This document provides an introduction to cell biology, covering the history and universal principles of living cells. It discusses: 1) The origins of life from a common ancestor over 3-4 billion years ago and the divergence into bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. 2) The universal principles of cells, including genetic information stored in DNA, DNA transcription into RNA, macromolecular assembly, membrane growth by expansion, targeting of cellular constituents, molecular movement, and cellular adaptation through receptor signalling. 3) The differences between prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea, which lack membrane-bound organelles, and more complex eukaryotic cells found in organisms like plants, fungi, and