This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychological statistics. It defines statistics as procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information using facts and figures. It discusses populations and samples, variables and data, parameters and statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics, sampling error, and experimental and nonexperimental methods. It also covers scales of measurement, frequency distributions, measures of central tendency and variability, and the importance of measurement in research.
The Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) was conceived by Raymond B. Cattell in 1920s. It is a nonverbal instrument to measure your analytical and reasoning ability in the abstract and novel situations. The test includes mazes, classifications, conditions and series. Such problems are believed to be common with all cultures. That’s the reason that the testing industry claims it free from all cultural influences.
Please let me know if you are interested to purchase CFIT.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Sources of History- Readings in the Philippine HistoryRomalieGalleto
The first chapter of the Readings in the Philippine History. It comprises of the discussions about sources of history and historical methods to critically examine historical evidences from different accounts and sources
The Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) was conceived by Raymond B. Cattell in 1920s. It is a nonverbal instrument to measure your analytical and reasoning ability in the abstract and novel situations. The test includes mazes, classifications, conditions and series. Such problems are believed to be common with all cultures. That’s the reason that the testing industry claims it free from all cultural influences.
Please let me know if you are interested to purchase CFIT.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Sources of History- Readings in the Philippine HistoryRomalieGalleto
The first chapter of the Readings in the Philippine History. It comprises of the discussions about sources of history and historical methods to critically examine historical evidences from different accounts and sources
CHAPTER 2 - NORM, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION.pptkriti137049
Norms are the accepted standards on particular test.
Norms consist of data that make it possible to determine the relative standing of an individual who has taken a test.
Evaluation Unit 4
Statistics in the View point of Evaluation
Unit 4 Syllabus-
4.2.1- Measuring Scales- Meaning and Statistical Use
4.2.2- Conversion and interpretation of Test Score
4.2.3- Normal Probability Curve
4.2.4- Central Tendency and its importance in Evaluation.
4.2.5- Dimensions of Deviation
The Unit 4 is all about Statistics…
Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
In other words, it is a mathematical discipline to collect, summarize data.
Also, we can say that statistics is a branch of applied mathematics.
Statistics is simply defined as the study and manipulation of data. As we have already discussed in the introduction that statistics deals with the analysis and computation of numerical data.
Projective methods of Evaluation through Statistics-
Measurement is a process of assigning numbers to individuals or their characteristics according to specific rules.” (Eble and Frisbie, 1991, p.25).
This is very common and simple definition of the term ‘measurement’.
You can say that measurement is a quantitative description of one’s performance. Gay (1991) further simplified the term as a process of quantifying the degree to which someone or something possessed a given trait, i.e., quality, characteristics, or features.
Measurement assigns a numeral to quantify certain aspects of human and non-human beings.
It is numerical description of objects, traits, attributes, characteristics or behaviours.
Measurement is not an end in itself but definitely a means to evaluate the abilities of a person in education and other fields as well.
Measurement Scale-
Whenever we measure anything, we assign a numerical value. This numerical value is known as scale of measurement. A scale is a system or scheme for assigning values or scores to the characteristics being measured (Sattler, 1992). Like for measuring any aspect of the human being we assign a numeral to quantify it, further we can provide an order to it if we know the similar type of measurement of other members of the group, we can also make groups considering equal interval scores within the group.
Psychologist Stanley Stevens developed the four common scales of measurement:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval &
Ratio
Each scale of measurement has properties that determine how to properly analyze the data.
Nominal scale-
In nominal scale, a numeral or label is assigned for characterizing the attribute of the person or thing.
That caters no order to define the attribute as high-low, more-less, big-small, superior-inferior etc.
In nominal scale, assigning a numeral is purely an individual matter.
It is nothing to do with the group scores or group measurement.
Statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mode, and chi-square tests are used in nominal measurement.
Examples include gender (male, female), colors (red, blue, green), or types of fruit (apple, banana, orange).
Ordinal scale-
Ordinal scale is synonymous to ranking or g
Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Statistics
• Refers to a set of mathematical procedures for
organizing, summarizing, and interpreting
information.
• Consists of facts and figures such as average
income, crime rate, birth rate, average
snowfall, and so on.
3. Population and Samples
• Population, is the set
of all the individuals of
interest in a particular
study.
• Sample, is a set of
individual selected
from a population,
usually intended to
represent the
population in a
research study.
4. Variables and Data
• A variable is a characteristic or condition that
changes or has different values for different
individuals.
• Data, measurements or observations.
5. Parameter and Statistic
• Parameter is usually a numerical value that
describes a population.
• Statistic is usually a numerical value that
describes a sample.
6. Descriptive Statistics and Inferential
Statistics
• Descriptive statistics are statistical procedures
used to summarize, organize, and simplify
data.
• Inferential Statistics consist of techniques that
allows us to study samples and then make
generalizations about the populations from
which they were selected.
7. Sampling Error
• It is the discrepancy, or amount of error, that
exists between a sample statistic and the
corresponding population parameter.
8. Sample Figure
POPULATION OF 1000 COLLEGE STUDENTS
POPULATION PARAMETERS:
AVERAGE AGE= 21.3 YEARS
AVERAGE IQ= 112.5
65% FEMALE, 35% MALE
Sample #1
Eric, Jessica, Juan, Neri,
Karen
Sample Statistics:
Average Age= 19.8
Average IQ= 104.6
60% Female, 40% Male
Sample #2
Tom, Edward, Peter,
Mary, Ellla
Sampling Statistics:
Average Age= 20.4
Average IQ= 114.2
40% Female, 60% Male
9. Example: Study on Teaching Method
POPULATION OF FIRST-
GRADE STUDENTS
73,76,72,80,73,77,75,77,
75,74,77,77,72,75,76,76,
74,79,77,78,78,81
A
68,67,75,72,76,69,70,72,
68,74,73,73,70,70,69,70,
71,71,71,72,70
B
Data: Test scores for students
in each sample
STEP 1
11. Sample Inference:
1. There actually is no difference between the two
teaching methods, and the sample difference is
due to chance.
2. There is a difference between the two methods,
and the sample data accurately reflect this
difference.
Note: The goal of inferential statistics is to help
researchers decide between the two
interpretations.
12. Relationship Between Variables
• Correlational Method, two different variables
ae observed to determine whether there is a
relationship between them.
• Sometimes correlational method are not
numerical values. Ex. A researcher could
measure home location (city or suburb) and
attitude toward a new budget proposal (for or
against) for a group of registered voters.
13. Comparing Two (or more) Groups of Scores:
Experimental and Nonexperimental
The Experimental method
Manipulation. The researcher manipulates one
variable by changing its value from one level to
another. A second variable is observed (measured) to
determine whether the manipulation causes changes
to occur.
Control. The researcher must exercise control over
the research situation to ensure that other,
extraneous variables do not influence the
relationship being examined.
14. Controlling Variables:
• Random assignment, each participant has an
equal chance of being assigned to each of the
treatment conditions.
• Matching design, to ensure equivalent groups
or equivalent environment.
15. Nonexperimental and Prepost Studies
• Nonequivalent groups, study comparing boys
and girls.The researcher has no ability to
control which participants go into which
group.
• Pre-post design, the two scores are obtained
by measuring the the same variable twice
under two different conditions at two
different times.
16. Example
BOYS GIRLS
17 15
19 15
12 14
Before
Therapy
After Therapy
17 12
19 10
16 14
Nonequivalent Design Pre-post Design
Looking for difference?
17. DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
VARIABLES
• A discrete variable consists of separate,
indivisible categories. No values can exist
between two neighboring categories. Ex.
Gender, Nationality, Occupation
• Continuous variable, there are an infinite
number of possible values that fall between
any two observed values. A continuous
variable is divisible into an infinite number of
fractional parts. Ex. Weight, Height
18. • Data collection requires that we make
measurements of our observations.
Measurement involves assigning individuals or
events to categories.
• The categories can simply be names such as
male/female or employed/unemployed, or they
can be numerical values such as 68 inches or 175
pounds. The categories used to measure a
variable make up a scale of measurement, and
the relationships between the categories
determine different types of scales.
19. Properties of Scales
• Magnitude is the property of “moreness.” A scale
has the property of magnitude if we can say that
a particular instance of the attribute represents
more, less, or equal amounts of the given
quantity than does another instance.
• Equal intervals. the difference between two
points at any place on the scale has the same
meaning as the difference between two other
points that differ by the same number of scale
units.
• Absolute 0 is obtained when nothing of the
property being measured exists.
20. Scales of Measurement
• A nominal scale consists of a set of categories that have
different names. Measurements on a nominal scale label and
categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative
distinctions between observations.
• An ordinal scale consists of a set of categories that are
organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an
ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or
magnitude.
• Both an interval scale and a ratio scale consist of a series
of ordered categories (like an ordinal scale) with the
additional requirement that the categories form a series of
intervals that are all exactly the same size. Thus, the scale
of measurement consists of a series of equal intervals,
such as inches on a ruler.
21. Interval vs. Ratio
• Interval scale has an arbitrary zero point. the value 0
is assigned to a particular location on the scale
simply as a matter of convenience or reference. In
particular, a value of zero does not indicate a total
absence of the variable being measured.
• Ratio scale is anchored by a zero point that is not
arbitrary but rather is a meaningful value
representing none (a complete absence) of the
variable being measured.
23. Frequency Distribution
• It displays scores on a variable or a measure to
reflect how frequently each value was obtained.
• replace simple ranks when we want to adjust for
the number of scores in a group. It answers the
question, “What percent of the scores fall below
a particular score (Xi)?”
• specific scores or points within a distribution.
Percentile Ranks
Percentile
25. Central Tendency
• is a statistical measure to determine a single
score that defines the center of a distribution.
The goal of central tendency is to find the
single score that is most typical or most
representative of the entire group.
26. • The mean, also known as the arithmetic
average, is computed by adding all the scores
in the distribution and dividing by the number
of scores. The mean for a population is
identified by the Greek letter mu,
(pronounced “mew”), and the mean for a
sample is identified by M or X (read “x-bar”).
27. If the scores in a distribution are listed in order
from smallest to largest, the median is the
midpoint of the list. More specifically, the
median is the point on the measurement scale
below which 50% of the scores in the distribution
are located.
• The median, on the other hand, defines the
middle of the distribution in terms of
• scores. In particular, the median is located so that
half of the scores are on one side and
• half are on the other side.
28. Mode is the score or category that has the
greatest frequency.
“the customary fashion” or “a popular style.”
29. Variability
• It provides a quantitative measure of the
degree to which scores in a distribution are
spread out or clustered.
• Defined in terms of distance.
• It measures how well an individual represents
the entire distribution.
30. Measures of Variability
• Range, is knowing the highest and lowest.
Getting the largest score to the smallest score
in a distribution.
• Standard Deviation, it is the most commonly
used and the most important measure of
variability. It uses the mean of the distribution
as a reference point and measures variability by
considering the distance between each score
and the mean.
32. Measurement
The act or process of assigning numbers to
phenomena according to a rule.
Benefits
1. Objectivity. Allows theories to be tested.
2. Quantification. Allows more detail than
personal judgment.
3. Better communication.