This technical report analyzes radiometric data measured at a site in XXX from June 2011 to May 2012. It assesses data quality using various filters and comparisons to clear sky models. Global, diffuse, and direct normal irradiance were measured. The methodology section describes transforming time to true solar time, calculating hourly/daily averages, and quality analysis including physical limits checks and cross-component relationship checks. Graphs of measured and clear sky data are presented and used to visually inspect data quality.
Typical Meteorological Year Report for CSP, CPV and PV solar plantsIrSOLaV Pomares
This technical report analyzes the solar resource available at a site in Northern Cape, South Africa selected to host a solar thermal power plant. It presents a typical meteorological year (TMY) developed using 12 years of hourly solar radiation data for the site. The TMY is generated using a methodology that selects the most representative month from each year for key meteorological variables. It is comprised of months from 2007 to 2010 that best match the long-term averages for global horizontal and direct normal solar radiation at the site. The TMY and long-term averages are presented and show a close match in monthly and daily solar radiation patterns for use in modeling solar power production at the site.
Technical report site assessment of solar resource for a csp plant. correctio...IrSOLaV Pomares
This technical report summarizes a solar resource assessment for a CSP solar project site in Morocco. It details the methodology used by IrSOLaV to estimate solar radiation from satellite images, which has been validated against ground measurements. IrSOLaV corrects initial satellite estimates using on-site meteorological station data, achieving hourly and daily GHI and DNI estimation uncertainties of 12-18% and 5-10%, respectively. The report presents satellite-derived solar radiation data for the project site location from 2011-2013 and compares it to on-site pyranometer and pyrheliometer measurements.
This document provides an overview and validation of Re.SunTM, a software tool for assessing solar resources worldwide using mesoscale weather modeling and coupling techniques. Re.SunTM runs the WRF mesoscale numerical weather model to generate meteorological data, then applies clear sky models incorporating aerosol and gas data to estimate solar radiation indices. It was validated against measurements from 9 complex sites, showing a mean bias of 0.64% and root mean square error of 4%. Statistics demonstrate Re.SunTM can estimate average annual global solar radiation to within 4.14% of measured for 80% of cases. The document concludes Re.SunTM is useful for solar applications requiring site-specific resource assessment.
1) Thermal waves in Saturn's atmosphere were analyzed using infrared observations from 2003-2013.
2) Maps were compiled from multiple instruments and analyzed using power spectral analysis to detect thermal waves.
3) Waves with different wavelengths were found to trace chemical species at different altitudes in Saturn's atmosphere. Large wave trains were detected in late 2003 and 2004.
The document summarizes research on simulating satellite brightness temperature (BT) data using land surface models and observations. Key points:
- Researchers developed a two-phase system to simulate gridded AMSR-E BT data using the Community Land Model (CLM), a microwave emissivity model, and calibration with SCE-UA algorithm and AMSR-E observations.
- The system calculates sub-grid land states from CLM, simulates BT from each patch, and calibrates wetland emissivity to minimize differences from observed BT.
- Results showed the calibrated wetland emissivities transferred well to another location and improved soil moisture estimates when assimilated using an ensemble Kalman filter
Comparación de los métodos de corrección atmosférica basados en imágenes y ...Nino Bravo Morales
This document summarizes a study that compares four atmospheric correction methods - 6S, FLAASH, Sen2Cor, and DOS - for processing Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The methods were applied to a Sentinel-2 image of Heraklion, Greece. The physically-based 6S, FLAASH, and Sen2Cor methods generally performed better than the empirical DOS method, but require more input data and computation. The performance of the methods varied for different land cover types. 6S provided surface reflectance closest to reference data for grassland pixels. Overall, the study aims to evaluate different approaches to atmospheric correction of Sentinel-2 imagery.
Met Éireann has expanded from monitoring Irish climate to conducting climate modelling. It was initially involved in regional climate modelling through projects like C4I. It has since joined the EC-Earth consortium to run its own global climate model. EC-Earth simulations will be contributed to CMIP5 and used for national climate impact research. Met Éireann also maintains regional modelling capabilities and plans high-resolution regional simulations.
Typical Meteorological Year Report for CSP, CPV and PV solar plantsIrSOLaV Pomares
This technical report analyzes the solar resource available at a site in Northern Cape, South Africa selected to host a solar thermal power plant. It presents a typical meteorological year (TMY) developed using 12 years of hourly solar radiation data for the site. The TMY is generated using a methodology that selects the most representative month from each year for key meteorological variables. It is comprised of months from 2007 to 2010 that best match the long-term averages for global horizontal and direct normal solar radiation at the site. The TMY and long-term averages are presented and show a close match in monthly and daily solar radiation patterns for use in modeling solar power production at the site.
Technical report site assessment of solar resource for a csp plant. correctio...IrSOLaV Pomares
This technical report summarizes a solar resource assessment for a CSP solar project site in Morocco. It details the methodology used by IrSOLaV to estimate solar radiation from satellite images, which has been validated against ground measurements. IrSOLaV corrects initial satellite estimates using on-site meteorological station data, achieving hourly and daily GHI and DNI estimation uncertainties of 12-18% and 5-10%, respectively. The report presents satellite-derived solar radiation data for the project site location from 2011-2013 and compares it to on-site pyranometer and pyrheliometer measurements.
This document provides an overview and validation of Re.SunTM, a software tool for assessing solar resources worldwide using mesoscale weather modeling and coupling techniques. Re.SunTM runs the WRF mesoscale numerical weather model to generate meteorological data, then applies clear sky models incorporating aerosol and gas data to estimate solar radiation indices. It was validated against measurements from 9 complex sites, showing a mean bias of 0.64% and root mean square error of 4%. Statistics demonstrate Re.SunTM can estimate average annual global solar radiation to within 4.14% of measured for 80% of cases. The document concludes Re.SunTM is useful for solar applications requiring site-specific resource assessment.
1) Thermal waves in Saturn's atmosphere were analyzed using infrared observations from 2003-2013.
2) Maps were compiled from multiple instruments and analyzed using power spectral analysis to detect thermal waves.
3) Waves with different wavelengths were found to trace chemical species at different altitudes in Saturn's atmosphere. Large wave trains were detected in late 2003 and 2004.
The document summarizes research on simulating satellite brightness temperature (BT) data using land surface models and observations. Key points:
- Researchers developed a two-phase system to simulate gridded AMSR-E BT data using the Community Land Model (CLM), a microwave emissivity model, and calibration with SCE-UA algorithm and AMSR-E observations.
- The system calculates sub-grid land states from CLM, simulates BT from each patch, and calibrates wetland emissivity to minimize differences from observed BT.
- Results showed the calibrated wetland emissivities transferred well to another location and improved soil moisture estimates when assimilated using an ensemble Kalman filter
Comparación de los métodos de corrección atmosférica basados en imágenes y ...Nino Bravo Morales
This document summarizes a study that compares four atmospheric correction methods - 6S, FLAASH, Sen2Cor, and DOS - for processing Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The methods were applied to a Sentinel-2 image of Heraklion, Greece. The physically-based 6S, FLAASH, and Sen2Cor methods generally performed better than the empirical DOS method, but require more input data and computation. The performance of the methods varied for different land cover types. 6S provided surface reflectance closest to reference data for grassland pixels. Overall, the study aims to evaluate different approaches to atmospheric correction of Sentinel-2 imagery.
Met Éireann has expanded from monitoring Irish climate to conducting climate modelling. It was initially involved in regional climate modelling through projects like C4I. It has since joined the EC-Earth consortium to run its own global climate model. EC-Earth simulations will be contributed to CMIP5 and used for national climate impact research. Met Éireann also maintains regional modelling capabilities and plans high-resolution regional simulations.
This deals with the assessment of several parameterizations of longwave radiation. The parametes were calibrated using a calibration tool on Ameriflux data.
2013 ASPRS Track, Developing an ArcGIS Toolbox for Estimating EvapoTranspirat...GIS in the Rockies
Estimating water used by vegetated areas is very important for water resources management and water rights. Traditionally the amount of water delivered to an area is calculated by installing some measuring device (flumes, weirs, flow meters, etc.). The alternative approach presented here estimates the actual water use in a vegetated areas based on ground surface energy balance concept using the ReSET model (Remote Sensing of ET – ReSET developed by IDS group in Colorado state university) that uses satellite and Arial imagery with visible and thermal bands along with weather data to estimate daily actual crop Evapotranspiration (ET) for vegetated areas. Surface energy balance models have been proven to be a robust approach for estimating vegetation evapotranspiration. One of the main limitations of wider application of these models in water resources and irrigation management is the requirement of extensive back ground in surface energy modeling. This presentation shows the development and the application of an ArcGIS toolbox that runs an automated version of the ReSET model. The tool is compatible with NASA/USGS Landsat Legacy Project. The presented ArcGIS tool automates the model in all stages and requires minimum interference from user. The tool presented accommodates both basic and advanced users. The results using the tool were tested and validated using results from manual ReSET model runs.
Time integration of evapotranspiration using a two source surface energy bala...Ramesh Dhungel
This document provides an outline for a dissertation on developing methodologies and models to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) using a two-source surface energy balance model. The objectives are to extrapolate ET between satellite overpass dates using gridded weather data and Landsat-based ET data. A resistance-based two-source surface energy balance model is developed that incorporates a soil water balance model. The model is tested against ET estimates from the METRIC model to estimate ET at higher temporal resolutions than satellite overpasses.
At present, with the development of wind power project in China, there are more and more projects located at the complex terrain and complex environment. At the same time, since the large planned area of project, the complex mountain area, and limited number of met mast, even without met mast, in order to the reliable development of the wind power project, it is important that how to do the wind resource assessment without actual measurement wind data and other conditions such as less reliable wind data, and the met mast was not considered representative. This paper will use the atmospheric model to do mesoscale simulation calculation of wind resources, and then combine with CFD technology to downscaling computation to get high resolution wind power assessment result. Finally, in order to confirm the validity of this application in the actual project, the comparison between calculation values and measurement values is carried out. The verification result through the actual data of different met mast shows that the wind resource assessment method which combines the CFD and mesoscale technologies is reliable. The main contribution of the article is to provide the reference model and approach for regional planning and large scale wind resource assessment when there isn’t enough adequate and effective wind data.
Karakterisasi Letusan Merapi menggunakan Data SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)Achmad Darul
The document summarizes research using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and other remote sensing data to characterize eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia over the last decade. SAR data from 1996-2006 was used to detect and analyze pyroclastic flow deposits from each eruption. ALOS/PALSAR SAR data observed the large 2010 eruption, detecting pyroclastic deposits 7 times larger than 2006. Interferometric SAR, thermal infrared data, and field measurements were used to analyze ground deformation, lava dome growth, and surface temperatures as precursors to the 2010 eruption. Inflation was detected in 2008 and 2010 via SAR interferometry.
This document discusses statistical downscaling using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). It describes SDSM as a tool for assessing local climate change impacts that facilitates the development of climate scenarios through empirical relationships between regional predictors from global climate models and local predictands. The document outlines the 7 main steps in SDSM: quality control and data transformation, screening predictor variables, model calibration, weather generation, statistical analysis, scenario generation, and graphing monthly statistics.
This document summarizes work from an optimization subgroup in remote sensing. It discusses three main topics: 1) defining optimization problems and algorithms in remote sensing, 2) the role of optimization in remote sensing retrievals, and 3) potential projects focused on improving temperature and humidity profile retrievals from satellite data and intersatellite calibration. The subgroup explored using neural networks and Gaussian processes to develop atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles from HIRS satellite data.
Titan’s Topography and Shape at the Endof the Cassini MissionSérgio Sacani
With the conclusion of the Cassini mission, we present an updated topographic map of Titan,including all the available altimetry, SARtopo, and stereophotogrammetry topographic data sets availablefrom the mission. We use radial basis func tions to interpolate the sparse data set, which covers only ∼9%of Titan’s global area. The most notable updates to the topography include higher coverage of the polesof Titan, improved fits to the global shape, and a finer resolution of the global interpolation. We alsopresent a statistical analysis of the error in the derived products and perform a global minimization on aprofile-by-profile basis to account for observed biases in the input data set. We find a greater flattening ofTitan than measured, additional topographic rises in Titan’s southern hemisphere and better constrain thepossible locations of past and present liquids on Titan’s surface.
Comparison Of Onsite And Nws Meteorology Data Sets Based On Varying Nearby La...BREEZE Software
A comparison of meteorological parameters influencing AERMOD-predicted concentrations between a meteorological dataset using only NWS data and one incorporating onsite wind speed and direction data is presented in this paper.
Comparison of AERMOD and CALPUFF Modeling of an SO2 Nonattainment Area in Nor...BREEZE Software
This early assessment of the comparison between AERMOD and CALPUFF focuses on the AERMOD results, meteorological characterization, and expected future comparisons of estimated air concentrations to monitored results.
Potential Benefits and Implementation of MM5 and RUC2 Data with the CALPUFF A...BREEZE Software
This document discusses the potential benefits of using meteorological data from the MM5 and RUC2 models as inputs for air quality modeling with CALPUFF. MM5 and RUC2 data provide higher spatial and temporal resolution than traditional weather station data, allowing CALPUFF to make more accurate simulations with less interpolation. While these prognostic meteorological models improve modeling accuracy, some regulatory agencies may not be familiar with the data formats. Overall, the document argues that MM5 and RUC2 data meet EPA modeling guidelines and can provide greatly improved air quality modeling results compared to using only surface weather observations.
Geothermal exploration using remote sensing techniquesSepideh Abadpour
The document discusses using remote sensing to identify geothermal regions. It describes common remote sensing techniques like identifying thermal anomalies and using satellite images to study land surface temperature. The document also discusses a case study in Mexico that used Landsat images to identify areas with potential geothermal activity by enhancing oxide and hydroxyl mineral spectral features while suppressing vegetation. Band ratios and subtractions were used to create color composites that effectively identified altered rocks and geological structures for further field exploration.
The document discusses using big data technologies for environmental forecasting and climate prediction at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). It outlines three key areas: 1) Developing capabilities for air quality forecasting using data streaming; 2) Implementing simultaneous analytics and high-performance computing for climate predictions; 3) Developing analytics as a service using platforms like the Earth System Grid Federation to provide climate data and services to users. The BSC is working on several projects applying big data, including operational air quality and dust forecasts, high-resolution city-scale air pollution modeling, and decadal climate predictions using workflows and remote data analysis.
This report evaluates 5 algorithms for estimating solar irradiance on vertical surfaces based on measurements of global horizontal and direct normal irradiance. High-resolution measurements of irradiance were collected at multiple orientations at the Solar Energy Research Institute's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory between July-September 1984. The algorithms make different assumptions about the diffuse sky irradiance and ground-reflected irradiance components, ranging from isotropic to anisotropic models. Evaluation of the algorithms found they generally overestimated irradiance on north-facing surfaces by 18-46.5% compared to measurements. South-facing surfaces showed better agreement within measurement accuracy. Estimates for east- and west-facing surfaces ranged from underpredicting by 3% to
Evaluation of procedures to improve solar resource assessments presented WREF...Gwendalyn Bender
This document evaluates two methods for improving solar resource assessments by combining long-term satellite data with short-term ground observations: 1) Correcting for bias in satellite-derived irradiance time series using local aerosol optical depth data, and 2) Applying a statistical Model Output Statistics correction using on-site observations. The methods are tested at a site in Israel, with the aerosol optical depth correction significantly reducing annual bias in direct and global irradiance estimates. A minimum of 9 months of on-site observations is found to be needed to positively impact the Model Output Statistics correction applied to satellite data.
This document outlines validation plans for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument on the NPOESS Preparatory Project satellite. It discusses:
1) The calibration and validation team members and their roles in characterizing instrument performance through comparisons with other satellite and ground-based instruments from launch through long-term monitoring.
2) The schedule of major validation tasks from pre-launch testing through intensive in-orbit validation in the first two years and transition to long-term monitoring.
3) Examples of early tests and comparisons that will be done with internal instrument measurements, early solar views, and single days of Earth view data to evaluate performance.
This document summarizes the IrSOLaV methodology for estimating solar radiation from satellite images. The methodology uses geostationary satellite images and atmospheric data as inputs. Satellite images provide information on cloud cover characteristics, while atmospheric data includes parameters like Linke turbidity factor. A cloud index is computed from the satellite images and related to clear sky index to estimate solar radiation. Validation shows the methodology achieves a 12% RMSE for hourly solar radiation estimates compared to ground measurements.
Estimation of Solar Radiation over Ibadan from Routine Meteorological Parameterstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document proposes a point pairing method to characterize unknown space objects using non-resolved photometry data. The method is based on the principle of material frame indifference from mechanics. It identifies pairs of observation points where the contribution of either the solar panel or body to the observed brightness is identical, enabling separation of these contributions. When a point pair is found where the body contribution is the same, and the solar panel vector directions change marginally, the method provides three equations and three unknowns that can be solved to determine the albedo-area products of the solar panel and body. The point pairing method allows characterization using multi-spectral data by equalizing the number of unknowns and equations.
IRJET - Study and Analysis of Arduino based Solar Tracking PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through the use of an Arduino-based solar tracking system. It analyzes different types of solar tracking mechanisms and implements a microcontroller-controlled system using light sensors to orient a solar panel optimally towards the sun. Experimental results show the tracking panel produced 30-40% more power than a fixed panel over the course of a day, demonstrating the effectiveness of the solar tracking approach in boosting solar panel output.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes the design and testing of a cost-effective microcontroller-based dual axis solar tracking sensor. The sensor uses an organic photovoltaic cell to detect solar irradiance and track the maximum power point of the sun in both altitude and azimuth axes. It was found to track the true sun position with satisfactory accuracy. The compact design allows for easy mounting and integration with solar panels of any size. The sensor operates independently of location or time of day, stopping at night and returning the panel in the morning. It provides a low-cost solution for improving solar energy extraction through active tracking.
This deals with the assessment of several parameterizations of longwave radiation. The parametes were calibrated using a calibration tool on Ameriflux data.
2013 ASPRS Track, Developing an ArcGIS Toolbox for Estimating EvapoTranspirat...GIS in the Rockies
Estimating water used by vegetated areas is very important for water resources management and water rights. Traditionally the amount of water delivered to an area is calculated by installing some measuring device (flumes, weirs, flow meters, etc.). The alternative approach presented here estimates the actual water use in a vegetated areas based on ground surface energy balance concept using the ReSET model (Remote Sensing of ET – ReSET developed by IDS group in Colorado state university) that uses satellite and Arial imagery with visible and thermal bands along with weather data to estimate daily actual crop Evapotranspiration (ET) for vegetated areas. Surface energy balance models have been proven to be a robust approach for estimating vegetation evapotranspiration. One of the main limitations of wider application of these models in water resources and irrigation management is the requirement of extensive back ground in surface energy modeling. This presentation shows the development and the application of an ArcGIS toolbox that runs an automated version of the ReSET model. The tool is compatible with NASA/USGS Landsat Legacy Project. The presented ArcGIS tool automates the model in all stages and requires minimum interference from user. The tool presented accommodates both basic and advanced users. The results using the tool were tested and validated using results from manual ReSET model runs.
Time integration of evapotranspiration using a two source surface energy bala...Ramesh Dhungel
This document provides an outline for a dissertation on developing methodologies and models to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) using a two-source surface energy balance model. The objectives are to extrapolate ET between satellite overpass dates using gridded weather data and Landsat-based ET data. A resistance-based two-source surface energy balance model is developed that incorporates a soil water balance model. The model is tested against ET estimates from the METRIC model to estimate ET at higher temporal resolutions than satellite overpasses.
At present, with the development of wind power project in China, there are more and more projects located at the complex terrain and complex environment. At the same time, since the large planned area of project, the complex mountain area, and limited number of met mast, even without met mast, in order to the reliable development of the wind power project, it is important that how to do the wind resource assessment without actual measurement wind data and other conditions such as less reliable wind data, and the met mast was not considered representative. This paper will use the atmospheric model to do mesoscale simulation calculation of wind resources, and then combine with CFD technology to downscaling computation to get high resolution wind power assessment result. Finally, in order to confirm the validity of this application in the actual project, the comparison between calculation values and measurement values is carried out. The verification result through the actual data of different met mast shows that the wind resource assessment method which combines the CFD and mesoscale technologies is reliable. The main contribution of the article is to provide the reference model and approach for regional planning and large scale wind resource assessment when there isn’t enough adequate and effective wind data.
Karakterisasi Letusan Merapi menggunakan Data SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)Achmad Darul
The document summarizes research using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and other remote sensing data to characterize eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia over the last decade. SAR data from 1996-2006 was used to detect and analyze pyroclastic flow deposits from each eruption. ALOS/PALSAR SAR data observed the large 2010 eruption, detecting pyroclastic deposits 7 times larger than 2006. Interferometric SAR, thermal infrared data, and field measurements were used to analyze ground deformation, lava dome growth, and surface temperatures as precursors to the 2010 eruption. Inflation was detected in 2008 and 2010 via SAR interferometry.
This document discusses statistical downscaling using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). It describes SDSM as a tool for assessing local climate change impacts that facilitates the development of climate scenarios through empirical relationships between regional predictors from global climate models and local predictands. The document outlines the 7 main steps in SDSM: quality control and data transformation, screening predictor variables, model calibration, weather generation, statistical analysis, scenario generation, and graphing monthly statistics.
This document summarizes work from an optimization subgroup in remote sensing. It discusses three main topics: 1) defining optimization problems and algorithms in remote sensing, 2) the role of optimization in remote sensing retrievals, and 3) potential projects focused on improving temperature and humidity profile retrievals from satellite data and intersatellite calibration. The subgroup explored using neural networks and Gaussian processes to develop atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles from HIRS satellite data.
Titan’s Topography and Shape at the Endof the Cassini MissionSérgio Sacani
With the conclusion of the Cassini mission, we present an updated topographic map of Titan,including all the available altimetry, SARtopo, and stereophotogrammetry topographic data sets availablefrom the mission. We use radial basis func tions to interpolate the sparse data set, which covers only ∼9%of Titan’s global area. The most notable updates to the topography include higher coverage of the polesof Titan, improved fits to the global shape, and a finer resolution of the global interpolation. We alsopresent a statistical analysis of the error in the derived products and perform a global minimization on aprofile-by-profile basis to account for observed biases in the input data set. We find a greater flattening ofTitan than measured, additional topographic rises in Titan’s southern hemisphere and better constrain thepossible locations of past and present liquids on Titan’s surface.
Comparison Of Onsite And Nws Meteorology Data Sets Based On Varying Nearby La...BREEZE Software
A comparison of meteorological parameters influencing AERMOD-predicted concentrations between a meteorological dataset using only NWS data and one incorporating onsite wind speed and direction data is presented in this paper.
Comparison of AERMOD and CALPUFF Modeling of an SO2 Nonattainment Area in Nor...BREEZE Software
This early assessment of the comparison between AERMOD and CALPUFF focuses on the AERMOD results, meteorological characterization, and expected future comparisons of estimated air concentrations to monitored results.
Potential Benefits and Implementation of MM5 and RUC2 Data with the CALPUFF A...BREEZE Software
This document discusses the potential benefits of using meteorological data from the MM5 and RUC2 models as inputs for air quality modeling with CALPUFF. MM5 and RUC2 data provide higher spatial and temporal resolution than traditional weather station data, allowing CALPUFF to make more accurate simulations with less interpolation. While these prognostic meteorological models improve modeling accuracy, some regulatory agencies may not be familiar with the data formats. Overall, the document argues that MM5 and RUC2 data meet EPA modeling guidelines and can provide greatly improved air quality modeling results compared to using only surface weather observations.
Geothermal exploration using remote sensing techniquesSepideh Abadpour
The document discusses using remote sensing to identify geothermal regions. It describes common remote sensing techniques like identifying thermal anomalies and using satellite images to study land surface temperature. The document also discusses a case study in Mexico that used Landsat images to identify areas with potential geothermal activity by enhancing oxide and hydroxyl mineral spectral features while suppressing vegetation. Band ratios and subtractions were used to create color composites that effectively identified altered rocks and geological structures for further field exploration.
The document discusses using big data technologies for environmental forecasting and climate prediction at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). It outlines three key areas: 1) Developing capabilities for air quality forecasting using data streaming; 2) Implementing simultaneous analytics and high-performance computing for climate predictions; 3) Developing analytics as a service using platforms like the Earth System Grid Federation to provide climate data and services to users. The BSC is working on several projects applying big data, including operational air quality and dust forecasts, high-resolution city-scale air pollution modeling, and decadal climate predictions using workflows and remote data analysis.
This report evaluates 5 algorithms for estimating solar irradiance on vertical surfaces based on measurements of global horizontal and direct normal irradiance. High-resolution measurements of irradiance were collected at multiple orientations at the Solar Energy Research Institute's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory between July-September 1984. The algorithms make different assumptions about the diffuse sky irradiance and ground-reflected irradiance components, ranging from isotropic to anisotropic models. Evaluation of the algorithms found they generally overestimated irradiance on north-facing surfaces by 18-46.5% compared to measurements. South-facing surfaces showed better agreement within measurement accuracy. Estimates for east- and west-facing surfaces ranged from underpredicting by 3% to
Evaluation of procedures to improve solar resource assessments presented WREF...Gwendalyn Bender
This document evaluates two methods for improving solar resource assessments by combining long-term satellite data with short-term ground observations: 1) Correcting for bias in satellite-derived irradiance time series using local aerosol optical depth data, and 2) Applying a statistical Model Output Statistics correction using on-site observations. The methods are tested at a site in Israel, with the aerosol optical depth correction significantly reducing annual bias in direct and global irradiance estimates. A minimum of 9 months of on-site observations is found to be needed to positively impact the Model Output Statistics correction applied to satellite data.
This document outlines validation plans for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument on the NPOESS Preparatory Project satellite. It discusses:
1) The calibration and validation team members and their roles in characterizing instrument performance through comparisons with other satellite and ground-based instruments from launch through long-term monitoring.
2) The schedule of major validation tasks from pre-launch testing through intensive in-orbit validation in the first two years and transition to long-term monitoring.
3) Examples of early tests and comparisons that will be done with internal instrument measurements, early solar views, and single days of Earth view data to evaluate performance.
This document summarizes the IrSOLaV methodology for estimating solar radiation from satellite images. The methodology uses geostationary satellite images and atmospheric data as inputs. Satellite images provide information on cloud cover characteristics, while atmospheric data includes parameters like Linke turbidity factor. A cloud index is computed from the satellite images and related to clear sky index to estimate solar radiation. Validation shows the methodology achieves a 12% RMSE for hourly solar radiation estimates compared to ground measurements.
Estimation of Solar Radiation over Ibadan from Routine Meteorological Parameterstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document proposes a point pairing method to characterize unknown space objects using non-resolved photometry data. The method is based on the principle of material frame indifference from mechanics. It identifies pairs of observation points where the contribution of either the solar panel or body to the observed brightness is identical, enabling separation of these contributions. When a point pair is found where the body contribution is the same, and the solar panel vector directions change marginally, the method provides three equations and three unknowns that can be solved to determine the albedo-area products of the solar panel and body. The point pairing method allows characterization using multi-spectral data by equalizing the number of unknowns and equations.
IRJET - Study and Analysis of Arduino based Solar Tracking PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through the use of an Arduino-based solar tracking system. It analyzes different types of solar tracking mechanisms and implements a microcontroller-controlled system using light sensors to orient a solar panel optimally towards the sun. Experimental results show the tracking panel produced 30-40% more power than a fixed panel over the course of a day, demonstrating the effectiveness of the solar tracking approach in boosting solar panel output.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes the design and testing of a cost-effective microcontroller-based dual axis solar tracking sensor. The sensor uses an organic photovoltaic cell to detect solar irradiance and track the maximum power point of the sun in both altitude and azimuth axes. It was found to track the true sun position with satisfactory accuracy. The compact design allows for easy mounting and integration with solar panels of any size. The sensor operates independently of location or time of day, stopping at night and returning the panel in the morning. It provides a low-cost solution for improving solar energy extraction through active tracking.
Design and performance evaluation of a solar tracking panel of single axis in...IJECEIAES
This document presents the design and performance evaluation of a single-axis solar tracking panel in Colombia. It describes the mechanical design of the solar tracker, including the structure and movement mechanism. It also discusses the electronic design of an interface to monitor and compare the power output of the tracking panel versus a static panel. Simulation software (Pv-Syst) was used to initially simulate performance, and data from the interface was used to validate the simulation results. The study found that the solar tracker increased minimum power output by 19% compared to the static panel, with a maximum increase of 47.84% and average monthly increase of 19.5%. This experimental result differed by only 2.5% from the Pv-Syst simulation, validating the
IRJET- Renewable Solar Insolation as a Function of Distributed Energy Generat...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using solar energy from photovoltaic generators in microgrids in India. It analyzes the monthly variation in average solar insolation levels across India to assess how it impacts distributed energy generation and costs. Solar insolation data for a location in India shows insolation levels vary throughout the year, with higher levels in some months compared to the annual average. This fluctuating insolation could impact energy demand and generation planning. Distributed solar generation may help compensate for peak demand periods and allow microgrids to operate independently by supplying energy when insolation levels produce surplus power.
Chronological Calibration Methods for Landsat Satellite Images iosrjce
This document describes methods for chronologically calibrating Landsat satellite images to account for differences when images are taken days apart. It discusses correcting ETM+ images for scan line failures and converting digital numbers to reflectance. Two methods are proposed to remove phenological effects between Landsat 7 and 8 images taken 8 days apart: linear regression and cross-correlation. Image classification using the visible red and near infrared bands is used to validate the correction methods by comparing land cover detection in study area images.
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3. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 3 of 53
TECHNICAL REPORT:
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF RADIOMETRIC DATA MEASURED
DATE:
November 20, 2012
AUTHORS:
IrSOLaV (INVESTIGACIONES Y RECURSOS SOLARES AVANZADOS S. L.).
CUSTOMER:
XXXX
4. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 4 of 53
INDEX
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 5
2 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 7
3 QUALITY ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Statistical Summary............................................................................................................................... 11
4 GRAPHICS.................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 Daily charts ............................................................................................................................................ 25
4.2 Weekly charts: global solar irradiance................................................................................................... 34
4.3 Weekly charts: direct normal irradiance (DNI)....................................................................................... 43
5 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 52
6 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................ 53
5. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 5 of 53
1 INTRODUCTION
The main objective of this report is to analyze the solar resource measured in the ground
meteorological station XXX, selected to host a solar thermal power plant. The solar resource
analysis applies to a site with the following geographical coordinates: Latitude XX, Longitude XX,
XXX meters of altitude, and located in XXX, hereinafter referred to as IrSOLaV 50MW CSP
PROJECT.
Global solar radiation is defined as the solar radiation received on a horizontal surface in a solid
angle of 2π steradians. As a result of the interaction of sunlight with the atmosphere, the global solar
radiation (G) is the sum of the direct component (B) (which has not interacted with atmospheric
components and therefore has not changed in its angle of incidence) and the diffuse component (D)
(result of atmospheric dispersion processes and it can be assumed to come from all points of the
sky and has no predominant direction). These three components, (G, B and D) are related to each
other by using the following expression, where ϴ is the zenith angle.
BBG cos (1.1)
The particular characteristics of the interaction of the sunlight with the atmospheric components
force to make the measurements of solar radiation with various instruments and/or procedures,
depending on the component to be measured.
The most reliable and comprehensive recommendations to make the measurement of solar
radiation are established by the BSRN (Baseline surface Radiation Network) (McArthur, 1998). This
institution recommends that the measurements of the three components have to be done with a
configuration based on the use of a pyranometer to measure global horizontal solar irradiance, and
one with a shading device for the diffuse irradiance. Finally, the direct normal irradiance must be
measured with a pyrheliometer mounted on a solar tracker with two axes. Thus, by measuring the
three components independently allows using procedures for quality assessment of the
measurements based on the interrelationship between the three components (see Eq. 1.1).
6. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 6 of 53
The main errors in the measurement of solar radiation can be grouped into the following categories:
systematic errors of the measurement (such as a poor calibration of the equipment), errors by poorly
maintenance (dirty sensor domes, or presence of obstacles), and or malfunctioning of the solar
tracker.
This report presents an analysis of the quality of the measurements of the three components of solar
radiation based on the recommendations of the BSRN.
7. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 7 of 53
2 METHODOLOGY
Three components of the solar radiation (global, diffuse and direct) are measured in the station of
IrSOLaV using two pyranometers and one pyrheliometer. The period of the measurements is 1
minute and the temporal reference is Local Time. In particular, this study analyzes the solar
radiation data measured by the station since June 5, 2011 to May 7, 2012.
Before proceeding to the quality analysis of the measurements, we used an expression to transform
the temporal register from Local Time to True Solar Time (TST), which is a temporal reference
independent of the site where the measure have been acquired. The change to true solar time is
performed by two corrections; the first one takes into account the difference in longitude between
the meridian of the observer and the meridian of the temporal reference.. The second includes
various effects through the equation of time. We must point out that in the specific case of this
station the equation of time has not been applied due to the appreciation of a temporal shift in the
measurements if this value was used. Besides, many changes in the temporal shift of the clock have
been observed.
Once the temporal reference has been transformed to true solar time, comparisons are made and
the measured data is assessed using the following categories of filters levels:
1. Checking the time reference of the records;
2. Calculation of hourly values, daily and monthly averages;
3. Quality analysis with physical filters;
4. Quality analysis with cross component filters.
5. Quality analysis when the solar tracker is off under clear sky conditions.
The verification of the temporal reference of the records is checked to have certain that solar
irradiance is measured correctly between sunrise and sunset. This check is done visually and it uses
a model of clear sky. Graphics are plotted each day for the following components: direct normal and
global horizontal irradiance of clear sky, global horizontal and direct normal irradiance and diffuse
measurements. To estimate the values of clear sky, the model used is the ESRA (European Solar
Radiation Atlas) and the aerosol values used are the Linke Turbidity index provided by SODA
(Beyer et al., 1996, Dumortier, 1999, ESRA 2000a, ESRA 2000b). The graphs of the solar irradiance
components of ESRA clear sky model provide information of great interest. In addition, it allows the
visualization of the moments of sunset and sunrise, besides we can compare the measurements
with the values of the model in clear sky days. Accordingly, it is worth mentioning that the values of
clear sky model have uncertainty associated with the uncertainty of the Linke turbidity index
8. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 8 of 53
fundamentally. However, the comparison is useful in terms of the profile shape of solar irradiance
during the day as well as the relationship between direct and global irradiance for each day. Thus,
both the shape and the relationship between the components are comparable in the days of clear
sky conditions.
The quality analysis with physical filters refers to the verification of the recorded values of the
different components of the solar radiation, taking into account physical sense and not exceeding its
value, therefore, limits physically possible. Table 1 presents the physical limits imposed on each
component of solar radiation according to the recommendation of the BSRN.
Table 1: Physical limits of the solar radiation component
Parameter Minimum
Flag for
Minimum
Maximum
Flag for
Maximum
Global
Irradiance (GHI)
-4 2 1.2 2
1.5(cos ) 100 /SC zI W m 3
Diffuse
Irradiance (DIF)
- - 700 W/m
2
13
Diffuse
Irradiance (DIF)
-4 2 1.2 2
0.95(cos ) 50 /SC zI W m 4
Direct Normal
Irradiance (DNI)
-4 2 SCI 5
Direct Normal
Irradiance (DNI)
- - DNI Clear Sky 6
ISC: Solar constant (1367 Wm
-2
), ɛ: eccentricity of the orbit, ϴz: zenith angle
The quality analysis of component cross filters is used to check that the measured data meets the
interrelationship between the three components (GHI, DIF and DNI). Failure to pass these filters
establishes a supposition that any of the components were poorly measured or that the solar tracker
doesn’t points to the sun properly. The next table shows the conditions imposed on the cross
components analysis.
9. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 9 of 53
Table 2: Conditions for the cross component
Parameter Conditions Limits Flags
cos z
G
D B
2
75º, cos 50 /z zD B W m 1 ± 8% 7
cos z
G
D B
2
75º 93º, cos 50 /z zD B W m 1 ± 15% 8
D
G
2
75º, 50 /z G W m < 1.05 9
D
G
2
75º 93º, 50 /z G W m < 1.10 10
The next procedure relates the three components but using a more tight procedure. This test is
based on the comparison of instruments which measure the same variables. The next table defines
the limits for this procedure:
Table 3: Conditions for the second group of cross component filters
Parameter Lower Limit Upper Limit Flags
B·cos z (G-D)-50 W/m
-2 (G-D)+50 W/m
-2
11
G-D B cos z - 50 W/m
-2 B cos z + 50 W/m
-2
12
The next procedure (4.1) applied relates the diffuse component (DIF or D) and global extraterrestrial
irradiance (Gext) using the diffuse index defined as:
Kd=
A higher limit of 0.6 is given to this filter and in case it is not fulfilled the flag number 14 is activated.
The next procedure makes use of clearness index (Kt) which is defined as the quotient between
ground measured global solar irradiance (GHI or G) and extraterrestrial solar irradiance (Gext). In this
procedure we establish the next condition for the activation of flag number 15:
If Kt is lower than 0.2 and D/G is lower than 0.9 then flag 15 is activated
The flag number 16 uses the same variables as the last filter but with the following conditions:
If Kt is higher than 0.5 and D/G is higher than 0.8 then flag 16 is activated
10. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MEASURED RADIOMETRIC DATA Page 10 of 53
The last filter (Flag 17) used is named as the tracker off filter and it is used to detect when the solar
tracker is not working correctly. First, the global solar irradiance (Sum SW) is estimated from
measured diffuse solar irradiance and measured direct normal irradiance using the expression
which relates the three components (Eq. 1.1). Then the following condition is established using clear
sky global irradiance (Gcclear) estimated with the model of ESRA and monthly climatological Linke
Turbidity values from SODA:
For D > 50W/m2
,
If (Sum SW)/Gcclear>0.85 and if D/(Sum SW) the the tracker is not properly following
the sun.
This last filter only works under clear sky conditions.
Besides this filters, we have estimated direct normal irradiance (Ibest) from measured GHI and DIF
using the following expression:
Where Kd0 is defined as:
Kd0=
And is the angle of solar altitude.
3 QUALITY ANALYSIS
Based on the methodology of analysis developed in the previous section, the result of this statistical
analysis is presented. On the other hand, daily measures are plotted together with the estimation of
global and direct normal radiation for a clear sky day. The profiles of solar radiation to clear skies
have been estimated with the model of ESRA, as indicated in the methodology section. The daily
charts are provided in individual files for each day separate from this report. The format of the files is
PNG (Portable Network Graphics).
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3.1 Statistical Summary
3.1..1 Box-Whisker Diagrams
In this section, we can see that the box-whisker plots show the principal moments of the distribution
of each component of the solar radiation, GHI (Figure 1), DIF (Figure 2) and DNI (Figure 3). Box-
Whisker diagrams were made with the average 60 minute records of each component of solar
radiation measurement. In these charts you can check the distribution of the population measured,
using as parameters the following distribution: the median, represented by the red dotted line, the
percentiles 25% and 75%, represented by the upper and lower edges of the boxes blue,
respectively, and outliers, represented by red crosses.
Box-Whisker diagram of the global solar radiation (Figure 1) shows a median with a profile very
similar to the horizontal global radiation on a clear sky day, as expected.
Figure 1: Distribution of global radiation. Box-Whisker representation.
Regarding diffuse irradiance (Figure 2), we must point out that the outliers belong to values when
the solar tracker was not working properly.
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Figure 2: Distribution of diffuse radiation. Box-Whisker representation.
Finally, Box & Whisker diagram of direct normal radiation (Figure 3), as expected, it shows a
medium with a very similar profile of normal direct radiation on a clear day. However, there are many
outliers in the sunrise and sunset.
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Figure 3: Distribution of direct radiation. Box-Whisker representation.
3.1..2 Statistics from the filtering
Below we show the contour plots of the flags which have been obtained after analyzing the data with
the filters presented previously. These diagrams show the distribution of the flags in percent, which
have been detected for each month and hours.
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Figure 4: Flag contour diagram 1 (%). Percentage of data which is OK
Figure 5: Flag contour diagram 7 (%)
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Figure 6: Flag contour diagram 8 (%)
Figure 7: Flag contour diagram 9 (%)
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Figure 8: Flag contour diagram 12 (%)
Figure 9: Flag contour diagram 14 (%)
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Figure 10: Flag contour diagram 15 (%)
Figure 11: Flag contour diagram 16 (%)
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Figure 12: Flag contour diagram 17 (%). Solar Tracker Off.
In the next graphics, the flag values detected individually for each hour and each month is plotted.
The flag number 0 indicates that the sun elevation is lower than 0. In green color we indicate that the
registration of the three components of solar irradiance is correctly measured. With the red color we
indicate that some or all of the solar irradiance components (GHI, DIF or DNI) are suspicious to be
wrong or are wrongly measured.
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Figure 13: Flags for each hour and day. Month: June. Year: 2011
Figure 14: Flags for each hour and day. Month: July. Year: 2011
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Figure 15: Flags for each hour and day. Month: August. Year: 2011
Figure 16: Flags for each hour and day. Month: September. Year: 2011
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Figure 17: Flags for each hour and day. Month: October. Year: 2011
Figure 18: Flags for each hour and day. Month: November. Year: 2011
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Figure 19: Flags for each hour and day. Month: December. Year: 2011
Figure 20: Flags for each hour and day. Month: January. Year: 2012
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Figure 21: Flags for each hour and day. Month: February. Year: 2012
Figure 22: Flags for each hour and day. Month: March. Year: 2012
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Figure 23: Flags for each hour and day. Month: April. Year: 2012
Figure 24: Flags for each hour and day. Month: May. Year: 2012
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4 GRAPHICS
Here we show some samples from daily and weekly graphics to explain the most important errors
that have been detected in the measurements.
4.1 Daily charts
Here some daily charts are shown to explain individual cases where errors have been detected.
First we show a figure to explain the information which is presented in the daily graphics. The
variables which are included are the following: global horizontal irradiance (GHI) in black color (
), global extraterrestrial irradiance (Gext) in red color ( ), direct normal irradiance
(DNI) ( ), clear sky direct normal irradiance (Bcclear) ( ), diffuse irradiance (DIF) (
), clear sky diffuse irradiance (Dcclear) ( ), estimated global horizontal irradiance
(Sum SW) obtained from measured diffuse irradiance and direct normal irradiance using the
following equation DIF+DIRcosθ ( ), estimated direct normal irradiance (Ibest) obtained from
measured global horizontal and diffuse irradiance ( ) and clear sky global horizontal irradiance
(Gcclear) ( ). Besides, the flag code indicates which is the quality control value detected for
each one of the three magnitudes of solar irradiance measured. The green color in this number
indicates that the measure is right and the red color indicates that the measurements are suspicious
to be wrong or are wrong. Downside another row indicates if the solar tracker is working properly.
The code 0 with green color in the background indicates that the solar tracker is working ok and in
red color with code 1 we indicate that it is not working properly. The malfunctioning of the solar
tracker is only identified when there is a clear sky day condition.
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Figure 25: Example to explain the meaning of the codes representing the quality flags
In the next figures we show days when a malfunctioning of the solar tracker has been detected:
Figure 26: Julian Day: 161, Year: 2011
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Figure 27: Julian Day: 162, Year: 2011
Figure 28: Julian Day: 165, Year: 2011
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As mentioned before, the Solar Tracker off flag only works for clear sky days. However, as we can
observe in the next figures, when the solar tracker is off and there are within a particular day clear
sky conditions and cloudy conditions for certain hours, the trackeroff flag doesn’t work properly for
the hours with cloudy sky conditions. However, the other quality flags detect that there are errors in
the measurements when the clear sky conditions are not present and the trackeroff flag fails
detecting a malfunctioning in the solar tracker. These facts can be observed from the following
figures:
Figure 29: Julian Day: 156, Year: 2011
Another advisable thing to point out from the daily graphics is that when global horizontal irradiance
(GHI) reaches the level of global clear sky (Gcclear), measured direct normal irradiance (DNI) doesn’t
reach the value of clear sky direct normal irradiance (Bcclear). This fact can be observed visually from
the next graphics, because this “possible” underestimation is not detected by the flags due to the
fact that in some days the absolute difference between measured direct normal irradiance (DNI) and
estimated one (Ibest) from GHI and DIF is lower than 100W/m2
. From the next figures, it can be
observed visually the days when there is a difference in measured and estimated direct normal
irradiance, however the flags detect that the measurements are right.
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Figure 30: Julian Day: 238, Year: 2011
Figure 31: Julian Day: 239, Year: 2011
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Figure 32: Julian Day: 365, Year: 2011
However, other days show moments when the cross components quality checks filters detect an
error in the measurements, related mainly in what we suppose is a non-properly measurement of
DNI as can be observed from the next figures:
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Figure 33: Julian Day: 227, Year: 2011
Figure 34: Julian Day: 282, Year: 2011
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Figure 35: Julian Day: 261, Year: 2011
Figure 36: Julian Day: 121, Year: 2012
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Figure 37: Julian Day: 119, Year: 2012
Figure 38: Julian Day: 118, Year: 2012
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However we can’t affirm with 100% of certain that the failing of cross component filters is due to not
properly measuring of DNI. Although the data-logger measures the three variables at the same time
assigning the same temporal reference we can observe in the next figures a deviation of the GHI
measurement to the left (non-symmetric measurements) compared with clear sky global irradiance,
which in consequence makes the flags detect errors in the measurements.
Figure 39: Detection of errors in the measurements due to not properly registering the temporal
reference of GHI
4.2 Weekly charts: global solar irradiance
Here we present the weekly plots:
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Figure 40: Global Solar Radiation: Week 1-2011 Figure 41: Global Solar Radiation: Week 2-2011
Figure 42: Global Solar Radiation: Week 3-2011 Figure 43: Global Solar Radiation: Week 4-2011
Figure 44: Global Solar Radiation: Week 5-2011 Figure 45: Global Solar Radiation: Week 6-2011
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Figure 46: Global Solar Radiation: Week 7-2011 Figure 47: Global Solar Radiation: Week 8-2011
Figure 48: Global Solar Radiation: Week 9-2011 Figure 49: Global Solar Radiation: Week 10-2011
Figure 50: Global Solar Radiation: Week 11-
2011
Figure 51: Global Solar Radiation: Week 12-2011
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Figure 88: GHI: Week 19-2012
4.3 Weekly charts: direct normal irradiance (DNI)
Next we present weekly charts of hourly DNI for independent days.
Figure 89: DNI: Week 1-2011 Figure 90: DNI: Week 2-2011
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Figure 133: DNI: Week 15-2012 Figure 134: DNI: Week 16-2012
Figure 135: DNI: Week 17-2012 Figure 136: DNI: Week 18-2012
Figure 137: DNI: Week 19-2012
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5 CONCLUSIONS
As a summary and conclusions, we sum up that:
The solar tracker was not working properly until August 2011, so measurements of
diffuse and direct normal irradiance for June and July 2011 are bad and should be
removed consequently from the database to avoid any misuse.
The temporal reference should be clarified and corrected. From the analysis we have
concluded that equation of time is already being applied to measurements.
There are many values which don’t qualify to pass the cross component filters. This could
be for the following reasons:
o Errors in the calibration constant of the instruments.
o The diffuse pyranometer is not correctly being shaded.
o Pyrheliometer is not correctly pointing the sun disc. We have observed that when
global horizontal irradiance reaches clear sky level direct normal irradiance
doesn’t reach clear sky DNI estimated using the same Linke Turbidy values.
Besides, higher values of DNI compared with measured ones are estimated using
diffuse and global measured irradiance. However, it is difficult to say if the high
DNI estimated from measurements of DIF and GHI is due to not measuring
properly DNI or it is used to not making a proper register of solar irradiance.
o The shaded and unshaded instrument needs corrections of its measured values
due to Infrared loss. However, the magnitude of this error in the measurements is
estimated to be lower than 10W/m2
[Dutton EG et al].
o Installation of a GPS to correct the temporal deviations of the data logger clock is
highly recommended.
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6 REFERENCES
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Dumortier, D., 1999. The European Solar Radiation Atlas and the Satellight web server.
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ESRA, 2000a. The European solar radiation atlas. Vol. 1: Fundamentals and maps. Edited by:
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ESRA, 2000b. The European solar radiation atlas. Vol. 2: Database and exploitation software.
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Dutton EG, Michalsky JJ, Stoffel T, Forgan BW, Hickey J, Nelson DW, et al. 2001. Measurement of
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