The document discusses a review of the Hong Kong Observatory's weather homepage and its use of geographic information technologies. It describes the numerical weather prediction models and high-resolution Non-Hydrostatic Model used, which provide timely forecasts. However, the 10km grid resolution limits localized accuracy. It also notes the forecast maps lack detailed maps and geographic context. Improvements could include higher resolution modeling and adding more map details and context.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Simplified and Robust Surface Reflectance Estimation Method (SREM) for Use ...Muhammad Bilal
Advantages of SREM:
1. SREM is the simplest method compared to the existing surface reflectance (SR) estimation methods.
2. SREM performs SR inversion based on the 6S Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) equations.
3. SREM does not depend on RTM simulation and a comprehensive lookup table (LUT).
4. SREM does not use the following parameters:
a. aerosol optical depth (AOD),
b. aerosol model,
c. water vapor concentration,
d. ozone concertation, and
e. other gases.
5. SREM can provide SR retrievals over diverse land surfaces including urban, vegetated, and desert surfaces.
6. SREM SR values are comparable with the following satellite SR products:
a. Landsat SR product (LEDAPS & LaSRC) at 30 m resolution,
b. Sentinel-2A SR product at 10 m resolution,
c. MODIS (MOD09) SR product at 500 m resolution, and
d. Planet satellite at 3 m resolution.
7. SREM can be applied to other Multispectral as well as Hyperspectral satellite data.
SREM ENVI/IDL CODE:
SREM IDL codes for Multispectral and Hyperspectral satellite data are available on demand, please email me at muhammad.bilal@connect.polyu.hk with the subject “SREM_SatelliteName_Code” if anyone is interested, and please provide the following information:
a. Full name,
b. Position,
c. Affiliation,
d. Research application.
PDF Version: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1344/pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Simplified-and-Robust-Surface-Reflectance-Estimation-Method-SREM
Performances evaluation of surface water areas extraction techniques using l...Abdelazim Negm
This presentation was presented at:
9th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2015, 8-9 October 2015, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
The complete paper will be published in Procedia Technology Journal soon.
Comparison Of Onsite And Nws Meteorology Data Sets Based On Varying Nearby La...BREEZE Software
A comparison of meteorological parameters influencing AERMOD-predicted concentrations between a meteorological dataset using only NWS data and one incorporating onsite wind speed and direction data is presented in this paper.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Simplified and Robust Surface Reflectance Estimation Method (SREM) for Use ...Muhammad Bilal
Advantages of SREM:
1. SREM is the simplest method compared to the existing surface reflectance (SR) estimation methods.
2. SREM performs SR inversion based on the 6S Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) equations.
3. SREM does not depend on RTM simulation and a comprehensive lookup table (LUT).
4. SREM does not use the following parameters:
a. aerosol optical depth (AOD),
b. aerosol model,
c. water vapor concentration,
d. ozone concertation, and
e. other gases.
5. SREM can provide SR retrievals over diverse land surfaces including urban, vegetated, and desert surfaces.
6. SREM SR values are comparable with the following satellite SR products:
a. Landsat SR product (LEDAPS & LaSRC) at 30 m resolution,
b. Sentinel-2A SR product at 10 m resolution,
c. MODIS (MOD09) SR product at 500 m resolution, and
d. Planet satellite at 3 m resolution.
7. SREM can be applied to other Multispectral as well as Hyperspectral satellite data.
SREM ENVI/IDL CODE:
SREM IDL codes for Multispectral and Hyperspectral satellite data are available on demand, please email me at muhammad.bilal@connect.polyu.hk with the subject “SREM_SatelliteName_Code” if anyone is interested, and please provide the following information:
a. Full name,
b. Position,
c. Affiliation,
d. Research application.
PDF Version: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1344/pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Simplified-and-Robust-Surface-Reflectance-Estimation-Method-SREM
Performances evaluation of surface water areas extraction techniques using l...Abdelazim Negm
This presentation was presented at:
9th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2015, 8-9 October 2015, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
The complete paper will be published in Procedia Technology Journal soon.
Comparison Of Onsite And Nws Meteorology Data Sets Based On Varying Nearby La...BREEZE Software
A comparison of meteorological parameters influencing AERMOD-predicted concentrations between a meteorological dataset using only NWS data and one incorporating onsite wind speed and direction data is presented in this paper.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES IN SO...Yudi Syahnur
First published in 2016 Indonesia Petroleum Association (IPA) Technical Symposium, this paper will illustrate how GIS Best Practices have been employed in Saka Indonesia Sesulu. From planning and execution of 550 km square 3D Seismic Survey to Rig Move monitoring activity.
GIS has also helped explorationist to effectively distinct trends, find patterns and anomalies of surface and subsurface structures. GIS allows people from multi-discipline and different backgrounds to collaborate easily, and contribute to the success of Oil & Gas Exploration in South Sesulu PSC.
identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensingtp jayamohan
the identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensing.The study is conducted in the Muvattupuzha block.The various parameters used are geology,geomorphology,rainfall,soil type,etc.
Automatic Delineation of Grid based and Geo-Morphological Slope Units for Sus...Omar F. Althuwaynee
+ Introduction to mapping units theory and practice
+ How to Build, edit and run a Graphical modeler tool in QGIS?
+ How to run QGIS modeler to integrate thematic maps with training/ testing landslides data
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Estimation of TRMM rainfall for landslide occurrences based on rainfall thres...IJECEIAES
Landslide can be triggered by intense or prolonged rainfall. Precipitation data obtained from ground-based observation is very accurate and commonly used to do analysis and landslide prediction. However, this approach is costly with its own limitation due to lack of density of ground station, especially in mountain area. As an alternative, satellite derived rainfall techniques have become more favorable to overcome these limitations. Moreover, the satellite derived rainfall estimation needs to be validated on its accuracy and its capability to predict landslide which presumably triggered by rainfall. This paper presents the investigation of using the TRMM-3B42V7 data in comparison to the available rain-gauge data in Ulu Kelang, Selangor. The monthly average rainfall, cumulative rainfall and rainfall threshold analysis from 1998 to 2011 is compared using quantitative statistical criteria (Pearson correlation, bias, root mean square error, mean different and mean). The results from analysis showed that there is a significant and strong positive correlation between the TRMM 3B42V7 and rain gauge data. The threshold derivative from the satellite products is lower than the rain gauge measurement. The findings indicated that the proposed method can be applied using TRMM satellite estimates products to derive rainfall threshold for the possible landslide occurrence.
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Watershed delineation and LULC mappingKapil Thakur
Watershed Delineation - a watershed as an enormous bowl. As water falls onto the bowl’s rim, it either flows down the inside of the bowl or down the outside of the bowl. The rim of the bowl or the watershed boundary is sometimes referred to as the ridgeline or watershed divide. This ridge line separates one watershed from
another.
Topographic maps created by the United States Geological Survey can help you to determine a watershed’s boundaries.
Land use and land cover map (LULC Mapping) -
Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. … Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.
Rain attenuation statistics for mobile satellite communications estimated fro...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Mobile satellite communications will play a significant role in the next 5th generation mobile
services. The use of high-frequency bands will be the enabler of this advancement. However, at high
frequencies, excess rain attenuation causes severe signal losses and presents a major threat for the
system availability, especially in the tropical region. To that end, this study presents the rain attenuation
impact on mobile satellite communications estimated using long-term radar measurements in Malaysia, by
exploiting the horizontal structure of rain from the radar database and simulating inner-city and highway
mobile terminals scenarios. Additionally, a scaling factor was presented to scale available fixed satellite
terminals measurements to mobile terminals operating at the same locality under similar conditions. In
comparison to the available link measurements, the radar database was reliable enough to provide highly
accurate estimates. In all simulation scenarios, the mobile terminal will depart the rainy area soon enough
and experience lower attenuation statistics in comparison with the fixed terminal. The provided results will
help determine the overall future system performance, especially in tropical regions.
Ionospheric Behaviour Analysis over Thailand Using Radio Occultation TechniqueIJERA Editor
With the advent in the development of science and technology in the field of space and atmospheric science in
order to obtain accurate result, hence the use of radio occultation technique in the investigation of the amount of
electron density and Total Electron Content presence in equatorial region particularly over Thailand. In this
research, radio occultation data obtained from UCAR/CDAAC was used to observe daily, monthly, seasonal and
the entire year 2013 Ionospheric TEC and electron density variation due to changes and instability of solar
activities from time to time. It was observed that TEC was high (ionosphere was more disturbed or violent) in
May and spread over a wide range of altitude and summer season has the highest TEC value for the year 2013
which means at this period GNSS measurements was more prone to error. It was noted that ionospheric
variations or fluctuations was maximum between 200km and 450km altitude. The results of the study show that
ionospheric perturbation effects or irregularities depend on season and solar activity.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES IN SO...Yudi Syahnur
First published in 2016 Indonesia Petroleum Association (IPA) Technical Symposium, this paper will illustrate how GIS Best Practices have been employed in Saka Indonesia Sesulu. From planning and execution of 550 km square 3D Seismic Survey to Rig Move monitoring activity.
GIS has also helped explorationist to effectively distinct trends, find patterns and anomalies of surface and subsurface structures. GIS allows people from multi-discipline and different backgrounds to collaborate easily, and contribute to the success of Oil & Gas Exploration in South Sesulu PSC.
identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensingtp jayamohan
the identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensing.The study is conducted in the Muvattupuzha block.The various parameters used are geology,geomorphology,rainfall,soil type,etc.
Automatic Delineation of Grid based and Geo-Morphological Slope Units for Sus...Omar F. Althuwaynee
+ Introduction to mapping units theory and practice
+ How to Build, edit and run a Graphical modeler tool in QGIS?
+ How to run QGIS modeler to integrate thematic maps with training/ testing landslides data
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Estimation of TRMM rainfall for landslide occurrences based on rainfall thres...IJECEIAES
Landslide can be triggered by intense or prolonged rainfall. Precipitation data obtained from ground-based observation is very accurate and commonly used to do analysis and landslide prediction. However, this approach is costly with its own limitation due to lack of density of ground station, especially in mountain area. As an alternative, satellite derived rainfall techniques have become more favorable to overcome these limitations. Moreover, the satellite derived rainfall estimation needs to be validated on its accuracy and its capability to predict landslide which presumably triggered by rainfall. This paper presents the investigation of using the TRMM-3B42V7 data in comparison to the available rain-gauge data in Ulu Kelang, Selangor. The monthly average rainfall, cumulative rainfall and rainfall threshold analysis from 1998 to 2011 is compared using quantitative statistical criteria (Pearson correlation, bias, root mean square error, mean different and mean). The results from analysis showed that there is a significant and strong positive correlation between the TRMM 3B42V7 and rain gauge data. The threshold derivative from the satellite products is lower than the rain gauge measurement. The findings indicated that the proposed method can be applied using TRMM satellite estimates products to derive rainfall threshold for the possible landslide occurrence.
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Watershed delineation and LULC mappingKapil Thakur
Watershed Delineation - a watershed as an enormous bowl. As water falls onto the bowl’s rim, it either flows down the inside of the bowl or down the outside of the bowl. The rim of the bowl or the watershed boundary is sometimes referred to as the ridgeline or watershed divide. This ridge line separates one watershed from
another.
Topographic maps created by the United States Geological Survey can help you to determine a watershed’s boundaries.
Land use and land cover map (LULC Mapping) -
Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. … Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.
Rain attenuation statistics for mobile satellite communications estimated fro...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Mobile satellite communications will play a significant role in the next 5th generation mobile
services. The use of high-frequency bands will be the enabler of this advancement. However, at high
frequencies, excess rain attenuation causes severe signal losses and presents a major threat for the
system availability, especially in the tropical region. To that end, this study presents the rain attenuation
impact on mobile satellite communications estimated using long-term radar measurements in Malaysia, by
exploiting the horizontal structure of rain from the radar database and simulating inner-city and highway
mobile terminals scenarios. Additionally, a scaling factor was presented to scale available fixed satellite
terminals measurements to mobile terminals operating at the same locality under similar conditions. In
comparison to the available link measurements, the radar database was reliable enough to provide highly
accurate estimates. In all simulation scenarios, the mobile terminal will depart the rainy area soon enough
and experience lower attenuation statistics in comparison with the fixed terminal. The provided results will
help determine the overall future system performance, especially in tropical regions.
Ionospheric Behaviour Analysis over Thailand Using Radio Occultation TechniqueIJERA Editor
With the advent in the development of science and technology in the field of space and atmospheric science in
order to obtain accurate result, hence the use of radio occultation technique in the investigation of the amount of
electron density and Total Electron Content presence in equatorial region particularly over Thailand. In this
research, radio occultation data obtained from UCAR/CDAAC was used to observe daily, monthly, seasonal and
the entire year 2013 Ionospheric TEC and electron density variation due to changes and instability of solar
activities from time to time. It was observed that TEC was high (ionosphere was more disturbed or violent) in
May and spread over a wide range of altitude and summer season has the highest TEC value for the year 2013
which means at this period GNSS measurements was more prone to error. It was noted that ionospheric
variations or fluctuations was maximum between 200km and 450km altitude. The results of the study show that
ionospheric perturbation effects or irregularities depend on season and solar activity.
Safety is the primary and most important reason for monitoring the deformations of engineering structures. It could also help in improving our knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of engineering structures. Engineering structures are subject to deformation due to factors such as changes of ground water level, traffic load changes, tidal and tectonic phenomena. The Ikpoba River Bridge in Benin City whose traffic load has increased was monitored using GPS technology. The bridge was investigated as a result of carrying more load than usual due to the expansion of the road and dredging activities that had taken place in the river in 2008. One reference station and six monitoring points were involved in the monitoring of the bridge. The regularity of the survey was thirty days, and six observation epochs were used. Each monitoring point was occupied for about thirty minutes during the observation. The observation data were processed with compass software. The processed coordinates were adjusted with least squares adjustment technique. The standard deviation of unit weight for the weighted observations (σo) was computed for each observation epoch and was less than 1cm. The observation epochs were compared consecutively by finding the difference between successive observation results. The maximum differences in coordinates of the successive epochs were all less than 1mm. It was seen from the results that the bridge
was stable and did not undergo any displacement/movement within the period of study. It is recommended that the results of the six monitored points on the bridge should be further analyzed using other appropriate model of adjustment technique.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
At present, with the development of wind power project in China, there are more and more projects located at the complex terrain and complex environment. At the same time, since the large planned area of project, the complex mountain area, and limited number of met mast, even without met mast, in order to the reliable development of the wind power project, it is important that how to do the wind resource assessment without actual measurement wind data and other conditions such as less reliable wind data, and the met mast was not considered representative. This paper will use the atmospheric model to do mesoscale simulation calculation of wind resources, and then combine with CFD technology to downscaling computation to get high resolution wind power assessment result. Finally, in order to confirm the validity of this application in the actual project, the comparison between calculation values and measurement values is carried out. The verification result through the actual data of different met mast shows that the wind resource assessment method which combines the CFD and mesoscale technologies is reliable. The main contribution of the article is to provide the reference model and approach for regional planning and large scale wind resource assessment when there isn’t enough adequate and effective wind data.
Precipitation prediction using recurrent neural networks and long short-term ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Prediction of meteorological variables such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation is beneficial for human life. The variable observations data is available from time to time for more than thirty years, scattered each observation station makes the opportunity to map patterns into predictions. However, the complexity of weather variables is very high, one of which is influenced by Decadal phenomena such as El-Nino Southern Oscillation and IOD. Weather predictions can be reviewed for the duration, prediction variables, and observation stations. This research proposed precipitation prediction using recurrent neural networks and long short-term memory. Experiments were carried out using the prediction duration factor, the period as a feature and the amount of data set used, and the optimization model. The results showed that the time-lapse as a shorter feature gives good accuracy. Also, the duration of weekly predictions provides more accuracy than monthly, which is 85.71% compared to 83.33% of the validation data.
GPS Instrumental Biases Estimation Using Continuous Operating Receivers NetworkCSCJournals
Precise Total Electron Content (TEC) are required to produce accurate spatial and temporal resolution of Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs). Receivers and Satellites Instrumental Biases (IBs) are one of the main error sources in estimating precise TEC from Global Positioning Systems (GPS) data. Recently, researchers are interested in developing models and algorithms to compute IBs of receivers and satellites close to those computed from the Ionosphere Associated Analysis Centers (IAAC). Here we introduce a MATLAB code called Multi Station IBs Estimation (MSIBE) to calculate satellites and codeless tracking receivers IBs from GPS data. MSIBE based on spherical harmonic function and geometry free combination of GPS carrier phase and pseudo-range code observations and weighted least square were applied to solve observation equations, to improve estimation of IBs values. There are many factors affecting estimated value of IBs. The premier factor is the observations weighting function which relying on the satellite elevation angle. The second factor concerned with estimating IBs using single GPS Station Precise Point Positioning (PPP) or using GPS network. The third factor is the number of GPS receivers in the network. Results from MSIBE were evaluated and compared with data from IAAC and other codes like M_DCB and ZDDCBE. The results of weighted (MSIBE) least square shows an improvement for estimated IBs, where mean differences from CODE less than 0.746 ns. IBs estimated from Continuous Operating Receivers (CORs) GPS network shows a good agreement with IAAC than IBs estimated from PPP where the mean differences are less than 0.1477 ns and 1.1866 ns, respectively. The mean differences of computed IBs improved by increasing number of GPS stations in the network.
Spatial-temporal Characterization of Hurricane Path using GNSS-derived Precip...CSCJournals
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) technique is capable of monitoring Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) in high accuracy with low cost. As PWV is related to the initiation and development of a severe weather convective system, this study analyzed the characteristics of PWV variations over time and space to monitor and predict the path and the intensity of a severe rainfall during a hurricane. The PWV measurements are obtained by processing ground based GNSS data. The spatial and temporal variation of PWV and other meteorological variables are characterized for the time frames of before, during, and after the severe precipitation. The correlation effect between meteorological variables were mitigated by adapting a principle component analysis (PCA) and multivariate regression analysis. The method allows determining the expected movement of the rainfall up to 24 hours in advance. The proposed method was validated by analyzing the distribution pattern of the predicted PWV residual, its magnitude, and the actual observed PWV in the region. As a case study, we adopted one of the destructive and long-lived hurricane along the Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina coast, namely, Hurricane Matthew, occurred in October 2016. From the experiment, we identified the areas closely fitting the prediction model by computing the residuals between the GNSS derived PWV measurements at each station in the test site. The residual of the predicted model is used for determining the track of extreme hurricane precipitation and potentially applied to evaluate its intensity. This study proved the effectiveness of the statistical model for forecasting the hurricane rainfall path that is potentially applied to a hazard early warning system.
Weather balloons are high-altitude meteorological balloons particularly used for carrying scientific payloads into the upper atmosphere. These data are obtained by using an instrument called as radiosonde which is attached to the helium filled weather balloon to measure the meteorological data as it ascends up into the atmosphere. For more than 100 years, weather balloons have given valuable information for climate and meteorological research. In this paper, the radiosonde module is designed with negligible risk of failure and cost effectiveness. The instruments to be fixed along with the weather balloon are logging camera, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, humidity sensor, global positioning system (GPS) module and a power source. This module is used to measure and log the basic weather parameters such as pressure, temperature, humidity and this also captures the picture of a particular locality with the help of a microcontroller. This proposed work is useful for observing high altitude weather data which is essential for predicting natural disasters. Further more, it is helpful to analyze the climatological and weather details of a particular region it also plays an important role in estimating agricultural models.
Analysis of Time Diversity Gain for Satellite Communication Link based on Ku-...IJECEIAES
This paper reports a study on mitigation of propagation impairments on Earth–space communication links. The study uses time diversity as a technique for mitigating rain propagation impairment in order to rectify rain fade. Rain attenuation time series along earth-to-satellite link were measured for two years period at 12.255 GHz in Malaysia. The time diversity technique was applied on measured rain fade to investigate the level of possible improvement in system. Time diversity gain from measured oneminute rain attenuation for two years period was estimated and significant improvement was observed with different delays of time. These findings will be utilized as a useful tool for link designers to apply time diversity as a rain fade mitigation technique in Earth-satellite communications systems.
The earth�s ionosphere acts as a perturbing medium on satellite-based navigational systems like GPS. Variations in the ionosphere due to weather conditi ons caused by solar flares and coronal mass ejectio n can scatter Trans - Ionosphere radio signals producing fluctuations in both amplitude and phase and GPS cy cle slips disrupting satellite communications and navig ation. The ionosphere delay is one of the fundament al reasons for inaccuracy in GPS positioning and routi ng. The Total Electron Content (TEC) along the radi o wave path from a GPS satellite to the ground receiv er is directly proportional to the ionosphere delay . This paper proposes a method allowing to calculate the T EC with a correctness of about 2�3 TECU and to sens e Travelling Ionosphere Disturbances using GPS measur ements.
Remote sensing technology for disaster mitigation and regional infrastructure...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A Very high intensity of regional development is ubiquitous in urban areas. Therefore, urban development requires a proper spatial development strategy in many facets, especially social aspect and disaster potential. The essence of social aspect lies in the prevailing norms and local wisdom that have long existed and become the basis of community life. Inducing various effects on infrastructure development, disaster potential has to be considered as well. Disaster mitigation measures can start with the use of continually developing remote sensing technology, which provides a basis for preparing sustainable development planning. The realization of these measures in urban areas demands specific adjustment to the environmental conditions. This study aimed to examine the capacity of remote sensing data to support disaster mitigation and infrastructure planning based on energy conservation in urban areas. The results indicate that remote sensing technology can be an option for sustainable development planning in urban areas.
You are instructed by Lands Department to review their web-based GeoInfo Map applications. Please critically review the strength and limitations of the technologies employed, and suggest improvements.
Topic 3 - It has been argued that photorealistic 3D simulation is just pretty gimmicks with limited value. Critically review the validity of this statement.
14. To further enhance the transparency of the planning system and to facilitate a wider dissemination of statutory planning information to the public, a mobile version of the Town Planning Board (TPB)'s website was recently launched. As a GIT consultant, you are instructed by the TPB to review this newly launched mobile version of TPB homepage. Please critically review the strength and limitations of the technologies employed and suggest improvements in enhancing its GIT applications.
Critically review the role of three-dimensional photorealistic simulations in the public engagement exercise throughout the urban design process and suggest improvement measures
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
09155183 d essay
1. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
LSGI4321
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As a GIT consultant, you are instructed by Hong Kong Observatory to
review their homepage on weather for the public. Please critically review
the strength and limitations of the technologies employed and suggest
improvements in GIT aspect.
A. Background
Weather informationsuch as temperature, rainfall, humidity, air pressure, wind
speed and direction, are highly correlated with spatial and temporal data. To
store, analysis and present these data,Geographic Information System (GIS) is an
efficient and reliable platform.
Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) has been adoptingGeographic Information System
(GIS)to processing meteorological and other geophysical data spatially, and
presenting them ongeographical displays for both internal analysis and external
service delivery(Lee, 2007) from 1980s.Therefore, the public weather services
such as weather warnings and forecasts can be enhanced by making use of GIS
technologies. As a result, the public can get a better understanding of the
current weather situation through the homepage of Hong Kong Observatory.
B. Introduction of technologies employed by HKO
Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)
Since 1980s, the Hong Kong Observatory has been using numerical weather
prediction (NWP) to forecast weather. For the numerical weather prediction
(NWP), a set of equations of a numerical model that describes the evolution of
the atmosphere is solved by a high-speed computer.The meteorological
parameters considered by the numerical model include temperature, wind,
pressure and moisture content.(HKO, 2010)
The numerical model represents the atmosphere by a three-dimensional grid set
up by systemically arranged points with the values of the meteorological
parameters. The larger the set of grid points, the finer the model resolution and
more details in the future state of the atmosphere can be describe, but the
computational demand is also higher.(HKO, 2010)
For forecasting large-scale weather systems such as surges of the winter
monsoon, the Hong Kong Observatory adopted the numerical weather prediction
2. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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models of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and the
United Kingdom Meteorological Office received in the form of grid point values
via the Global Telecommunication System, as well as the numerical weather
prediction products from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). (HKO, 2011)
For short-range forecast, the Hong Kong Observatory runs an Operational
Regional Spectral Model (ORSM) from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) on
a high speed computer. This spectral model has a resolution of 20 km and
produces forecasts up to 48 hours. (HKO, 2010)
Since 2010, the Non-Hydrostatic Model (NHM) implemented by the Hong Kong
Observatory (HKO)has been running by a high-speed computer cluster, the NWP
Integrated Computing Environment (NICE) to coverthe lower end of the
mesoscale weather systems. And mesoscale weather systems refer to weather
systems with horizontal scales ranging from a few to several hundred
kilometers.The Non-Hydrostatic Model (NHM) has horizontal resolutions of 2 km
for inner domainand 10 km for outer domain.(HKO, 2010)
C. Strengths of technologies employed by HKO
With increased computer speed and memory resources, a fine resolution of 2 km
by 2 km grids with a short analysis time can be provided by the Non-Hydrostatic
Model (NHM) implemented by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). Such a small
grid size can allow a higher resolution and more details model. Moreover, the
accuracy of the model can be enhanced. The 10-km NHM is run eight times a day
to generate 72 hour forecasts and the 2-km NHM is run every hour to generate
15 hour forecasts. Prognostic weather charts and other post-processed products
are made available to forecasters as early as 1 hour and 3 hours after analysis
time for 2-km NHM and 10-km NHM respectively.Therefore, more timely and
detailed objective guidance for formulating weather forecasts and time-critical
warnings of inclement weather can be provided.(HKO, 2010)
With the data supported by the analysis of the non-hydrostatic model, the Hong
Kong Observatory has implemented a spatial weather information service called
“Digital Weather Forecast”. It presents weather forecast in fine spatial and
temporal resolution.(TONG, 2011)
There are two types of forecast products, forecast map and time series provided
3. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
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by the Digital Weather Forecast. For the forecast time series, the forecast time
charts of a specific region of a grid size 10 km x 10 km in Hong Kong can be
produced. It can show the time variation of various weather elements such as
temperature, wind and relative humidity within three days.For the forecast map,
the data in each grid box, about 10 km x 10 km in size, on the map shows the
general weather situation over the region as forecast by the model.It can show
the variation of various weather elements such as temperature, wind and relative
humidity within three days graphically.Both of the two products are updated
twice a day, hence, a updated graphical representation of weather forecast can
be reviewed by the public through the homepage of the Hong Kong Observatory
easily.
D. Limitations of technologies employed by HKO
Firstly, for the products of “Digital Weather Forecast” implemented by the Hong
Kong Observatory, the smallest grid size for data analysis is 10 km X 10 km. The
value of various weather elements such as temperature, wind and relative
humidity in each grid on the map shows the general weather situation over the
region as forecast by the model.
However, as each grid box is relatively large which is about 10 km X 10 km, it may
comprise a wide range of geographic characteristics such as land mass, sea
surface, hill and valley. Therefore, the weather conditions described by the
products may be not fine in resolution and different from those recorded at
individual weather stations within the grid box and the weather forecasts issued
by the Observatory.(HKO, 2011)
For that reason, as limited by the resolution of the numerical model, the “Digital
Weather Forecast”is only suitable for overviewing the general weather condition
of a relatively large area, but not accurate to preview the weather of a specific
place or a relatively small area, for example, a housing estate.Therefore, it might
not useful for the user to find the weather condition of his current position by
using the “Digital Weather Forecast”.
Secondly, the forecast map generated by the “Digital Weather Forecast”only
contains the map with the outline of Hong Kong andlegend showing the value of
various weather elements such as temperature, wind and relative humidity. It is
4. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
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lack of the geographic information of the map, for examples, the road features
with their names, the building features with their names, the names of the
districts and location, and so on. Moreover, the scale of the map is fixed and
relatively small where the area of the map has also including the Pearl River
Delta.
However, the weather forecast of the Pearl River Delta may not necessary for the
majority of local users.The more detail in the map of Hong Kong maybe more
appreciated. Furthermore, for those map users who are not familiar with the
location of district and places in Hong Kong, they may have to spend more time
onreferring to a general map to find a specific location on the forecast map
produced by the “Digital Weather Forecast”.Therefore, the forecast map may not
be convenient and user-friendly for the intermediate map users.
The last but not least, the Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP) adopted
by Hong Kong Observatory do not consider the 3-D urban model.However, urban
areas have many ‘roughness’ elements such as buildings, trees, masts, street
furniture andvehicles. As the wind blows over urban areas, the air interacts with
these roughness elements andresponds according to their size, shape, layout and
distribution. (Evans, 2009)These interactions have great impact on the weather
forecast, especially for the urban area like Hong Kong.
However, the Hong Kong Observatory does not take these urban elements into
account. Therefore, the analyzed result for the weather forecast maybe not
accurate and reliable and different from the weather information recorded at the
individual weather stations of the Hong Kong Observatory.
E. Suggested Improvements
In order to increase the detail of the map productfromthe “Digital Weather
Forecast”, the Hong Kong Observatory can utilize the existing Non-Hydrostatic
Model (NHM)of grid size 2 km X 2 km which is implemented by itself, instead of
the Non-Hydrostatic Model (NHM) of grid size 10 km X 10 km. If the grid size of
the numerical weather prediction model is decreased, the resolution of the
weather forecast map can be increased.
The area represented by one grid can be reduced greatly from 100 km sq. to 4 km
5. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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sq. As less geographic characteristics such as land mass, sea surface, hill and
valley would be include in a smaller grid, the expected variation of weather
conditions such as temperature and relative humidity within a grid box would be
smaller and closer to the actual values. Therefore, the overall accuracy of
products from the “Digital Weather Forecast” can be enhanced and it is possible
to preview the weather of a specific place or a relatively small area.
Moreover, the “Digital Weather Forecast” can be associated with the geographic
information. The data of the “Digital Weather Forecast”is in the format of Open
GIS standard KML 2.0 where KML stands for Keyhole Markup Language. There are
a number of KML-supported GIS display software packages. Users can choose the
appropriate software such as Google Earth according to their own needs.
Through GIS display software, users can zoom in, zoom out, animate and overlay
other geographic information on the weather forecast maps to better appreciate
the weather conditions in their area of interest.(HKO, 2011)
As a result, the products from the “Digital Weather Forecast” can become a
multi-scale digital forecast map.The map user can search the information of
weather forecast and other geographical information of any point on map easily
in the homepage of the Hong Kong Observatory. The forecast map would be
more user-friendly.
To forecast weather accurately, the interaction between meteorology and the
urban environment can be modeled. The numerical weather prediction model
used by the Hong Kong Observatory is grid-based which is using a regular grid
with each cell resenting a value, such as temperature, air pressure and so-on.
And the 3-D city models are usually vector based. 3-D city model can be taken
and developed to create input data for a numerical weather prediction
model.(Evans, 2009)
Although constructing and maintaining a 3-D city model with fine details for Hong
Kong is costly and time-consuming, the detailed spatial analysis can be carried
out and the quality of the weather forecast can be ensured. In the data analysis,
the interaction between the urban environment and the numerical weather
prediction models can be took into account. Therefore, the analyzed result of the
weather forecasting would be more reliable than the conventional method of
Hong Kong Observatory that only considers the numerical weather prediction
6. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
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models.
F. Conclusion
The Hong Kong Observatory has provided many useful public services of issuing
weather warnings and forecasts by using the Geographic Information System (GIS)
technology on its homepage. It has been developed and enhanced spatial weather
information services such as “Digital Weather Forecast” for the public and special
users with a view to supporting their decision-making in relation to weather-sensitive
activities (TONG, 2011) .
However, there are some weak points in these services, for examples, the accuracy
and user-friendliness. As the “Digital Weather Forecast” provided is in beta-version,
it can look forward to the improvement on it, as well as other weather services which
are making use of GIS technologies, in the near future.
7. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Reference
Evans, S. (2009). 3D cities and numeriacal weather prediction models: A overview of
the methods used in the LUCID project. London: Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis
University College.
HKO. (2011, 11 3). Digital Weather Forecast. Retrieved 11 3, 2011, from Hong Kong
Observatory: http://www.hko.gov.hk/dfs/main/dfs_tt_e.html
HKO. (2010, 9 30). Mesoscale Model. Retrieved 11 3, 2011, from Hong Kong
Observatory: http://www.hko.gov.hk/nhm/mesomodel_e.htm
HKO. (2011, 8 15). Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Retrieved 11 3, 2011, from
Hong Kong Observatory: http://www.hko.gov.hk/aviat/amt_e/nwp_e.htm
Lee, L. (2007). GIS and LBS Applications in the Delivery of Weather and Geophysical
Services in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Observatory.
TONG, Y.-f. (2011). Recent Development of Location-based and Spatial Weather
Information Services by the Hong Kong Observatory. 7th Annual Seminar on Spatial
Information Science and Technology (p. 3). Hong Kong: Department of Land
Surveying and Geo-Informatics of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.