science. In conclusion from all of this, we can see that a course focused solely on traditional workplace skills will be insufficient for today’s portfolio-based workforce. We must have an emphasis on thinking skills, new literacies, and resilience, so that we prepare our graduates for employment beyond their first position.
Introduction to Public Library
Origin and Growth :- World, India
Definition of PL
Forerunner of modern PLs
Growth of PL as Social Institution
Important features of a PL
PL’s commitment to the society
Agencies in promotion & development of PLs in India
State’s PL Act
Types of PL Act
NAPLIS
Model PL Bills/Acts in India
Structure of PL & Information system
The management of PLs
PL Standards
Challenges and problems for future PL system
The document discusses Web 2.0 and how libraries (Library 2.0) are using various Web 2.0 tools. It begins by defining Web 2.0 as websites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and interoperability. Some key features of Web 2.0 include folksonomy, rich user experience, user participation, and software as a service. Library 2.0 transforms library services to be more interactive, collaborative, and driven by community needs using these new Web 2.0 tools. The document then provides examples of various Web 2.0 tools like RSS, wikis, blogs, Flickr, and their applications in libraries for tasks like announcing new materials, creating subject guides, hosting events, and
The document discusses the principles and guidelines for creating subject headings in the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) system. Key points include:
- LCSH headings are created to catalog and retrieve materials on given topics within a collection.
- Headings use standardized terminology from current literature to represent subjects.
- Headings aim to be exhaustive, reflecting all topics covered in a work, while also having indexing depth through multiple assigned headings.
- A single heading is chosen to represent each topic for consistent retrieval, with references to guide users.
- Headings are revised over time to maintain currency, balancing changes against impacts to existing records.
Indexing and abstracting preservation and conservationMaryV Navarro
This document discusses indexing, abstracting, preservation, and conservation of print and electronic materials. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like preservation, conservation, and different types of document surrogates like abstracts, annotations, extracts, and summaries. The document outlines best practices for preserving materials, including proper physical storage, temperature/humidity control, and cleaning. Principles of indexing like exhaustivity, specificity, and consistency are also covered.
presentation on MARC21 Standard Bibliography for LibMSMuhammad Zeeshan
I have developed a module named MARC21 standard bibliography (fixed and customized) for LibMS(An online library management system developing by Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and owned by MHRD, Govt. of INDIA).
The slide contains the description about MARC21 standard cataloging and the module which I have developed.
Library of congress classification systemmariesha003
The document provides an overview of the Library of Congress Classification system which divides all knowledge into 21 classes identified by letters of the alphabet. Each class is further divided into more specific subclasses identified by 2-3 letters. It gives examples of subclasses such as Class N for Art, which includes subclasses for Architecture, Sculpture, Painting and others. It also outlines some of the main subclasses for Class A (General Works), Class B (Philosophy, Psychology, Religion), Class C (Auxiliary Sciences of History) and Class D (World History and History of Europe, Asia, Africa etc.) and explains that numbers combined with letters form call numbers to identify materials.
presentation on "CATALOGUING" during Training workshop in library science for staff of muktangan school libraries organised by muktangan school teacher reference library, mumbai on 15th November 2010
The document discusses the concepts of cataloging, including:
- Original cataloging is creating records from scratch while copy cataloging adapts existing records
- Cataloging involves bibliographic description, subject analysis, classification, and physical preparation
- Standards like ISBD and AACR2 provide rules for cataloging to ensure consistency
- FRBR and RDA aim to update cataloging standards for the digital era
Chicago Style is a citation style used in history and the humanities that uses numbered notes. A Chicago Style paper includes: (1) superscript Arabic numerals in the text that correspond to footnotes or endnotes, (2) footnotes or endnotes providing publication details, and (3) a bibliography listing all sources alphabetically. Footnotes/endnotes use abbreviated citations after the first use and provide full source details, while the bibliography lists all sources with complete publication information.
The document discusses Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), the data format used by libraries to catalog and organize bibliographic information in a way that allows computers to interpret, exchange, and display it. MARC defines fields, indicators, subfields and other elements that provide a framework for bibliographic data to be recorded and processed by computers. Key points covered include what MARC stands for, the history and development of the MARC format, how MARC records are structured and some important fields like title (245) and author (100) fields.
This document provides an introduction to APA referencing style. It explains what referencing is, why it is important to reference, and the basic steps involved, including providing in-text citations and compiling a reference list. Referencing acknowledges the sources of information, facts, figures, ideas and theories used in an assignment. It helps avoid plagiarism and allows readers to follow up on cited sources. The document outlines the key information to include for different source types like books, journal articles, websites and more.
The document provides an overview of the APA style guide, outlining the key components such as using parenthetical citations to identify sources, having an accurate reference list of cited sources, and following specific formatting guidelines for listing different types of references such as books, journal articles, websites and more. Proper APA style is important for attributing others' work in a paper and allowing readers to find the original sources.
This document provides guidelines for shelflisting and subject authority control. It defines key terms like call numbers, class numbers, and book numbers used for shelflisting. It describes filing rules for organizing materials alphabetically, including rules for identical titles, abbreviations, dates, editions, and translations. Guidelines are provided for assigning call numbers to corporate bodies, biographies, and supplementary materials. The document also describes the purpose and MARC format of subject authority records and the process for creating new subject headings, including when to establish one, how to research existing usage, and how to formulate the new heading.
This document provides guidelines for cataloging electronic resources according to AACR2R. It discusses describing direct and remote access electronic resources, with the chief source of information being the resource itself. It also outlines how to transcribe titles, statements of responsibility, editions, descriptions of type and extent of resource, publication details, and notes for things like system requirements, language, variations in title, and file names.
This document provides definitions and guidelines for key terms used in research such as references, bibliographies, and citations.
References are organized listings of works cited in the text that are placed at the end of a document. They include author name, title, publication details, and pages cited. References are arranged alphabetically. Bibliographies are full listings of all material consulted for research, including sources not directly cited.
Citations acknowledge original authors when using their information. They appear in text or at the end and provide enough information to identify the source. Style manuals like MLA, APA, and Chicago provide standardized formats for citations and bibliographies to avoid plagiarism and organize references.
Selected-Library Associations of India (Part-1)SunilKumar5028
The document discusses several library associations in India, including the Indian Library Association (ILA), Central Government Library Association (CGLA), Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC), Indian Association of Teachers of Library and Information Science (IATLIS), Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation, and Academic Library Association (ALA) India. It provides details on the formation, objectives, publications, awards, and conferences of these major Indian library associations.
The document discusses Library of Congress call numbers, which are like addresses that indicate where items are located in the library. Call numbers appear on book spines and in catalogs. They use letters and numbers to arrange materials by subject. The first letters indicate the general subject area, the first number indicates a specific subject, and additional lines provide author name and publication year. Knowing how to read call numbers helps users browse shelves by subject area. Some special collections use local call numbers instead of the Library of Congress system.
ASLIB is an association for information management that was originally formed in 1924 in the UK. It has since expanded internationally with members in over 70 countries. ASLIB organizes an annual conference and courses, publishes various journals and newsletters, and provides information services and professional development programs to its members. It focuses on library automation, online information retrieval, and other areas of information management. ASLIB also has several specialist groups that organize programming around topics like business, science, engineering and more.
RDA is the new cataloging code that will replace AACR2. It is based on FRBR and FRAD conceptual models and designed to be more flexible and accommodate online resource description. RDA differs from AACR2 in its structure, terminology, categorization of resources, and transcription rules. Testing of RDA began in 2010 by national libraries and partners. Resources are available to help libraries prepare for the transition to RDA.
Library and Information Science Education for the 21st Century / Lyn Robinson Infodays
This presentation will consider the recent development of library and information science as an academic discipline, and the consequent changes required to library school curricula, in order to prepare professional practitioners for employment in today’s information society. These changes, led primarily by technological developments, include the need for consideration of new forms of documents, new methods of dissemination, new information behaviour patterns and increasing demand for novel information architectures. Alongside changes in technology, we can see the emergence of overlap with companion disciplines such as the digital humanities, and these must be accommodated, alongside more obvious connections, such as those with computer science. In conclusion from all of this, we can see that a course focused solely on traditional workplace skills will be insufficient for today’s portfolio-based workforce. We must have an emphasis on thinking skills, new literacies, and resilience, so that we prepare our graduates for employment beyond their first position.
Introduction to Public Library
Origin and Growth :- World, India
Definition of PL
Forerunner of modern PLs
Growth of PL as Social Institution
Important features of a PL
PL’s commitment to the society
Agencies in promotion & development of PLs in India
State’s PL Act
Types of PL Act
NAPLIS
Model PL Bills/Acts in India
Structure of PL & Information system
The management of PLs
PL Standards
Challenges and problems for future PL system
The document discusses Web 2.0 and how libraries (Library 2.0) are using various Web 2.0 tools. It begins by defining Web 2.0 as websites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and interoperability. Some key features of Web 2.0 include folksonomy, rich user experience, user participation, and software as a service. Library 2.0 transforms library services to be more interactive, collaborative, and driven by community needs using these new Web 2.0 tools. The document then provides examples of various Web 2.0 tools like RSS, wikis, blogs, Flickr, and their applications in libraries for tasks like announcing new materials, creating subject guides, hosting events, and
The document discusses the principles and guidelines for creating subject headings in the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) system. Key points include:
- LCSH headings are created to catalog and retrieve materials on given topics within a collection.
- Headings use standardized terminology from current literature to represent subjects.
- Headings aim to be exhaustive, reflecting all topics covered in a work, while also having indexing depth through multiple assigned headings.
- A single heading is chosen to represent each topic for consistent retrieval, with references to guide users.
- Headings are revised over time to maintain currency, balancing changes against impacts to existing records.
Indexing and abstracting preservation and conservationMaryV Navarro
This document discusses indexing, abstracting, preservation, and conservation of print and electronic materials. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like preservation, conservation, and different types of document surrogates like abstracts, annotations, extracts, and summaries. The document outlines best practices for preserving materials, including proper physical storage, temperature/humidity control, and cleaning. Principles of indexing like exhaustivity, specificity, and consistency are also covered.
presentation on MARC21 Standard Bibliography for LibMSMuhammad Zeeshan
I have developed a module named MARC21 standard bibliography (fixed and customized) for LibMS(An online library management system developing by Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and owned by MHRD, Govt. of INDIA).
The slide contains the description about MARC21 standard cataloging and the module which I have developed.
Library of congress classification systemmariesha003
The document provides an overview of the Library of Congress Classification system which divides all knowledge into 21 classes identified by letters of the alphabet. Each class is further divided into more specific subclasses identified by 2-3 letters. It gives examples of subclasses such as Class N for Art, which includes subclasses for Architecture, Sculpture, Painting and others. It also outlines some of the main subclasses for Class A (General Works), Class B (Philosophy, Psychology, Religion), Class C (Auxiliary Sciences of History) and Class D (World History and History of Europe, Asia, Africa etc.) and explains that numbers combined with letters form call numbers to identify materials.
presentation on "CATALOGUING" during Training workshop in library science for staff of muktangan school libraries organised by muktangan school teacher reference library, mumbai on 15th November 2010
The document discusses the concepts of cataloging, including:
- Original cataloging is creating records from scratch while copy cataloging adapts existing records
- Cataloging involves bibliographic description, subject analysis, classification, and physical preparation
- Standards like ISBD and AACR2 provide rules for cataloging to ensure consistency
- FRBR and RDA aim to update cataloging standards for the digital era
Chicago Style is a citation style used in history and the humanities that uses numbered notes. A Chicago Style paper includes: (1) superscript Arabic numerals in the text that correspond to footnotes or endnotes, (2) footnotes or endnotes providing publication details, and (3) a bibliography listing all sources alphabetically. Footnotes/endnotes use abbreviated citations after the first use and provide full source details, while the bibliography lists all sources with complete publication information.
The document discusses Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), the data format used by libraries to catalog and organize bibliographic information in a way that allows computers to interpret, exchange, and display it. MARC defines fields, indicators, subfields and other elements that provide a framework for bibliographic data to be recorded and processed by computers. Key points covered include what MARC stands for, the history and development of the MARC format, how MARC records are structured and some important fields like title (245) and author (100) fields.
This document provides an introduction to APA referencing style. It explains what referencing is, why it is important to reference, and the basic steps involved, including providing in-text citations and compiling a reference list. Referencing acknowledges the sources of information, facts, figures, ideas and theories used in an assignment. It helps avoid plagiarism and allows readers to follow up on cited sources. The document outlines the key information to include for different source types like books, journal articles, websites and more.
The document provides an overview of the APA style guide, outlining the key components such as using parenthetical citations to identify sources, having an accurate reference list of cited sources, and following specific formatting guidelines for listing different types of references such as books, journal articles, websites and more. Proper APA style is important for attributing others' work in a paper and allowing readers to find the original sources.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting research papers and citations. It discusses guidelines for formatting elements like paper layout, headings, numbers, tables, figures, in-text citations, and reference lists. The document uses examples to demonstrate how to format various citation elements, like quotations, references with multiple authors, and references from different source types.
This document provides an overview of APA style in-text citations and reference list entries for various source types, including:
- Books by single and multiple authors
- Journal articles by single and multiple authors
- Websites and web pages
- Theses and unpublished works
- Magazine articles
It explains the general formats for different source types and provides examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list entries according to APA style guidelines.
This document provides an introduction to the APA referencing style, including:
1. An overview of what referencing is and why it is important for avoiding plagiarism.
2. The basic steps involved in referencing sources, including taking notes on bibliographic details and inserting citations in text and a reference list.
3. Examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types like books, journal articles, and websites.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style, including:
- Brief parenthetical citations in text identifying each work referred to
- An alphabetized reference list containing complete citations
- Examples of reference list entries for various source types like books, journal articles, websites
- Guidelines for formatting parenthetical citations and reference list entries, including rules for capitalization, punctuation, author names
This document provides guidelines for citing sources and creating reference lists using APA style (6th edition). It discusses the two main components of APA style: in-text citations and the reference list. For in-text citations, the guidelines specify using the author's last name and year of publication. The reference list should be on a new page titled "References" and list references alphabetically by the author's last name. The document provides numerous examples of how to format different types of citations and reference list entries.
American Psychological Association (APA) 6Th Edition Style ExamplesAngelina Johnson
This document provides guidelines for citing sources and creating reference lists using APA style (6th edition). It discusses the two main components of APA style: in-text citations and the reference list. For in-text citations, the guidelines specify using the author's last name and year of publication. The reference list should be on a new page titled "References" and list references alphabetically by the author's last name. The document provides numerous examples of how to format different types of citations and reference list entries.
The document defines key concepts related to referencing sources in academic writing such as references, citations, footnotes, endnotes, ibid and op. cit. It discusses why referencing is important and how to format references for different types of sources like books, articles, websites and more according to styles like APA and MLA. Formatting details include order of elements and punctuation. Referencing guides help maintain consistent style.
The document provides information on APA citation style, including how to format in-text citations and references. It discusses citing different types of sources like books, journal articles, and websites. Key aspects covered include citing works by one, two, or more than two authors, works without authors, and citing specific parts of sources. Examples are provided of how to format different source types like books, articles from journals accessed online or in print, and newspaper articles in the reference list.
This document provides guidance on APA citation style, including examples of how to cite different sources in-text and format references in a reference list. It addresses citing single and multiple authors, works from the same author in the same year, sources without authors, and various source types including books, articles, dissertations, and datasets. Examples are provided of in-text citations and reference list entries for numerous source formats.
PPA 2008 – American Government and Public Administration.docxharrisonhoward80223
PPA 2008 – American Government
and Public Administration
APA Formatting and Style Guide
General format;
Reference page;
In-text citations.
(Adapted from Dr. Daniels’s Lectures)
1
What is APA?
APA (American Psychological
Association) is the most
commonly used format for
manuscripts in the Social
Sciences.
2
What does APA regulate?
APA regulates:
Stylistics
In-text citations
References (a list of all
sources used in the paper)
3
APA stylistics: Basics
Use the third person point of view rather than using
the first person point of view;
The study showed that…, NOT
I found out that….
Use the active voice rather than passive voice.
The participants responded…, NOT
The participants have been asked….
4
Language in an APA paper is:
• clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations;
• concise: condense information when you can;
• plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and
minimize the figurative language.
APA stylistics: Language
5
APA: General Format
Your essay should:
be typed, double-spaced, with two spaces after
punctuation between sentences;
with 1” margins on all sides;
in 12 pt. Times New Roman;
include a page header (title) in the upper left-hand
of every page and a page number in the upper
right-hand side of every page.
6
References
Main Body
Abstract
General Format (cont’d)
Title page
Your essay should
include four major
sections:
7
Title Page
Page header (use Insert Page
Header):
title flush left;
page number flush right.
Title (in the upper half of the
page, centered);
name (no title or degree);
affiliation (university, etc.).
8
Abstract Page
Page header: do NOT include
“Running head:”
Abstract (centered, at the top of
the page)
Write a brief (between 150 and 250
words) summary of your paper in an
accurate, concise, and specific
manner. Should contain: at research
topic, research questions,
participants, methods, results, data
analysis, and conclusions. May also
include possible implications of your
research and future work you see
connected with your findings. May
also include keywords. 9
Main Body (Text)
The first text page is page number 3;
Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of the page;
Type the text double-spaced with all sections following
each other without a break;
Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical
in-text citations;
Format tables and figures.
10
References: Basics
Center the title – References – at the top of the page;
Double space reference entries;
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent
subsequent lines;
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames;
11
References: Basics (cont’d)
Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by
initials);
Alphabetize reference list entries the last name of the first
author of each work;
Capitalize only the first letter of th.
This document provides guidelines for citing references in APA style according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). It covers reference list entries for a variety of source types including books, articles from periodicals and electronic sources, government documents, academic theses and dissertations. The guidelines specify formatting rules for author names, publication dates, titles, publishers and URLs depending on the source.
This document provides guidelines for citing references in APA style according to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It includes sections on citing different types of references such as books, articles in periodicals, and electronic sources. The guidelines cover topics such as citing authors with non-English names, works by corporate authors, unpublished works, and citing references in text.
This document provides guidelines for citing references in APA style according to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It covers reference list entries for a variety of source types including books, articles from periodicals and other print sources, and electronic sources. The guidelines address author names, publication dates, titles, publishers, and other elements for different source formats.
The document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style according to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It discusses citing various source formats such as journal articles, books, websites, and personal communications. Key changes from the 5th edition are noted, such as changes to plagiarism guidelines and citing electronic sources. Examples are provided for correctly formatting citations within the text and reference list.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important to do one, and outlines the key components and process for completing a literature review. Specifically, it recommends developing search parameters and keywords, identifying relevant primary and secondary sources, extracting useful information from those sources, structuring the written review, and properly citing sources using APA format. The overall purpose of a literature review is to evaluate and synthesize previous research on a topic to establish the theoretical background and justify new research.
1. University of Tasmania
APA CITATION SYSTEM
Why Reference your sources? It is important to reference the sources you use for
essays and reports, so that the reader can follow your arguments and check your sources.
It is essential to correctly acknowledge the author when quoting or using other people’s
ideas in your work.
**Some Schools require a different style from the one outlined here.
Ask your lecturer about the required citation style for your School or Faculty**
APA is a citation style created by the American Psychological Association.
This guide is based on information contained in these texts:
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edn,
CentRef BF 76.7 .A46 2001, and LtnRef 808.02 P976 2001.
• The Pocket guide to APA style by Robert Perrin
CentRef BF 76.7 .P426 2004, and LtnRef 808.02 P458p 2004.
• Psychology students should adhere to the specific advice in: School of Psychology
formatting guide prepared by Jane Shakespeare-Finch, available in the Morris
Miller Library at CentRes BF 76.7 .S53 2005; LtnRes 808.06615 S527s 2005 and
Cradle Coast Campus at 808.06615 S527s 2005.
How do I use APA?
Sources must be cited in two ways:
1. As in-text citations in the body of the text when other people’s ideas or words are
used. Examples below after T:
In-text citations consist of the author’s name and year of publication inserted at an
appropriate point in the text.
Sternberg (1993) suggests results should be carefully analysed
OR
a discussion of results analysis (Sternberg, 1993)
• Page numbers are included in the in-text citation for direct quotations, such as
(Sternberg, 1993, p.59).
• Direct quotations 40 words or less should be typed within the text surrounded by
quotation marks, while direct quotations more than 40 words should be included
as a separate paragraph.
2. In a list entitled References at the end of the main body of the text. Examples below
after R:
• A reference list entry includes information about the source such as author,
publication date, title, place of publication and publisher, but may include
additional information depending on the type of source.
• The reference list starts a new page and is arranged alphabetically by author’s
last name.
• References are double spaced with the second and subsequent lines of each
reference indented.
• Other sources consulted but not cited are listed separately under the heading
Bibliography.
2. Examples:
A book
T: (Sternberg, 1993)
R: Sternberg, R. J. (1993). The psychologist's companion (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Multiple works by the same author in the same year are distinguished by adding a letter to
the date. For example (Priest, 1990a) (Priest, 1990b).
A book with two authors
T: (Smith & Jones, 1948)
R: Smith, F. J., & Jones, E. (1948). A scheme of qualitative organic analysis. London:
Blackie.
A book with three to five authors
T: (Fischer, Demetriou, & Dawson, 1992)
If citing for the second time list the first author and year (Fischer et al., 1992)
Then subsequently omit the year (Fischer et al.)
For works with six or more authors cite the first author only followed by et al. within the
text, however include all authors in the reference list entry.
R: Fischer, K., Demetriou, A., & Dawson, T. L. (1992). The development of mental
processing: efficiency, working memory and thinking. Boston: Blackwell Publishing.
A book with six or more authors
T: (Jones et al., 1992)
R: Jones, K. K., Peters, F., Ho, L., Wang, W., Reddy, F.P., & Smyth, R. (1992). Advances
in mental processing: Memory and thinking. Sydney: Apex.
In the reference list single authors go before multiple authors, for example:
Fischer, K. W., (1992)… before Fischer, K., Demetriou, A., & Dawson, T. L. (1992)….
Edited book
T: (Hartman, 1994)
The editor’s name occupies the author position for the in-text citation.
R: Hartman, G. H. E. (Ed.). (1994). Holocaust remembrance: The shapes of memory.
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Chapter in an edited or non-edited collection
T: (Bjork, 1989)
R: Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In
H. L. Roediger & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness (pp.
309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
For a non-edited collection include the word ‘In’ prior to the book title and omit the
editor information.
2
3. Journal article
T: (Deutsch, Lussier & Servis, 1993)
R: Deutsch, F. M., Lussier, J. B., & Servis, L. J. (1993). Husbands at home: Predictors of
paternal participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social
Pyschology, 65, 1154-1166.
Note: Only include the journal or magazine issue number if each issue has separate
pagination, for example:
R: Lawson, W. (2004). A mental roadblock. Psychology Today, 37(5), 24.
Thesis or dissertation (unpublished)
T: (Bennett, 2003)
R: Bennett, K. (2003). Structures in early childhood learning. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation. University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
Published dissertations are treated as books.
Corporate author (government, corporation or association document or
report)
Use the title of the document if no author is identified. If the document or report has an
assigned report number include that directly after the title.
T: (Telstra Research Laboratories, 1993)
Subsequent in-text citation can be shortened if it does not cause confusion: (TRL, 1993)
R: Telstra Research Laboratories. (1993). New horizon: 1993 annual report. Clayton, Vic.:
Telstra Research Laboratories.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary
T: (Squire, 1992)
R: Squire, L. R. (1992). Encyclopedia of learning and memory. New York: Macmillan.
For major works with a large number of editors list the lead editor, followed by et al. The
title serves in the author/editor position if this information is absent.
Conference proceedings
T: (Deci & Ryan, 1991)
R: Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in
personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38.
Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
3
4. Film, DVD, Video
The director or producer occupies the author position.
T: (Pollack, 1985)
R: Pollack, S. (Director). (1985). Out of Africa [Film]. United States: Universal.
Radio and Television programs
T: (Murrow, 1940)
R: Murrow, E. R. (1940, September 13). [Radio broadcast]. New York: WCBS
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources are sources that you did not actually view but are cited in a work you
did view. For example, if you are referring to a study by Seidenberg and McClelland that is
cited in an article by Coltheart, Curtin, Atkins & Haller, name the original work in-text and
also cite the secondary source you have seen, then include the secondary source only in
the list of references. Note the use of “as cited in” in the in-text reference.
T: Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtin, Atkins & Haller, 1993)
supported…
R: Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual
route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100,
589-608.
Electronic sources
References for electronic sources end in a retrieval statement consisting of the
following basic information:
Retrieved month, day, year, from electronic address (do not include a full stop at the end of
the URL as this might be mistaken as part of the electronic address).
When resources are accessed via databases such as ProQuest or PsycINFO include a
retrieval statement that consists of the date of retrieval and the name of the database.
Web pages
If referring to a particular page within a large website give the precise URL for that page
rather than home or menu pages. If there are no page numbers use paragraph number
(use the abbreviation “para” e.g. para.16) or cite the chapter or heading and the number of
the paragraph. Use (n.d.) in the date position for sources with no apparent date.
T: (Benton Foundation, 1998)
R: Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by
bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved August 18,
2001, from http://www.benton.org/library?low-Income/two.html
4
5. For a webpage that has no author begin the reference with the document title
T: (“Expenditures for Health Care Plans,” 1998)
R: Expenditures for health care plans for employers and employees. (1998, December 7).
Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved February 17, 2002, from
http://stats.bls.gov
Journal articles - direct copies of original print version
When articles are in electronic form but are direct copies of the print version this should be
indicated by including [Electronic version] after the article title.
T: (VandenBos, 2001)
R: VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the
selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal
of Bibliographic Research(5), 117-123.
Journal articles - originally published as print but not direct copies
If you suspect there have been alterations to the original print version (look for format
changes, additional information or changes in page numbers) include an accurate retrieval
statement.
T: (Addis & Cohane, 2005)
R: Addis, M. E., & Cohane, G. H. (2005). Social Scientific Paradigms of Masculinity and
Their Implications for Research and Practice in Men's Mental Health. Journal of
Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 633-647. Retrieved June 24, 2005, from PsycINFO
database.
Journal articles - originally published in electronic form
T: (Fredrickson, 2000, March 7)
R: Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and
well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3 Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20,
2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Newspaper or magazine article-online version
T: (Rodriguez, 2001)
R: Rodriguez, C. (2001, January 9). Amid, dispute, plight of illegal workers revisited.
Boston Globe. Retrieved January 10, 2002, from
http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/010/nation/Amid_dispute_plight_of_illegal_work
ers_revisted+.shtml
Online posting to forum or discussion group
T: (Simons, 2000)
R: Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Msg 31]. Message
posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/visualcognition/message/31
Need more help? Ask A Librarian http://www.utas.edu.au/library/index.html
5