This document provides an overview of data representation and computer structure. It discusses how computers use binary numbers to represent data, including integers, real numbers, text, and graphics. It also describes the basic structure of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU) with its arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. The document outlines the stored program concept where a series of machine instructions stored in memory direct the CPU. It also explains the fetch-execute cycle where the CPU fetches and executes one instruction at a time. Memory types like RAM, ROM, cache and external memory are described along with their functions in a computer system.
Compression is an activity performed to reduce its size into smaller than earlier. Compression is created since lack of adequate storage capacity. Data compression is also needed to speed up data transmission activity between computer networks. Compression has the different rule between speed and density. Compressed compression will take longer than compression that relies on speed. Elias Delta is one of the lossless compression techniques that can compress the characters. This compression is created based on the frequency of the character of a character on a document to be compressed. It works based on bit deductions on seven or eight bits. The most common characters will have the least number of bits, while the fewest characters will have the longest number of bits. The formation of character sets serves to eliminate double characters in the calculation of the number of each character as well as for the compression table storage. It has a good level of comparison between before and after compression. The speed of compression and decompression process possessed by this method is outstanding and fast.
Digital computers represent data by means of an easily identified symbol called a digit. The data may
contain digits, alphabets or special character, which are converted to bits, understandable by the computer.
In Digital Computer, data and instructions are stored in computer memory using binary code (or
machine code) represented by Binary digIT’s 1 and 0 called BIT’s.
The number system uses well-defined symbols called digits.
Number systems are classified into two types:
o Non-positional number system
o Positional number system
This book's author is Zafar Ali Khan .
It consists of all the topics of As Level Computer Science topics that are required to be covered.
All credits goes to Zafar Ali Khan .
It's part of Computer Organization And Architecture .Data representation is how to data represented in computer by using complements of number , float point ,fix point, so it's
slide is useful
Computer data representation (integers, floating-point numbers, text, images,...ArtemKovera
How computers represent different types of data.
1) Why learning how computers represent data is important
2) Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal number systems.
3) A few words about computer memory organization
4) Representing integer numbers in computers
(two's-complement and other encodings)
5) Representing floating-point numbers
(single-precision, double-precision, quadruple-precision)
6) Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Representation
7) Introduction to representing text in computers (ASCII, Unicode encodings: UTF-8, UTF-16, etc)
8) Introduction to representing images in computers
9) Introduction to representing sound in computers
10) Books on Artificial Intelligence
Compression is an activity performed to reduce its size into smaller than earlier. Compression is created since lack of adequate storage capacity. Data compression is also needed to speed up data transmission activity between computer networks. Compression has the different rule between speed and density. Compressed compression will take longer than compression that relies on speed. Elias Delta is one of the lossless compression techniques that can compress the characters. This compression is created based on the frequency of the character of a character on a document to be compressed. It works based on bit deductions on seven or eight bits. The most common characters will have the least number of bits, while the fewest characters will have the longest number of bits. The formation of character sets serves to eliminate double characters in the calculation of the number of each character as well as for the compression table storage. It has a good level of comparison between before and after compression. The speed of compression and decompression process possessed by this method is outstanding and fast.
Digital computers represent data by means of an easily identified symbol called a digit. The data may
contain digits, alphabets or special character, which are converted to bits, understandable by the computer.
In Digital Computer, data and instructions are stored in computer memory using binary code (or
machine code) represented by Binary digIT’s 1 and 0 called BIT’s.
The number system uses well-defined symbols called digits.
Number systems are classified into two types:
o Non-positional number system
o Positional number system
This book's author is Zafar Ali Khan .
It consists of all the topics of As Level Computer Science topics that are required to be covered.
All credits goes to Zafar Ali Khan .
It's part of Computer Organization And Architecture .Data representation is how to data represented in computer by using complements of number , float point ,fix point, so it's
slide is useful
Computer data representation (integers, floating-point numbers, text, images,...ArtemKovera
How computers represent different types of data.
1) Why learning how computers represent data is important
2) Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal number systems.
3) A few words about computer memory organization
4) Representing integer numbers in computers
(two's-complement and other encodings)
5) Representing floating-point numbers
(single-precision, double-precision, quadruple-precision)
6) Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Representation
7) Introduction to representing text in computers (ASCII, Unicode encodings: UTF-8, UTF-16, etc)
8) Introduction to representing images in computers
9) Introduction to representing sound in computers
10) Books on Artificial Intelligence
Number Systems — Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal
Base 10 (Decimal) — Represent any number using 10 digits [0–9]
Base 2 (Binary) — Represent any number using 2 digits [0–1]
Base 8 (Octal) — Represent any number using 8 digits [0–7]
Base 16(Hexadecimal) — Represent any number using 10 digits and 6 characters [0–9, A, B, C, D, E, F]
Chapter 2Hardware2.1 The System Unit2.2 Data and PEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 2
Hardware
2.1 The System Unit
2.2 Data and Program Representa-
tion
2.2.1 Digital data and numerical data
Most computers are digital computers which use a spe-
cific language to communicate within itself in order to
process information. If there are programs running in
the background or a person is typing up a word docu-
ment for example, the computer needs to be able to in-
terpret the data that is being put into it by the human as
well as communicate to working components within it-
self. This language that digital computers use is called
binary code and is a very basic form of language com-
posed of only two figures; 1 and 0. Whereas the English
language is composed of 26 figures which we commonly
call the alphabet, computers use a language composed of
only two figures, hence its name Binary Code. Binary lit-
erally means two and refers to anything that consists of,
involves, or indicates two. The language known as Binary
Code operates on a system of 1’s and 0’s strung together.
Each 1 or 0 is referred to as a “bit.” “Bits” are the smallest
unit of data that a binary computer can recognize and ev-
ery action, memory, storage, or computation that is done
through a computer is composed of them. From playing
music through your speakers to cropping a photograph, to
typing up a document and preparing an important presen-
tation all the way down the line to browsing the internet
or picking up on a wifi signal in your area, everything
uses “bits” to complete the task needed. “Bits” string
into larger lines of information the way letters string into
words and then sentences. When eight “bits” are com-
pounded in this way they are then referred to as a “byte”.
“Bytes”, which are made up of “bits”, are commonly used
when referring to the size of the information being pro-
vided. For example, a song that is downloaded may con-
tain several kilobytes or perhaps even a few megabytes if
it is a whole c.d. and not just a single track. Likewise, pic-
tures and all other documents in general are stored on the
computer based on their size or amount of bytes they con-
tain. The amount of information that can be stored onto
a computer is also shown or displayed in bytes as is the
amount left on a computer after certain programs or doc-
uments have been stored. Since bytes can be extremely
long, we have come up with prefixes that signify how large
they are. These prefixes increase by three units of ten
so that a Kilobyte represents 1,000 bytes, a Megabyte
represents 1,000,000 bytes or one million bytes, a Giga-
byte represents 1,0000,000,000 or one billion bytes, etc.
Computers components have become so small that we can
now store larger and larger amounts of data bytes in the
same size computers resulting in the use of other larger
prefixes such as Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, and Yotta. Be-
low is a chart outlining the name of the prefix used and
powers of ten they symbolize.
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 00
1 ...
This lesson is for students taking the Cambridge School certificate exams Computer science subject(2210).I hope that it will of help to students in this period of crisis. Send me your feedback or suggestions on buxooa72@ gmail.com,
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
Learning& Teaching Systems Ppt
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4. 1 Data Representation 1.2.1 BinaryNumbers Computers work in number base 2 which uses 2 symbols, 0 and 1 to represent a value. In computing systems, large numbers are expressed in terms of powers of 2 and use the following abbreviations: 2 1 has a decimal equivalent of 2 2 2 has a decimal equivalent of 4 2 3 has a decimal equivalent of 8 2 4 has a decimal equivalent of 16 2 5 has a decimal equivalent of 32 2 6 has a decimal equivalent of 64 2 7 has a decimal equivalent of 128 2 8 has a decimal equivalent of 256 2 9 has a decimal equivalent of 512 2 10 has a decimal equivalent of 1024 and is abbreviated to 1 kilo 2 20 has a decimal equivalent of 1,048,576 and is abbreviated to 1 Mega 2 30 has a decimal equivalent of 1,073,741,824 and is abbreviated to 1 Giga 2 40 has a decimal equivalent of 1,099,511,627,776 and is abbreviated to 1 Tera
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7. 1 Data Representation 1.2.4 Hexadecimal Long binary numbers can be difficult to read correctly. Computers have memory addresses of 2 or 4 bytes long which give addresses of 16 or 32 bits. Hexadecimal is base 16 and organises the bits into groups of four. The conversion between base 2 and base 16 is very simple. Hex needs the digits 0-9 and letters A-F. E.g. 11010100010110010011001010010110 becomes 1101 0100 0101 1001 0011 0010 1001 0110 which in Hex is D459 3256
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13. Data Representation 1.4 Graphics Most displays use Raster graphics – same as TV. Displays store images as a matrix of pixels in the refresh buffer. Separate images now stored in VRAM (Video RAM). VRAM represents the entire screen area and the term bit map is used to describe the one-to-one mapping of pixels in VRAM to pixels on the screen.
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17. Data Representation 1.4.4 Greyscale A rudimentary greyscale effect provides a ’black’, ’white’ and two levels of ’grey’. As this comprises four different values we need two bits to represent each pixel (00 for black, 01 for darker grey, 10 for lighter grey and 11 for white ). As each pixel now requires twice as many bits, we will require twice as much memory for a given screen size as a black and white image. We can provide more levels of grey by allocating more bits to each pixel. By the time we have eight bits (one byte) to one pixel we can represent 256 different intensities. Monochrome displays are often clearer, especially for text than colour display. The requirement to use colour for such items as colour pictures and user interface issues, dictates that colour displays are more likely to be purchased.
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19. Data Representation 1.4.5 Colour One colour can be represented by one byte giving 256 colours (GIF format). Monitors etc. have 3 primary (additive) colours, Red, Blue and Green. Other colours obtained from adding light. We use 8 bits for Red, 8 for Blue and 8 for Green which give us 256 x 256 x256 colours – over 16 million. We need 3 bytes to describe RGB coded colours. Codes can be used by a programmer to describe colours in Hex code.
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21. 2 Computer Structure 2.1 An Introduction This unit on Computer Structure describes in detail the function of the component parts of a processor in the manipulation of data. This is extended to the methods of transferring data within a processor and between a processor and memory. The concept of a stored program is considered and the steps in the fetch-execute cycle to access and run programs. Memory types are considered, from registers to backing storage and how memory is defined and addressed.
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26. 2 Computer Structure 2.2.2.1 The structure of the CPU (a) Memory Processor Control unit ALU Registers, A, MAR, MDR, PC, SP Address bus – 1 way Data bus – 2 way Control Bus Internal buses
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28. 2 Computer Structure 2.2.3 The stored program concept All computers based on same basic design, known as the Von Neumann Architecture . Computers carry out tasks by executing machine instructions. A series of these instructions is called a machine code program held in main memory as a stored program , a concept first proposed by John Von Neumann in 1945. Central Processing Unit (CPU) fetches, decodes and executes the machine instructions. By altering the stored program it is possible to have the computer carry out a different task.
29. 2 Computer Structure 2.2.4 The fetch execute cycle To execute a machine code program it must first be loaded, together with any data that it needs, into main memory (RAM). Once loaded, it is accessible to the CPU which fetches one instruction at a time, decodes and executes it at electronic speed. Fetch, decode and execute are repeated until a program instruction to HALT is encountered. This is known as the fetch-execute cycle .
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32. 2 Computer Structure 2.2.8 Computer Components and Their Function The components of the CPU and the connections to devices that are external to it are shown.
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38. 2 Computer Structure 2.4 Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit. The CPU coordinates and controls the activities of all other units in the computer system. It executes program instructions and manipulates data in accordance with the instructions. It uses a standard architecture composed of the following three components: Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU); Control unit; Registers. All three components work together to form the processor.
39. 2 Computer Structure 2.4.1 Architecture of the microprocessor We will now study the internal architecture of the microprocessor (CPU) itself. Because of the stored program concept , we must consider the relationship between the CPU and memory. This is a diagram of a fairly typical microprocessor design, showing the internal structure of the CPU and its relationship to the memory of the computer.
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41. 2 Computer Structure 2.4.2 Accessing Memory (2) To read data from memory , CPU places the address of the memory location into the MAR and activates the memory-read control line of the system bus. This will cause the required data to be transmitted from memory via the data bus to the MDR; To write from the CPU to memory , the CPU places the data to be written in theMDR; the address of the memory location where they are to be written is placed in the MAR; and the memory-write control line is activated. The MAR and MDR registers have a large part to play in the fetch-execute cycle.
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68. 4.2 – Input & Output Devices 4.2.7 Multiscan Monitor The CRT is the basis of most visual display technology. The screen is arranged as a series of lines of dots and each dot is made up of three small areas of red, green and blue called a triad. The intensity of light shone on each triad determines the actual colour of the pixel. The picture is redrawn between 50 and 100 times a second. This is the refresh rate. A monitor which operate at different refresh rates is known as a multiscan or multisync monitor. The refresh rate is controlled by the video adapter. Screen resolution is quantified by the dot pitch, the distance between the dots on the screen. Typically between 0.28 and 0.38mm, corresponding to 100 to 70 dpi.
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71. 4.4 Buffers and Spoolers 4.4.2 Spooling When large amounts of data are to be sent to a peripheral device, or when the peripheral is shared across a network then spooling is a preferred method of compensating for the difference in speeds of the processor and the peripheral. Spooling involves the input or output of data to a tape or a disk. This, for example, allows output to be queued from many different programs and sent to a printer by a print spooler (special operating system software). The print spooler stores the data in files and sends it to the printer when it is ready, using a print queue . Once the data has been printed it is deleted from the storage device.
72. 4.5 – Storage Devices 4.5.1 Magnetic Magnetic storage devices include hard disks, floppy disks, Zip disks and magnetic tape. They are called magnetic storage devices because their recording surfaces are coated with a material that responds to magnetic fields to enable data to be stored. Storage devices can be fixed or removable. Removable storage devices allow the user to disconnect the device and physically transport data from one computer to another. Varieties of removable devices include the Iomega and Syquest hard disks and Jaz cartridges.
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75. 4.5 – Storage Devices 4.5.1.2 Magnetic Tape Storing data on tapes used to be the only solution to backing up hard disks of large capacity. Now, with large, removable magnetic disks and optical CR-RW technology, this is no longer the case. However, removable storage media is comparatively expensive, costs 10 times tape. Tape, therefore, still has the edge in this market. Tape is read and written on a tape drive. Data is written to tape in blocks with inter-block gaps between them. A single operation writes each block Data is stored on magnetic tape as magnetised regions on the surface of the tape induced by the magnetic recording head. To read data, the tape passes under the read/write head and the stored magnetised regions produce very small voltages in the head, leading to a current in the head coil. This current can be analysed to give a representation of the stored binary data.
76. 4.5 – Storage Devices 4.5.1.2 Magnetic Tape Capacity Magnetic tapes have large capacities, reaching up to several gigabytes and come in a variety of sizes and formats. Since their introduction, tape drives have passed through many stages of improvement with extremely reliable Digital Audio Tape (44.1 kHz, 16-bit record and playback DAT) drives representing the current state of the art. A 4mm DAT tape can now store up to 24 Gbytes of data! Access Tapes are sequential access devices. Accessing data on tapes is therefore much slower than accessing data on disks. They are not suitable as storage media for applications where data needs be used regularly - where a disk is a more appropriate medium. Because tapes are so slow, they are generally used only for long-term storage and backup.
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110. 5 Networking 5.4.1 Network Topology - Bus 4 Factors Affecting Performance 4.6. Network Topology - Bus Bus Topology- easy to expand and cheap to set up. e.g. Ethernet in school or college. Data Security – data encryption methods used. High collision rates requiring re-transmission Bandwidth – available bandwidth shared amongst all stations accessing network. Data compression used. Reliability – fault in one station has no effect on rest. Cable fault will lose all that section. Cost – relatively cheap
111. 5 Networking 5.4.2 Network Topology - Star Data Security – higher security as data routed only to the computer that is to receive it. No collisions. Reliability – if a link fails then only that station is off the network. Failure to central controller is fatal. Cost – can be quite expensive due to high cost of cabling. Popular in small self-contained networks as not too expensive (small office). All nodes connected to one central node that routes traffic to the appropriate place.
112. 5 Networking 5.4.3 Network Topology - Ring Ring Topology Similar to Bus in many respects with similar security problems. Control system in charge of transmissions and stations guaranteed access to transmissions. Collisions avoided by use of a token Additional expense for control s/w and system. May have to wait turn to transmit. Network down to add station, but few if any crashes.
113. 5 Networking 5.4.4 Network Topology - Mesh Mesh Topology Fault in one cable does not affect network. Multiple transmissions Lots of wiring Expensive Excellent performance
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124. 6 Using Networks 6.4 Technical Factors Affecting Communications The technical factors which have led to the growth of computer networks have emerged in parallel with t he economic factors which have driven the research into networking technology. As the economic demand or networking technology has grown, the trend has been for equipment prices to fall and performance to increase. Although still in its infancy, the development of wireless networking is likely to follow the same pattern.