APA Publication Manual 6th Edition

1. Kamran Ishfaq

2.  Started in 1928
 Anthropological and
Psychological journal
editors met
 Purpose: to standardize
publication formats
 First guidelines 7 pages
long
 Latest 6th edition printed
2009 summer

3.  APA – American Psychological Association
 MLA – Modern Language Association
 Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style
 Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style
 Harvard Referencing System
 ASA – American Sociological Association
 CBE - Council of Biology Editors
Over 7 thousands Reference Citation Styles are
available around the world.

4.  Standardize Publication Format for Social
Sciences Around the World.
 Most Adapted and Recommended Format for
Social Sciences Research In Pakistani
Universities.
 To Standardize the Social Sciences
Manuscript/ Thesis as it is recommended in
BZU and other Public Pakistani Universities.

5. ? Where Can I Use in My Thesis

6. A citation is giving credit whenever
you use someone’s ideas, figures,
unique approach, or specific
reasoning. This is done whether
you paraphrase another’s ideas or
use direct quotes.
The purpose of using citations is
twofold:
To give credit for the person
whose material you are using and
1.To offer a way for readers of your
work to find out more information
about that source.

7. Plagiarism: act of using
someone else’s ideas, words,
figures, unique approach, or
specific reasoning without
giving appropriate credit.
It’s a bad thing!

8.  In-text citation
also called
Parenthetical citation
Author-date reference
 Reference list
To be the best, cite the best (nature.com)

9. General Formatting
Guidelines

10.  Margins: 1 inch around
 Font: Times New Roman – 12 pt.
 Line spacing: Double spaced
throughout
 Word spacing:
 1 space after commas,
colons, and semi-colons
 1 space after period in name
(A. B. Smith)
 1 space after period
separating parts of reference
citation
 1 or 2 spaces after periods
in sentences in text

11.  Type or print on one side only of heavy,
white, unruled paper
 Paper size: 8½ X 11 inches
 Left justify text only
 Number pages consecutively in the top right
corner, beginning with the title page
 Just before the page number, use a shortened
form of the title as a header
 Title should be of 12 words in length
 Indent paragraphs 5-7 spaces
 No more than 27 lines of text per page

17. In text Citation &
Left Justify the Text

20. Paragraph

22. Level of Headings

26. Seriation
(Arrangement or Position in a Series)

29. References

30.  References are listed on separate page
 Only citations that appear in the text should
appear on the reference page
 Everything cited in the text should appear on the
reference page.
 References are double-spaced, flush left with
subsequent lines indented 5 spaces

33. 33
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
http://www.topicsinclinicalnutrition.com
 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

34. 34

35. 35
 Author or authoring body
 Date of publication
 Title of the work
 Edition
 Publisher
 Place of publication
 Title of the source
 Location information within the source
 URL or DOI
 Nonroutine information

36. 36
 Surname and initials
Kernis, M. H.
 Hyphenated first name
Sun, C.-R.
 Editor’s name
Robinson, D. N. (Ed.)
 No author
Entry under title
 Delete Prof., Dr., Maj., Retd., etc.

37. 37
 Full name
National Institute of Health
 Subordinate body
University of the Punjab, Institute of
Business Administration
 Government agencies
Pakistan, Ministry of Finance

38. 38
 Title of book
 Title of book chapter
 Title of journal article
 Title of encyclopedia article
 Subtitle with colon

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 Edition you used
 Edition in Arabic numeral
2nd ed.
Rev. ed.
4th rev. ed.

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 Publisher name for non periodicals
 In a brief form
 Omit superfluous terms, such as Publishers,
Publications, Co., Inc.
Sage
Wiley
McGraw-Hill
Prentice Hall
Ferozsons
 Use only word “Author” when author and
publisher is the same

41. 41
 Name of city
 If city is not well known then add
state/province and/or country
Jaipur, India
Medford, NJ
 US postal service abbreviations for states
(2-digit codes)
CA for California
 If more cities are given, use the first or the
publisher’s head office if clearly mentioned

42. 42
 Journal volume and issue number in Arabic
numerals
33(4)
 Volume of a book
Vols. 1-20
(Vol.26, pp. 501-508)
 Start and end (inclusive) page numbers for journal
article or book chapter
215-224
(pp. 215-224)
 Discontinuous pages
5-7, 11-12

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44. 44
Schwepps (1998) states that the
solution sat dormant for several months
before any of the employees tested it (p.
743).

45. 45
When the solution had been sitting for a
number of months, the employees tested for
bacteria (Schwepps, 1998).

46. 46
 When fewer than 40 words
 Put prose quotation in running text
 Put quote marks around quoted material
 Author’s last name, publication year, and
page number(s) of quote must appear in the
text

47. 47
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic
response frequently entails a “delayed,
uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena” (p. 11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a
“delayed, uncontrolled repetitive
appearance of hallucinations and other
intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

48. 48
Meile (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were
studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors
were never exhibited again, even when real drugs
were administered. Earlier studies were clearly
premature in attributing the results to a placebo
effect. (p. 276)

49. 49
In 1947 the World Health Organization
proposed the following definition of health.
“Health is a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease and infirmity”
(World Health Organization, as cited in
Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3).

50. 50
 2 authors – cite both names separated by &
Example:
(Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)
 3-5 authors – cite all authors first time;
after first time, use et al.
Example:
(Wilson et al., 2000)
 6 or more authors – cite first author’s name
and et al.
Example:
(Perez et al., 1992)

51. 51
 Multiple sources from same author –
chronological order, separated by comma
(Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)
 Within same year:
(Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)
 Multiple sources – separated by semicolon,
alphabetical order
(Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite,
2001)

52. 52
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly
revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt
and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural
responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.
Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to
claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored”
(Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on
women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating
the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell
(1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing
that his study “treated memory and culture as if they
belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or
the control of institutions” (p. 6).

53. 53

54. 54
 Place the list of references cited at the
end of the paper
 Start references on a new page
 Begin each entry flush with the left
margin
 Indent subsequent lines five to seven
spaces (hanging indent)
 Double space both within and between
entries
 Italicize the title of books, magazines,
etc.

55. 55
Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.
Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.

56. 56
Struck, W., & White, E. B. (1979).
The elements of style (3rd ed.).
New York: Macmillan.

57. 57
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,
Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,
et al. (2000). An experimental
evaluation of…

58. 58
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.

59. 59
Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).
(2000). Diversity and the recreation
profession: Organizational
perspectives. State College, PA:
Venture.

60. 60
Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).
The ocular system. In J. T.
Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary
(Eds.),
Principles of
psychophysiology:
Physical, social, and inferential
elements (pp. 513-553).
Berkeley,

61. 61
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A
study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York:
McGraw-Hill.

62. 62
Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995).
Administrative issues for use of
nurse practitioners. Journal of
Nursing Administration, 25(5),
64-70.

63. 63
Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare
lexicon. Journal of Health.

64. 64
Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects
of PM organizational development in
supermarket organization. Japanese
Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 21, 93-111. [Abstract]
Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,
Abstract No. 11474

65. 65
Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29).
Seeing the mind. Science, 262,
673-674.

66. 66
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).
Obesity affects economic, social
status. The Washington Post, pp.
A1, A4.

67. 67
Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Gale
encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15,
pp. 82-86). New York, Gale
Encyclopedia Co.

68. 68
Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of
counseling professionals
(Unpublished master’s thesis,
Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore).

69. 69
National Institute on Mental Health. (1980).
Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:
Author.

70. 70
Velmans, M. (1999). When perception
becomes conscious. British
Journal of Psychology, 90, 543-
566. Retrieved from the
Expanded Academic ASAP
database.

71. 71
Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy
of psychology web resources. Retrieved from
http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm

72. 72
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy
and analytic therapy in trauma treatment.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4),
482–488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

73. 73
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online
dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.m-
w.com/dictionary

74. 74
Columbia University, Teachers College,
Institute for Learning Technologies. (2000).
Smart cities: New York: Electronic education
for the new millennium [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/
publications/index.html

75. 75
American Psychological Association. (2006,
April 30). Internet use involves both pros and
cons for children and adolescents [Press
release]. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/releases/
youthwww0406.html

76. 76
Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputed
estimates of IQ [Msg 670]. Message posted to
ForensicNetwork electronic mailing list,
archived at
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Forensi
cNetwork/message/670

77. 77
bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate
prerequisites and consequences of
partitioning your mind. Message posted to
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/

78. 78
 References
Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved
August 21, 2002 from:
http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R. K., (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food
interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12,
825-828.
Flory, R. K., (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.
Flory, R. K., & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on
schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the
Psychonomic Society 9, 383-386.
Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

79. 79
APA Manual Website:
www.apastyle.org

80.  http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.ht
m
for a tutorial about APA Style
 http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/whatsnew/inde
x.htm for a tutorial about the changes

81. ?????